Chapter 15: Language and Higher Cognition

Apraxia is a. a loss of speech and language. b. an inability to write. c. an inability to execute a learned sequence of movements. d. sensory impairment.

an inability to execute a learned sequence of movements

Noninvasive stimulation mapping using transcranial magnetic stimulation has revealed that the _______ area of Broca's area is important for semantic processing, while the _______ area of Broca's area is important for phonological processing. a. posterior; lateral b. medial; anterior c. anterior; posterior d. lateral; medial

anterior; posterior

Phonemes are the a. basic sounds of a language. b. grammar of any language. c. words of a language. d. prosody of any language.

basic sounds of a language

In boxers, the devastating effects of repeated blows to the head are evident in the development of a progressive cognitive impairment called a. micropolygyria. b. chronic traumatic encephalopathy. c. ectopia. d. hemispherectomy.

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

The human brain shows a clear _______ during which exposure and practice with language must occur in order for language skills to develop normally. a. syntax phase b. time delay c. critical period d. developmental interlude

critical period

In nonhuman primates, the brain regions in which electrical stimulation elicits vocalizations seem to be those involved in a. higher-order cognitive functions. b. fine sensory analysis of acoustic information. c. delicate control of all musculature. d. defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors.

defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors

Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of a. dyslexia. b. apraxia. c. childhood aphasia. d. Broca's aphasia.

dyslexia

An exciting, but controversial future treatment for brain injury may be the use of _______ to replace the damaged neurons in the brain and spinal cord. a. astereognosis b. hemispherectomy c. embryonic stem cells d. tau protein overexpression

embryonic stem cells

Childhood hemispherectomy is often followed by a. the need for a respirator for the rest of the individual's life. b. permanent extensive functional deficits. c. extensive seizure activity.d. extensive functional recovery. d. extensive functional recovery.

extensive functional recovery

. In the Wada test, anesthetizing the right hemisphere interferes with a subject's ability to recognize a. words. b. faces. c. songs. d. spoken language.

faces

Which region of cortex is crucial for face recognition? a. Planum temporale b. Fusiform gyrus c. Arcuate fasciculus d. Angular gyrus

fusiform gyrus

In infants, the left planum temporale is larger than the right; this suggests that a. humans have an inborn mechanism to navigate in their environment. b. humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language. c. much of brain plasticity is hardwired into the brain. d. laterality decreases as we age.

humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language

A right-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed a. in split-brain patients. b. for consonants only. c. in right-handed individuals. d. in left-handed individuals.

in right-handed individuals

Astereognosia is the a. failure of binaural hearing. b. inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation. c. complete numbness of the fingers and hand. d. failure to accurately perceive faces.

inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation

Hemispheric specialization is also known as a. prosopagnosia. b. lateralization. c. hemispheric centrality. d. location of function.

lateralization

Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called a. paraphasias. b. dyslexias. c. confabulations. d. neologisms.

neologisms

The sounds that make up a language are called _______, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _______. a. linguists; pragmatics b. dichotics; syntax c. morphemes; prosody d. phonemes; grammar

phonemes; grammar

A prominent structural asymmetry in the brains of typical humans is apparent in the _______, which is located on the superior surface of the _______ lobe. a. Wernicke's area; frontal b. fusiform gyrus; parietal c. planum temporale; temporal d. corpus callosum; parietal

plan temporale; temporal

Birdsong is similar to human speech in that a. proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial. b. the right hemisphere has a greater effect on vocal behavior. c. juveniles do not have to be exposed to vocal adults to develop normal singing behavior. d. both human and bird communication incorporate prosody.

proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial

Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus results in a. prosopagnosia. b. astereognosis. c. epilepsy. d. dyslexia.

prosopagnosia

People with conduction aphasia are unable to a. speak fluently. b. understand either written or oral materials. c. repeat words or sentences. d. comprehend music.

repeated words or sentences

. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody. a. right; left b. left; right c. right; right d. left; left

right; right

In humans, TMS of Broca's area indicates that the anterior portion of the region is responsible for a. phonological processing and semantic processing. b. phonological processing alone. c. semantic processing alone. d. repetition of words.

semantic processing alone

Finding your way to your biopsychology class requires a. dichotic learning. b. prosidy. c. spatial cognition. d. DTI tractography.

