Chapter 15

The publication date of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection is -1809. -1869. -1900. -1859. -1830.

1859.

Modern geologists estimate that the age of Earth is about -450,000 years. -4.5 million years. -4.5 billion years. -4.5 trillion years. -4,500 years.

4.5 billion years.

Which trait provides a survival advantage? -A shrub that loses the ability to make seeds -A flower that attracts more bees -A tree that grows shorter than the surrounding trees -A brightly colored fish that attracts predators -A horse that lacks the ability to digest either grains or grass

A flower that attracts more bees

Which statement illustrates Lamarck's theory on the mechanism of evolution? -Fish with coloration that matches the river bottom they inhabit will survive to reproduce. -Giraffes with longer necks survived and reproduced faster because they could reach a better food source. -Plants that can survive in less light will become the dominant species in shaded areas. -A man who routinely shaves the hair off his head will have sons who become bald. -Birds with bright colors will attract more mates and pass on the colorful plumage.

A man who routinely shaves the hair off his head will have sons who become bald.

Which of the following supports the idea that all organisms share a common ancestry? -All cells use ATP as the template for protein synthesis. -All cells use DNA as a cellular energy carrier. -All cells use the same collection of lipids. -All cells use amino acids as a carrier of genetic information. -All cells have a similar biochemistry, including amino acids, nucleic acids, and ATP.

All cells have a similar biochemistry, including amino acids, nucleic acids, and ATP.

Most commercial pesticides are effective for only 2 or 3 years because -new pests invade the area. -the pests learn to hide when the chemicals are being applied. -those pests born with mutations that provide immunity will survive and reproduce. -the chemicals induce mutations that provide immunity. -the chemicals mutate and become ineffective.

B) those pests born with mutations that provide immunity will survive and reproduce.

Who proposed the geological theory of catastrophism? -Plato -Darwin and Wallace -Cuvier -Darwin -Lamarck

Cuvier

Who wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection? -Malthus -Mendel -Darwin -Lamarck -Wallace

Darwin

Who suggested that giraffes developed their long necks over time by stretching? -Wallace -Darwin -Cuvier -Plato -Lamarck

E) Lamarck

The idea that physical changes I make to myself will be passed on to my children was proposed by -Lamarck. -Lyell. -Plato. -Cuvier. -Darwin.

Lamarck.

Which of the following is NOT one of Darwin's postulates? -In each generation, some individuals reproduce and others don't. -Through natural selection, individuals with useful traits survive longest and leave the most offspring -There is variation among members of a population. -Luck is an important factor in determining the fate of individuals. -Some of the differences seen in a population result from characteristics passed from parent to offspring.

Luck is an important factor in determining the fate of individuals.

Which geologist described the age of the Earth as "eternal"? -Malthus -Lamarck -Buffon -Lyell -Aristotle

Lyell

Which scientist devised the theory of uniformitarianism to account for Earth's old age? -Lamarck -Lyell -Plato -Darwin -Cuvier

Lyell

The concept that Earth's present landscape is due to gradual geological processes was proposed by -Lamarck. -Aristotle. -Malthus. -Lyell. -Buffon.

Lyell.

Which of the following would you predict would evolve in guppies that are taken from streams in Trinidad with predators and put into streams lacking predators? -Male guppies will not change in coloration. -Guppies would evolve to have females prefer less colorful males. -Male guppies will become less colorful. -Male guppies will become more colorful. -Guppies would evolve to have females avoid more colorful males.

Male guppies will become more colorful.

Which English economist predicted that the rapid growth of human populations would soon exceed Earth's capacity to support it? -Lyell -Wallace -Hutton -Malthus -Mendel

Malthus

Which of the following statements about mutations is TRUE? -Mutations are almost always better for the organism. -Mutations have no effect on the survival and reproduction of an organism. -Mutations occur at random and are by chance. -Mutations are caused by natural selection. -Mutations almost always leave the organism worse off than before.

Mutations occur at random and are by chance.

Where are the Galápagos Islands? -Near Southeast Asia -Off the northwest coast of South America -Near the center of the south Atlantic Ocean -Off the west coast of Australia -Off the west coast of North America

Off the northwest coast of South America

Which of the following are vestigial structures? -Pelvic bones of whales -Fish fins -Wings of bats -Hoofs of horses -Vertebral columns in snakes

Pelvic bones of whales

Whose philosophy was based on the "ideal form"? -Lamarck -Plato -Darwin -Cuvier -Darwin and Wallace

Plato

Which of the four postulates of Darwin's theory of evolution was not well established when On the Origin of Species was first published but is overwhelmingly supported today? -Some differences among individuals in a population are due to genetics and are heritable. -Some individuals in a population survive and reproduce better than do other individuals. -Individuals with advantageous traits survive longest and have the most offspring. -Individuals in a population differ physically from one another in many ways.

Some differences among individuals in a population are due to genetics and are heritable.

Which of these statements best illustrates the theory of catastrophism? -Species become extinct due to natural disasters, such as floods and volcanic eruptions. -There are no humans in early fossil records because they had not been created yet. -Only plant species have become extinct. -The fossil record is incomplete. -Only extinct species appear in the fossil record.

Species become extinct due to natural disasters, such as floods and volcanic eruptions.

