Chapter 15- Health Psychology

____ occurs when the brain does not send the signal to breathe to the respiratory system.

Central sleep apnea

Which of the following observations is true about chronic insomnia?

Chronic insomnia is more frequent in women than in men.

Which of the following is true of sleep terror disorder?

It occurs most often in children.

Which of the following refers to the second stage of sleep that is characterized by an occasional sharp rise and fall in the amplitude of the entire EEG?

K-complex

Studies show that individuals with narcolepsy lack cells in the hypothalamus that secrete a neurotransmitter called _____, which promotes wakefulness.

hypocretin

People with ____ circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder have sleep that tends to be fragmented into at least three periods per 24 hours?

irregular sleep-wake type

The notion of "diminished capacity" is most closely aligned with the _____ rule.

irresistible impulse

Teresa has been severely depressed and has demonstrated suicidal tendencies. Based on the criteria for involuntary commitment, Teresa:

is imminently suicidal and will most likely be held in a psychiatric facility.

Which of the following age-groups spend the maximum sleeping time in REM sleep?

newborn infants

When people with narcolepsy waken, they may experience brief periods when they can't move or speak, referred to as:

sleep paralysis.

Research suggests that violent behavior among mentally ill women:

tends to be underestimated by clinicians.

People who sleep fewer than 6 hours each night have a _____ percent higher mortality rate than those who sleep at least 7 or 8 hours each night

70

Which of the following occurs in the third and fourth stages of sleep?

A pattern of slow waves of 1 to 2 hertz

_____ may be used to reduce a paraphiliac's anxiety about engaging in normal sexual encounters with other adults. A. desensitization procedures B. psychodynamic interventions C. electroconvulsive therapy D. aversion therapy

A. desensitization procedures

A diagnosis of male hypoactive sexual desire would be made when a male: A. has little desire for sex, does not fantasize about sex, and may be unresponsive when a partner initiates sex. B. experiences a lack of sexual desire specifically due to overexertion and exhaustion. C. does not initiate sex because of the inability to have an orgasm. D. is obsessed with thoughts about sex, thereby letting it interfere with daily functioning, for a consistent period of six months.

A. has little desire for sex, does not fantasize about sex, and may be unresponsive when a partner initiates sex.

When a stressor is chronic and a person or animal cannot fight it or flee from it, then the chronic physiological arousal that results can be severely damaging to the body. What is this condition known as?

Allostatic load

____ involves denying that you are ill or are facing other obvious stresses.

Avoidance coping

Which of the following is used to assess people's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving? A. A projective test B. A personality inventory C. An intelligence test D. A symptom questionnaire

B. A personality inventory

Fetishistic Disorder: A. causes significant distress and impairment. B. can involve both hard and soft objects. C. is more common in women than men. D. involves the use of objects solely to add to the attractiveness of the person.

B. can involve both hard and soft objects

Robert has been experiencing a sexual dysfunction and is seeking medical treatment. Which of the following would be the least likely explanation for his problems? A. low levels of estrogen & prolactin B. high levels of testosterone C. cardiovascular disease D. diabetes

B. high levels of testosterone

Gradual withdrawal from heroin can be achieved with _____. A. phencyclidine (PCP) B. methadone C. MDMA D. ketamine

B. methadone

The euphoric effects of ecstasy and some of the brain damage are considered to be due to alterations in the functioning of _____ in the brain. A. dopamine B. serotonin C. norepinephrine D. epinephrine

B. serotonin

Therapists who work with people with gender dysphoria typically: A. offer medical treatment in the form of hormone therapy but not surgery. B. try to help them clarify their gender identity and desire for treatment. C. focus on ridding the individual of any repressed childhood conflicts. D. cure them of their identity conflicts by reinforcing sex-stereotyped behaviors.

B. try to help them clarify their gender identity and desire for treatment.

Which of the following has proven to be most reliably effective in the treatment of insomnia?

Benzodiazepines

Which of the following refers to the second stage of sleep that is characterized by an occasional sharp rise and fall in the amplitude of the entire EEG? A. B-complex B. Wave volatility C. K-complex D. Rapid eye movement (REM)

C. K-complex

Which of the following statements about coronary heart disease (CHD) is true? A. Women are more prone to CHD than are men. B. There is no relation between a stressful environment & CHD. C. People with family histories of CHD are at an increased risk for the disease. D. CHD is the leading cause of death among men and women.

C. People with family histories of CHD are at an increased risk for the disease.

Identify the physiological effects of nicotine. A. They suppress several biochemicals including dopamine and norepinephrine. B. They reduce the craving to smoke more. C. They resemble a fight-or-flight response. D. They reduce the physiological symptoms of stress and anxiety.

C. They resemble a fight-or-flight response.

Alcohol is considered a _____ because it _____. A. stimulant; activates the sex drive B. stimulant; makes people less inhibited in their behavior C. depressant; slows the central nervous system D. stimulant; activates the brain

C. depressant; slows the central nervous system

The stop-start technique is used primarily to help: A. women with genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder control the pain they experience during intercourse. B. men with delayed ejaculation reach orgasm faster and more consistently. C. men who have premature (early) ejaculations to learn to control their ejaculations. D. women with anorgasmia gain some control over their vaginal contractions.