spatial cognition

A native English-speaking person with _______ dyslexia would have great difficulty reading the title The Tough Coughs as He Ploughs the Dough. a. deep b. surface c. frontal d. temporal

surface

_______ dyslexia is a form of acquired dyslexia in which the patient has difficulty with the details and sounds of letters. a. Deep b. Surface c. Superficial d. Fluent

surface

Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to _______ as a treatment for _______. a. fusiform gyrus; prosopagnosia b. planum temporale; astereognosis c. Broca's area; prosody d. the corpus callosum; epilepsy

the corpus callous; epilepsy

Under which circumstance would a doctor request that a patient undergo a Wada test? a. The patient recently had a stroke b. The patient may need to undergo neurosurgery c. The doctor is attempting to diagnose an aphasia d. The doctor wants to localize the brain region that is causing a visual problem

the patient may need to undergo neurosurgery

A symptom of aphasia called "paraphasia" is characterized by a. the substitution of words by sounds, phonemes, or unintended words. b. impaired reading. c. stumbling speech. d. impaired writing due to involuntary movements.

the substitution of words by sounds, phonemes or unintended words

. The angular gyrus links the a. auditory and visual regions. b. auditory region and Wernicke's area. c. visual region and Wernicke's area. d. interhemispheric regions.

visual region and Wernicke's area

According to research, what percent of right-handers have a clockwise whorl of hair on the crown of the scalp? a. 10% b. 35% c. 93% d. 99%

93

Disturbance in reading is called a. anomia. b. apraxia. c. alexia. d. agnosia.

Alexia

Which of the following has not been used for language training in apes? a. American Sign Language (ASL) b. Computerized symbols c. Colored plastic chips d. Braille

Braille

A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia. a. Wernicke's b. Broca's c. conduction d. global

Broca's

Which statement about childhood aphasia is most true? a. Aphasia produced by brain injury in childhood is severe and permanent. b. Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood. c. Childhood aphasia and adult aphasia are similar in their recovery patterns. d. The brain progressively increases its ability to compensate for injury with aging.

Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood

A patient who produces seemingly fluent but largely unintelligible speech and has poor comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia. a. Wernicke's b. Broca's c. conduction d. global

Wernicke's

A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia. a. Broca's b. conduction c. Wernicke's d. subcortical

Broca's

Patients with _______ are likely to have right-sided weakness or partial paralysis; those with _______ are likely to experience right-sided numbness. a. Wernicke's aphasia; Broca's aphasia b. Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia c. anomia; apraxia d. global aphasia; conduction aphasia

Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia

._______ dyslexia is a form of acquired dyslexia in which the patient incorrectly reads a word as another semantically-related word. a. Deep b. Surface c. Superficial d. Fluent

Deep

In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field a. can be repeated accurately. b. can be written down. c. cannot be repeated verbally. d. can be repeated, but only when clues are provided.

cannot be repeated verbally

Damage to the connections between Wernicke's area and Broca's area lead to _______ aphasia. a. conduction b. fluent c. nonfluent d. global

conduction

Which of the following best describes the Wernicke-Geschwind model of aphasia? a. Global b. Connectionist c. Gestalt d. Motor

connectionist

Which symptom would not be a likely result of extensive damage to the right fusiform gyrus? a. Face blindness b. Inability to recognize the difference between a wrench and a hammer c. Impairment in recognizing the voices of coworkers d. Inability to discriminate between a basketball and a soccer ball

impairment in recognizing the voices of coworkers

In general, brain injury suffered _______ has less severe consequences than brain injury suffered _______. a. in childhood; in adulthood b. in adulthood; in childhood c. during sleep; during wakefulness d. in women; in men

in childhood; in adulthood

Which feature is not a defining sign of aphasia? a. Paraphasia b. Neologisms c. Nonfluent speech d. Prosopagnosia

prosopagnosia

Prosopagnosia is the inability to a. identify objects by touch. b. learn the names of objects that are seen. c. distinguish different patterns of visual stimuli. d. recognize faces.

recognize faces

In monkeys, stimulation of the _______, but not of the _______, results in vocalizations. a. cortex; subcortical regions b. cortex; frontal lobes c. subcortical regions; cortex d. cerebellum; frontal lobes

subcortical regions; cortex

Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with lesions of a. the angular gyrus. b. the right inferior frontal region. c. Broca's area. d. the left posterior temporal region.

the left posterior temporal region

Nonverbal visual stimuli, such as faces or shapes, are recognized more accurately if they are presented to a. the left visual field. b. the right visual field. c. the left hemisphere. d. None of the above; responses are the same in either hemisphere.

the left visual field