Chapter 15: Innate and Adaptive Immunity Porth

Passive immunity is immunity that is transferred from another source and lasts only weeks to months. What is an example of passive immunity?

- An injection of gamma-globulin - Transfer of antibodies - Immunizations and allergy shots are examples of active immunity. Exposure to poison ivy can be cause of a hypersensitivity reaction it is not immunity.

IgG

- Bacteria - toxins - viruses

IgM

- FIRST circulating Ig to respond to an antigen - FIRST antibody type made by a newborn.

Examples of active immunity

- Immunizations and allergy shots are .

What are the methods of initiating the complement system and what are the results of activation?

- Three pathways for recognizing microorganisms -->activation of the complement system and the reactions of the complement systems : 1) the classical - initiation 2) the lectin - amplification 3) alternative pathway - membrane attack response

IgE

- inflammation - allergic responses -parasitic infections

Explain how a macrophage participates in antigen presentation.

- key members -mononuclear -monocytes migrate -mature into macrophages - scattered in connective tissue/clustered in organs: lung, liver, spleen, nervous system

How do the cells of the immune system communicate with each other?

-cell-to-cell contact - interactions and effector responses depend on cytokines - i.e. chemokines - i.e. colony-stimulating factors- promote proliferation/differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells.

What is the innate immune system and what is its function?

-consists of epithelial barriers - phagocytic cells : neutrophils/macrophages - natural killer (NK) cells - plasma proteins

How many classes of antibody are there? Give a brief definition of unction for each one.

-five classes: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. G: anti-BACTERIA, toxins, viruses A: local INFECTIONS in mucosal tissues. M: FIRST to respond to an antigen. D: antigen RECEPTOR/initiating the DIFFERENTIATION of B cells. E: INFLAMMATION, ALLERGIES, PARASITES

What is the general function of neutrophils and macrophages in the inflammatory response?

-phagocytic cells -recognize -kill infectious invaders - early-responding-->neutrophil --> macrophage: activated to engulf/digest microbes that attach to their cell membrane. *The phagocytic killing of microorganisms helps to contain infectious agents.*

What is the function of MHC proteins, and how are they classified?

-self-recognition -cell-to-cell communication .

Compare and contrast active versus passive immunity.

Active = ACQUIRED through immunization or actually having a disease--> reacts within hours because of the presence of memory B and T lymphocytes and antibodies. Passive = TRANSFERRED from another source

_____ immunity is the SECOND major immune defense.

Adaptive

Dependent on B cells

Antibody-mediated immunity

IgD

Antigen RECEPTOR for initiating the differentiation of B cells

Processing a complex antigen into epitopes and then DISPLAYING the foreign and self peptides on their membranes

Antigen presentation

____ are substances FOREIGN to the host that can stimulate an immune response.

Antigens

____, or Immunogens, are substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response.

Antigens

____ cells and _____ cells are the only cells in the body capable of specifically RECOGNIZING different antigenic determinants of microbial agents and other pathogens.

B, T

Cell-mediated immunity is involved in resistance to infectious diseases caused by bacteria and some viruses. It is also involved in cell-mediate hypersensitivity reactions. What does not cause a cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction?

Blood transfusion..

Type of T helper cell

CD4+

The ____ serves as a MASTER regulator for the immune system.

CD4+ helper T cell (TH)

Cytotoxic T cells

CD8+

____ _______ immunity is MEDIATED by specific T lymphocytes and defends against intracellular microbes such as viruses

Cell-mediated

Dependent on T cells

Cell-mediated immunity

___ are cytokines that STIMULATE MIGRATION and activation of immune and inflammatory cells.

Chemokines

In both the innate and the adaptive immune systems, cells communicate information about invading organisms by the secretion of chemical mediators. What are these mediators?

Chemokines and Colony-stimulating factors.

Epithelial protrusion that moves mucus to throat

Cilia

Surfactant proteins in respiratory track

Collectins

Small cationic peptides found in the stomach

Defensins

_____ cells are SPECIALIZED, bone marrow-derived leukocytes found in lymphoid tissue that are important intermediates between the innate and adaptive immune systems.

Dendritic

The mucous membrane linings of the gastrointestinal, respiratory ,and urogenital tracts are protected by sheets of tightly packed ____ cells that block the entry of microbes and destroy them by secreting antimicrobial enzymes, proteins, and peptides.