C. men who have premature (early) ejaculations to learn to control their ejaculations.

Which of the following was developed by William Miller to elicit and solidify clients' motivation and commitment to changing their substance use behaviors? A. social learning model B. dependency transfer C. motivational interviewing D. Alcoholics Anonymous

C. motivational interviewing

Which of the following was a problem with the earlier editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)? A. the text was cumbersome & clinicians had difficulty using the classification B. the criteria were impressionistic, & also influenced by humanistic society C. the descriptions of the disorders were abstract & theoretically based D. the theoretical assumptions of the criteria had no empirical support

C. the descriptions of the disorders were abstract & theoretically based

Which of the following statements about coronary heart disease (CHD) is true?

CHD is the leading cause of death among men and women.

Which of the following occurs when the blood vessels that supply the heart muscles are narrowed or closed by the gradual buildup of a hard, fatty substance and inflammation of the vessel walls, blocking the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart?

Coronary heart disease

Which type of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder involves a persistent pattern of sleep onset and awakenings that are 2 or more hours earlier than desired? A. Non 24-hour type B. Irregular sleep-wake type C. Shift work type D. Advanced sleep phase type

D. Advanced sleep phase type

Which of the following is a rapid-acting anesthetic that produces hallucinogenic effects ranging from rapture to paranoia to boredom? A. Valium B. Methadone C. Rohypnol D. Ketamine

D. Ketamine

Which of the following is a popular biological treatment for erectile disorder? A. Luvox B. Serax C. Turnial D. Viagra

D. Viagra

Claudia finds that she reaches the sexual excitement phase of the sexual response cycle but has difficulty moving past that stage. She is most likely experiencing _____. A. aversion disorder B. arousal disorder C. impotence D. anorgasmia

D. anorgasmia

The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure and not something else altogether is representative of _____ validity. A. predictive B. concurrent C. face D. construct

D. construct

Individuals' beliefs that they can engage in behaviors to attain goals are known as: A. self-actualization beliefs B. social beliefs C. achievement beliefs D. self-efficacy beliefs

D. self-efficacy beliefs

When people with narcolepsy waken, they may experience brief periods when they can't move or speak, referred to as: A. sleep apnea B. cataplexy C. sleep walking D. sleep paralysis

D. sleep paralysis

The DSM-5 authors have combined substance abuse and dependence into one diagnosis called: A. drug-related disorder B. substance dependence disorder C. substance abuse disorder D. substance use disorder

D. substance use disorder

Which of the following is true of the link between depression and the risk of recurrent heart attacks and mortality in individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD)?

Depression doubles the risk

Which of the following is true of sleepwalking?

It occurs during NREM sleep.

_____ provide people with explicit information about how to engage in positive health-related behaviors and with opportunities to do so in increasingly challenging situations.

Guided mastery techniques

Which of the following statements about cardiovascular disease is true?

Historically, far more men than women die of cardiovascular disease.

Which of the following is characterized by excessive quantity of sleep?

Hypersomnia

Raymond usually sleeps 12 hours at a stretch but then wakes up feeling sleepy. He also falls asleep during team meetings in his office. This has been going on for months now, and is putting his career in jeopardy. Which of the following conditions is Raymond probably suffering from?

Hypersomnolence

_____ is a condition in which blood flows through vessels with excessive force, putting pressure on vessel walls.

Hypertension

An individual who has insomnia at least three nights per week for at least three months is likely to be diagnosed with ______.

Insomnia disorder

Which of the following is true about the verdict of "guilty but mentally ill"?

It has been adopted by some states as an alternative to the verdict of "not guilty by reason of insanity."

Which of the following is true of the effects of sleep deprivation?

It is cumulative in nature.

Which of the following occurs in the first stage of sleep?

Less regular and lower amplitude brain waves

Which of the following is true of Internet-based health interventions?

Many behavioral interventions of this nature aim to increase people's exercise and improve their diet.

Which of the following involves recurrent attacks of an irrepressible need to sleep, lapses into sleep, or naps occurring within the same day?

Narcolepsy

Who is credited with discovering that there is a physiological basis for the ancient theory that laughter is good medicine?

Norman Cousins

Which of the following involves repeated episodes of upper-airway blockage during sleep?

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome

Which of the following refers to a sleep-wake disorder that occurs along with insomnia?

Parasomnia

Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of Type A behavior pattern?

Predictability of reactions

After an adult has been asleep for an hour or so, the EEG becomes very active. This stage is known as:

REM sleep.

_____ therapy involves initially limiting the amount of time insomniacs can try to sleep in the night.

Sleep restriction

Which of following is true about the "not guilty by reason of insanity" verdict?

Some states require that people who receive the verdict should only be institutionalized for the same length of time they would have served if they had received prison sentences.

