Chapter 15

How is a marine terrace related to a wave-cut platform?

A Wave Cut Platform is uplifted to create a Marine Terrace.

13. Describe two processes that contribute to long shore transport.

Beach Drift Long-shore currents

What is a beach? Distinguish between beach face and berm

A beach is an accumulation of sediment found along the landward margin of the ocean or lake A berm is a relatively flat platform often composed of sand that is adjacent to coastal dunes or cliffs

What are two alternatives to hard stabilization, and what potential problems are associated with each?

Beach Nourishment - not a permanent solution to the problem of shrinking beaches because the same processes that removed the sand in the first place will eventually remove the replacement sand as well - can be very expensive Relocation - people with significant shoreline investments can rebuild and defend coastal developments from the erosional wrath of the sea.

Describe the process of coastal up welling. Why is an abundance of marine life associated with these areas?

Coastal up welling occurs when winds blow toward the equator and parallel to the coast. An abundance of marine life is associated with these areas because up welling brings greater concentrations of dissolved nutrients to the ocean surface

How does the Coriolis effect influence ocean currents?

Earth rotates on its axis, circulating air is deflected toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere.

List three examples of hard stabilization and describe what each is intended to do. How does each affect sand distribution on a beach?

Groins - built to maintain or widen beaches that are losing sand Breakwaters - build to protect boats from the force of large breaking waves by creating a quiet water zone near the shore Seawalls - designed to armor the coast and defend property from the force of breaking waves

Describe the motion of a floating object as a wave passes.

It moves not only up and down but also slightly forward and backward with each successive wave

Why is deep-ocean circulation referred to as thermohaline circulation?

The density variations that cause deep-ocean circulation are caused by differences in temperature and salinity

Why do waves that are approaching the shoreline often bend?

The part of the wave nearest the shore touches bottom and slows first, whereas the part of the wave that is still in deep water continues forward at full speed.

Why is the shoreline considered an interface?

The shore is the dynamic interface among air, land, and sea because these different parts interact at the shoreline

How do ocean currents influence climate? Provide at least 3 examples

When currents from low-latitude regions move to higher latitudes, they transfer heat from warmer to cooler areas on Earth - The North Atlantic Current - The Cool Benguela

What is the primary driving force of surface-ocean currents? wind that blows across its surface influence surface currents

the primary driving force of surface ocean currents is the distribution of major landmasses - gravity and friction between the ocean and the wind that blows across its surface influence surface currents

Distinguish among shore, shoreline, coast, and coastline.

the shoreline is the line that marks the contact between land and sea, whereas the shore is the area that extends between the lowest tide level and the highest elevation on land that is affected by storm waves - the coast extends inland from the shore as far as ocean-related features can be found, and the coastline marks the coast's seaward edge