EPITHELIAL

The physical barrier of skin to infection

Epithelial barrier

Immunologically active sites on antigen

Epitopes

Example of hypersensitivity reaction

Exposure to poison ivy

Combine with larger protein molecules and serve as antigens

Haptens

_____ immunity depends on maturation of B lymphocytes INTO PLASMA CELLS, which produce and secrete antibodies.

Humoral

_____ immunity, generated by B lymphocytes, is mediated by molecules called antibodies and is the principal defense against EXTRACELLULAR microbes and toxins.

Humoral

An essential property of the immune system is self-regulation. An immune response that is not adequate can lead to immunodeficiency, while an immune response that is excessive can lead to conditions from allergic responses all the way to autoimmune diseases. This is NOT an example of a breakdown of the self-regulation of the immune system?

Huntington disease IS NOT AN AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER!

Antibodies comprise a CLASS of proteins called _____.

Immunoglobulins

Natural killer cells are specialized lymphocytes that are one of the major parts of which immunity?

Innate = skin / mucous membranes/ neutrophils and macrophages / natural killer cells; and several plasma proteins,

Disrupts virus infections

Interferons

Hydrolytic enzymes capable of cleaving the walls of bacterial cell

Lysozyme

Self-recognition proteins

Major histocompatibility complex

Traps and washes away potential invaders

Mucins

Regulates the production of cytokines and adhesion molecules

NF-Kβ

____ are part of the innate immune system, and may be the FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE against viral infections.

Natural killer cells

____ are the EARLY responding cells of innate immunity.

Neutrophils

Renders bacteria and other cells susceptible to phagocytosis

Opsonins

____ is the COATING of a microorganism with soluble molecules that tag the microorganisms for more efficient recognition by phagocytes.

Opsonization

Pore-forming molecules

Perforins

Both innate and adaptive immunity have cells that produce cytokines. Cytokines mediate the actions of many cells in both innate and adaptive immunity. How are the actions of cytokines described?

Pleiotropic and redundant.

_____ T cells suppress immune responses by INHIBITING the proliferation of other potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes.

Regulatory

The results of recent research suggests that a key role in the origin of some diseases is played by inflammation. What diseases is it thought that inflammation has a role in its beginnings?

Rheumatoid arthritis.

There are many cells that make up the passive and adaptive immune systems. Which cells are responsible for the specificity and memory of adaptive immunity?

T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.

Stem cells in the bone marrow produce T lymphocytes or T cells, and release them into the vascular system. The T cells then migrate where to mature?

Thymus -T cells= generated from stem cells in bone marrow - produce cell-mediated immunity -aid antibody production

Ability of the immune system to be nonreactive to self-antigens

Tolerance

One of the self-regulatory actions of the immune system is to identify self-antigens and be nonreactive to them. What is this ability of the immune system defined as?

Tolerance- ability of the immune system to be nonreactive to self-antigens.

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors

Toll-like receptors

Immune response is protective, it also can produce undesirable effects such as when the response is EXCESSIVE, as in ______, or when it recognizes SELF-tissue as foreign, as in ____ disease.

allergies, autoimmune

Substances that elicit ADAPTIVE immune responses are called ______.

antigens

The central lymphoid organs, the ____ _____ and the _____, provide the environment for immune cell production and maturation.

bone marrow, thymus

Cytokines that STIMULATE bone marrow pluripotent STEM and PROGENITOR or precursor cells to produce large numbers of platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and dendritic cells are known as _____.

colony-stimulating factors

The mucous membrane linings of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts are protected by sheets of tightly packed ____ cells that block the entry of microbes.

epithelial

The ___ ______ has evolved in multicellular organisms to DEFEND against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances.

immune system

As the FIRST line of defense, ____ immunity consists of the physical, chemical, molecular, and cellular defenses.

innate

The laboratory finds IgA in a sample of cord blood from a newborn infant. This finding is important because it signifies what?

intrauterine infection.

IgA

local infections in mucosal tissues

During an inflammation response, the MONOCYTE leaves the blood vessel, TRANSFORMS into a tissue _____, and phagocytosis bacteria, damaged cells, and tissue debris.

macrophage

Dendritic cells and ____ function as antigen-presenting cells for adaptive immunity.

macrophages

The KEY CELLS of innate immunity are _____, _____, and natural killer cells.

neutrophils, macrophages

The binding of ____ to the PATTERN recognition receptors on leukocytes initiates the signaling events that lead to innate immunity and tissue changes associated with acute inflammation.

pathogens

The WHITE pulp layer of the _____ contains concentrated areas of B and T lymphocytes permeated by macrophages and dendritic cells.

spleen