Chapter 15: Goal Setting

Top three goals for athletes:

-Improving performance -Winning -Enjoyment

Major goal barriers for Olympians:

-Lack of confidence -Lack of goal feedback -Too many goals or conflicting goals -Lack of time -Work commitments -Family and personal relationships

Major goal barriers for college athletes:

-Lack of time -Stress -Fatigue -Academic pressure -Social relationships

The direct mechanistic explanation is that goals:

-direct attention to the important elements of the skill, -mobilize performer efforts, -prolong performer persistence, and -foster the development of new learning strategies.

The principles of goal setting:

1.) Set specific, measurable goals. 2.) Set moderately difficult but, attainable goals. 3.) Set long and short-term goals. 4.) Set performance and process goals, as well as outcome goals. 5.) Set practice and competition goals. 6.) Record goals. 7.) Develop goal achievement strategies 8.) Consider participants personalities and motivations. 9.) Foster and individuals goal commitment. 10.) Provide goal support. 11.) Provide evaluation of and feedback about goals.

Athletes who set ____________ and _________ goals(rather than outcome) goals experience less anxiety and more confidence and satisfaction.

Athletes who set performance and process goals(rather than outcome) goals experience less anxiety and more confidence and satisfaction.

Objective Goals

Attaining a specific standard of proficiency on a task, usually in a specified time.

Females set goals ______ often and find them _____ effective than men do.

Females set goals more often and find them more effective than men do.

Outcome Goal

Focus on a competitive result of an event (winning)

Performance Goal

Focus on achieving standards of performance or objectives independently of other competitors -- making comparisons with your own previous experiences.

Process Goal

Focus on the actions an individual must engage in during performance to execute or perform well.

Subjective Goals

General statements of intent such as, having fun or doing your best.

Goals influence performance indirectly by affecting psychological factors, such as _________, __________, and __________.

Goals influence performance indirectly by affecting psychological factors, such as anxiety, confidence, and satisfaction.

Outcome goals can facilitate ___________ ____________, but often leads to __________ before and during competition.

Outcome goals can facilitate short-term motivation, but often lead to anxiety before and during competition.

Outcome, performance, and process goals all play a role in __________ ___________.

Outcome, performance, and process goals all play a role in behavior change.

Performance goals are more ________ than outcome goals and ______ dependent on the behavior of others.

Performance goals are more precise than outcome goals and less dependent on the behavior of others. Performance goals are particularly useful in practice but can be used in competition. Too much focus on a specific performance goal can create anxiety.

Process goals have all the advantages of ____________ goals and none of the disadvantages.

Process goals have all the advantages of performance goals and none of the disadvantages.

True or false? Research has shown that goal setting works and works extremely well for enhancing performance.

TRUE

Goal

The aim of some action.