Chapter 15

As of 2010, ____ percent of teenagers say that someone has tried to get them to talk about sex online.

1

In a study of adolescent agreement and disagreement with policies to remedy racial discrimination, most adolescents believed that racism was the cause of disparities between African and European Americans, but adolescents' ages influenced their ideas about solutions to the inequality. Those who were most likely to support systemic solutions (e.g., affirmative action and desegregation) were between the ages of _____.

16 and 17

A study of almost 2,000 older children and adolescents in the United States revealed that participants played an average of _____ hours of video games each day.

2

Middle school typically includes grades _____.

6 to 8

_____ coined the term adolescent egocentrism.

David Elkind

"This creature barks and wags its tail. Dogs bark and wag their tails. Therefore, this must be a dog." This is an example of deductive reasoning. True or False

False

Acute self-consciousness about physical appearance is much more prevalent between the ages of 16 and 20 than earlier or later. True or False

False

Adults are usually aware of the "sexting" that occurs between adolescents. True or False

False

Analytic thought, compared to intuitive thought, is generally preferred in everyday life. True or False

False

Middle schools are designed to foster strong teacher-student relationships. True or False

False

Secondary education refers to schooling completed after high school graduation, such as college or vocational training. True or False

False

The United States has the best high school graduation rates of all developed nations. True or False

False

Today's adults are considered to be "digital natives." True or False

False

Today, about 75 percent of adolescents spend time online. True or False

False

Klaczynski's research showed that logical thinking improved with age and education, but not with _____.

IQ

When asked what she sees in her new boyfriend, whom she just met, Kayla responds, "I don't know. It just feels right." Kayla's response is an example of _____ thought.

Intuitive

Which of the following is true about the best curricula and school structures style for adolescents?

No school structure or pedagogy is best for every student.

Deductive reasoning is also referred to as "______ reasoning."

Top-down

According to Jean Piaget and his colleagues, around age 10, children are first able to use the trial-and-error method to achieve some understanding of balance. True or False

True

Adolescents from low-income households are less likely to use the Internet at home than those from higher-income households. True or False

True

Adolescents place a very high value on social warmth and friendships. True or False

True

Andre, an adolescent, constantly thinks about himself and how others perceive him. This egocentrism is common at his age. True or False

True

High school students can think abstractly, analytically, hypothetically, and logically as well as emotionally and intuitively. True or False

True

Hypothetical thought involves imagined possibilities. True or False

True

The belief in an imaginary audience makes adolescents self-conscious. True or False

True

Dustin Albert and colleagues conducted a series of experiments in which adults and adolescents, alone or with peers, played a video game. In the game, taking risks could lead to crashes or gaining points. The experiments found that _____, unlike the _____, were much more likely to take risks and crash when they were _____.

adolescents; adults; with peers

Piaget's scale-balancing problem requires ____ thought.

analytic

Benjamin has heard repeatedly from his parents about the potential dangers of smoking and he agrees with his parents about the potential dangers. At a party Benjamin is offered a cigarette but declines it even though the person who offered the cigarette is one of the most popular students at school. In this situation, what type of thinking is most likely dominating Benjamin's decision to decline the cigarette?

analytic thought

Fifteen-year-old Latrina has a 10 P.M. curfew. She asks her parents to extend her curfew to 11 P.M. on weekends. When her parents ask her why, Latrina replies, "I've never been late for my 10 P.M. curfew. You can trust me. Can we at least give it a try?" This is an example of what kind of thinking?

analytic thought

Formal, logical, hypothetical-deductive thinking described by Piaget is referred to as "______."

analytic thought

When Piaget and his colleagues asked children of different ages to balance a scale using several different weights, they found that _____.

by age 13 or 14, logic is used to understand a reciprocal relationship

In schools structured so that individuals compete rather than work cooperatively, low-scoring students may _____.

cope by endorsing the entity approach to learning

The common middle-school schedule that involves students changing rooms, teachers, and classmates every 40 minutes _____.

creates a developmental mismatch between students' needs and the school context

Spreading insults and rumors by means of e-mails, text messages, or Web postings is called " _____."

cyberbullying

All Christians believe in the Bible, and Josiah is a Christian; therefore, Josiah believes in the Bible. This is an example of _____.