_____ requires the defense to prove that the defendant was insane at the time of the crime, as opposed to requiring the prosecution to prove that the defendant was sane at the time the crime was committed.

The insanity defense reform act

Which of the following observations is true of immune systems?

The response of the specific immune system is tailored to the particular type of pathogen present.

Why do people from Asian cultures tend to be more reluctant than European Americans to reach out to others for social support or to express their personal concerns?

They are concerned about potential harm to their relationships if they do so.

Which of the following is true of Type A people?

They often fly into rage with little provocation

According to studies, which of the following is generally true of pessimistic people?

They see negative events as their fault.

The personality factor traditionally linked to coronary heart disease is the _____ behavior pattern.

Type A

When does obstructive sleep apnea occur?

When airflow is stopped due to a narrow airway or an obstruction in the airway.

In which of the following cases might a state ignore a person's right to refuse treatment?

When the person is manic or psychotic

In the context of gender responses to stress, which of the following observations is true?

Women are more physiologically reactive to marital conflict.

An assessment of how people sleep can be obtained using a wristwatch-like device called a(n) _____, which records movement.

actigraph

When the fight-or-flight response is caused by an immediate stressor, the response is useful and then subsides. This adaptation is called:

allostatic

When a person closes his or her eyes and relaxes, the brain waves characteristically show a regular pattern of 8 to 12 hertz. These waves are known as:

alpha waves

The blockage of vessels that supply blood to the heart can lead to pain, called _____ that radiates across the chest and arm.

angina pectoris

Mentally ill women are _____ mentally ill men to commit violent acts toward others.

as likely as

When we fall asleep and when we awaken are strongly influenced by our biological rhythms, particularly:

body temperature rhythms

Hostile people have greater secretion of the stress-related biochemicals known as:

catecholamines.

Ninety percent of hypertension cases in the United States can be classified as essential hypertension, meaning that the:

causes are unknown.

Morris was held in a mental health facility against his will. Such an action is called _____.

civil commitment

According to Harvey, _____ maintain insomnia.

cognitive factors

Avoidance coping has been linked to:

compromised recovery of function following surgical procedures.

Since 1990, more people have died from _____ than from any other cause.

coronary heart disease

Sleepwalking and sleep terrors belong to a general category called:

disorders of arousal.

Enrique got arrested with a small amount of cocaine and now has been sent to courts that focus specifically on such offenders. He has most likely been sent to _____.

drug courts

Compared to Asians and Asian Americans, European Americans benefit more from:

explicit forms of seeking social support.

A strong cultural value in many Hispanic groups is _____, or prioritizing the respect and care of one's family over one's individual needs.

familism

People in high-stress jobs are at increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD), particularly if their jobs are:

highly demanding but provide them little control.

The police have charged Tracy with first-degree murder. She has exhibited an inability to understand her situation and to participate in her defense. Tracy is most likely:

incompetent to stand trial.

Hypersomnulence could be understood as the opposite of:

insomnia

An individual who lacks the capacity to understand information, to think rationally about alternative courses of action, to make good choices, and to appreciate one's situation as a criminal defendant:

is likely to be judged incompetent to stand trial.

The term "insanity" is a:

legal term as opposed to a psychological term.

Almost 90 percent of the people who are acquitted after pleading the insanity defense are _____, and two-thirds are _____.

male; White

Administering _____ at prescribed times during the day has been shown to enhance shifts of circadian rhythms in individuals with delayed sleep phase type, jet lag type, and shift work type circadian rhythm disorder.

melatonin

Some states have developed _____, in which judges who specialize in working with mental health and social service professionals review the cases of offenders with mental disorders and divert offenders into treatment and rehabilitation.

mental health courts

Harvey was found to be so mentally incapacitated at the time he murdered his wife that it was determined he could not conform to the rules of society. Consequently, he should be found:

not guilty by reason of insanity.

Available studies suggest that about ____ admissions to inpatient psychiatric facilities in the United States is involuntary.

one in four

All of the following are components of the Type A pattern as originally formulated, EXCEPT:

predictability of reactions

Dreaming occurs during the:

rapid eye movement sleep.

Which of the following rights is not recognized in some states and in most states can be overruled in many circumstances?

right to refuse treatment

Individuals' beliefs that they can engage in the behaviors to attain goals are known as:

self-efficacy beliefs

The goals of guided mastery techniques are to increase people's skills as well as their:

self-efficacy beliefs.

Both depression and coronary heart disease (CHD) are linked to genes that alter the functioning of the:

serotonin system.

The second stage of sleep includes _____________ short runs of rhythmical responses of 12 to 16 hertz.

spindles

Which of the following is the social/environmental factor most often studied by health psychologists?

stress

The ruling in Barrett v. United States (1977) established:

that temporary insanity created by the voluntary use of alcohol or drugs did not qualify a defendant for acquittal by reason of insanity.

O'Connor v. Donaldson (1975) established:

the unconstitutionality of confining a nondangerous individual.

Studies of Asians and Asian Americans find that they derive more emotional and physiological benefit from their social network by:

using more implicit forms of seeking social support.