deductive reasoning

Elle, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for all citizens' health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work. This is an example of _____.

deductive reasoning

Avery, who is 14 years old, is attending her first swim team practice. She is very sensitive to the facial expressions, body language, communication styles, and other social cues given by her new teammates. Avery's sensitivity to these social cues is aided by her adolescent _____.

egocentrism

An approach to understanding intelligence that sees ability as innate, a fixed quantity present at birth, is referred to as the "______ theory of intelligence."

entity

The nations with the best PISA results do NOT _____.

focus on memorization of math formulas

Juanita just solved this math problem: (35xy2)(6zy3). Her ability to do so places her in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

formal operational

Jean Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence "______."

formal operational thought

Most U.S. high schools emphasize learning based on _____, which is developmentally appropriate.

formal thinking

Richard plays video games for many hours each day. Richard can expect to have lower _____.

grades at school

Justine is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because Justine tends to ask critical questions such as, "Why can't I have wine with dinner? You do," or "I don't understand why I'll be able to vote when I'm 18, but I have to wait until I'm 21 to buy alcohol!" This demonstrates Justine's _____.

hypothetical thinking

If-then propositions require _____.

hypothetical thought

Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines _____.

hypothetical thought

Marsha says, "There is no way I am going to school today with this pimple on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me." Marsha is demonstrating _____.

imaginary audience

During adolescence, impulsivity declines and analytic thinking _____.

increases

An approach to understanding intelligence that holds that intelligence can be directly increased by effort is referred to as the "_____ theory of intelligence."

incremental

Bottom-up reasoning is also referred to as "______ reasoning."

inductive

Which term refers to the ability to begin with specifics, such as accumulated facts, and then make general conclusions?

inductive reasoning

A thought that arises through a "feeling" that the thought is right is referred to as a(n) "______ thought."

intuitive

Adolescents tend to rely more on ______ thinking than adults do.

intuitive

Fifteen-year-old Richard wants to be allowed to drive the family car, even though he does not yet have a driver's license. When his parents ask him why he thinks he should have driving privileges, he answers, "I know other kids who do it, and it's just stupid that I have to wait another three months until I turn 16." This is an example of what kind of thinking?

intuitive

Blair has heard repeatedly from her parents about the potential dangers of drinking alcohol, yet at a party she gladly accepts a beer from a classmate. Blair thinks that this classmate is one of the most popular students at school. In this situation, what type of thinking is most likely dominating Blair's decision to accept the beer?

intuitive thought

Many developmentalists find middle schools to be "developmentally regressive," which means _____.

learning goes backward

Spencer is the only one in his class who does not have high-speed Internet at home. Spencer most likely comes from a(n) _____ family.

low-income

Research has shown that adolescents who drop out of high school may show early signs of high school dropout by _____.

middle school

Taylor spends one hour getting ready for school. She insists on only wearing brand-name clothes. Taylor also wears specific sunglasses to demonstrate that she is a member of the popular crowd, and she participates in verbal bullying of students in the loner crowd. Taylor is most likely to be at what level of the education system?

middle school

Paul Klaczynski's studies of younger and older adolescents' analytical thinking indicated that _____.

most adolescents do not think as analytically as there capabilities show

Many adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than those of other people. This is part of their _____.

personal fable

Jeremy, age 7, has been asked to balance a scale with weights that can be hooked to the arms of the scale. Jeremy will probably _____.

put weights on both sides without considering distance from the center of the scale

In recent years, the so-called digital divide has _____ among adolescents.

qdecreased

Bridget is in tenth grade. Bridget is enrolled in _____ education.

secondary

The school years after elementary or grade school and before college or university are referred to as "______."

secondary education

During puberty, young people center on themselves, in part because brain maturation heightens _____.

self-consciousness

The device most often responsible for creating digital natives among low-SES adolescents of every ethnic group is the _____.

smartphone

As the United States moves increasingly toward high-stakes testing, _____.

some nations are following suit and others are moving away from it

Adolescents are capable of analytic thought, yet they do not consistently use it. All of the following are possible reasons for the inconsistent use of analytic thought by adolescents EXCEPT _____.

their active resistance to logical thinking

One of the most prominent aspects of formal operational thought is the ability to _____.

think in terms of possibilities