Which of the following is an example of artificial selection? -Green tree frogs that blend perfectly into their leafy surroundings -The many different species of Oak trees found in the forest -Cheetahs that can outrun their prey -The many different breeds of domestic cats -All of the above

The many different breeds of domestic cats

Based on the way natural selection works, what is the best way to make use of antibacterial soap? -Use it only when you need to be free of bacterial contamination, so bacteria will be less likely to evolve resistance to it. -Never use it because bacteria will evolve to become resistant to it. -Always use it because most bacteria will cause illness. -Never use it because all bacteria are harmless. -Always use it because it is unlikely that bacteria will evolve to become resistant to it.

Use it only when you need to be free of bacterial contamination, so bacteria will be less likely to evolve resistance to it.

Daisies and daffodils, have flowers that serve as organs of reproduction, leaves that serve as organs of photosynthesis, and xylem and phloem that move water and food throughout the plant. These similarities are best explained by -a common ancestry. -the "Ladder of Nature." -inheritance of acquired characteristics. -uniformitarianism. -artificial selection.

a common ancestry.

Sea squirts and lampreys, which are closely related aquatic animals, have a perforated pharynx, a ventral heart, and a notochord at some stage of development. These similarities are best explained by -artificial selection. -inheritance of acquired characteristics. -uniformitarianism. -the "Ladder of Nature." -a common ancestry.

a common ancestry.

A postulate is -an idea that has been proven through scientific investigation. -a set of four statements that confirm that evolution will occur. -a statement accepted as true for the purposes of logical argument. -an educated guess. -a hypothesis.

a statement accepted as true for the purposes of logical argument.

Of all the possible amino acids, all living organisms make use of only the same 20 amino acids. This supports the idea that -only 20 amino acids exist on Earth. -all living things are derived from a single common ancestor. -bacteria, animals, and plants developed independently. -only a limited number of DNA mutations are possible. -natural selection drives evolution.

all living things are derived from a single common ancestor.

Observations of a wide variety of vertebrate embryos suggest that -chickens and humans are closely related because they lack substantial tails. -fish are unrelated to other vertebrates because they are the only vertebrates that develop gills. -fish, turtles, and mice are more closely related to one another than to either chickens or humans because they have substantial tails. -all vertebrate species have similar genes for development.

all vertebrate species have similar genes for development.

Dolphins (which are mammals) and sharks (which are fish) have stiff dorsal fins projecting from their backs that help them maneuver through water. These relationships of structures to each other are best described as -homologous structures. -vestigial structures. -mutations. -analogous structures.

analogous structures.

The fact that whales have pelvic and leg bones leads to the conclusion that -they probably evolved from fish. -whales should have functional legs. -having a pelvis is advantageous. -ancestral whales had legs. -whales did not evolve by natural selection.

ancestral whales had legs.

"Cole" refers to any of various plants belonging to the Cruciferae or mustard family, which include broccoli, cabbage, collard greens, and other familiar vegetables. The controlled breeding of cole crops to produce certain physical traits in those organisms is called -artificial selection. -natural selection. -physical selection. -agricultural selection.

artificial selection.

A farmer noticed that two of her cotton plants produce cotton with a slight greenish hue. By repeatedly crossing the greenish plants, she has produced a variety of deep-green cotton without the use of any dyes. This is an example of -convergent evolution. -natural selection. -artificial mutation. -artificial selection. -inheritance of acquired characteristics.

artificial selection.

A farmer produces a variety of apple with deep pink flesh by selectively crossbreeding apples with pinkish hues. This is an example of -convergent evolution. -natural selection. -artificial mutation. -artificial selection. -inheritance of acquired characteristics.

artificial selection.

Imagine that a biologist develops a strain of corn with a lower fat content by choosing low-fat variants and crossbreeding them over several generations. This is an example of -inheritance of acquired -characteristics. -artificial mutation. -artificial selection. -convergent evolution. -natural selection.

artificial selection.

The controlled breeding of domestic plants and animals by humans to produce certain physical traits in those organisms is called -agricultural selection. -artificial selection. -natural selection. -physical selection.

artificial selection.

The many different breeds of domestic dog were produced by -physical selection. -artificial selection. -natural selection. -artificial mutation.

artificial selection.

Fossils include rocks and sediments that -have been shaped by people to resemble plants or animals. -have been shaped by wind and water to resemble lifelike forms. -bear the impressions or shapes of preserved organisms. -all of the above

bear the impressions or shapes of preserved organisms.

The amino acid sequences of human and bonobo hemoglobin are almost identical, yet they differ considerably from the sequence of the hemoglobin of wolves. This fact indicates that -wolves and bonobos are closely related. -humans are more closely related to wolves than to bonobos. -bonobos are more closely related to humans than to wolves.

bonobos are more closely related to humans than to wolves.

When unrelated organisms living under similar environmental demands evolve superficially similar structures, it is called -convergent evolution. -coevolution. -superficial selection. -comparative anatomy.

convergent evolution.

Plato's view of species. -was similar to the modern concept of evolution. -allowed for limited evolution within species. -recognized that each individual in a species is unique. -included species that do not actually exist. -did not allow for evolutionary change.

did not allow for evolutionary change.

Darwin realized that most species produce many more offspring than is necessary to maintain a constant population. The "excess" individuals in a population -migrate to another location. -mutate and are able to adapt to new environments. -evolve to become new species. -die before they can reproduce.

die before they can reproduce.

Evidence that supports the theory of evolution is found in the studies of -fossils. -biochemistry. -embryos, biochemistry, fossils, and artificial selection. -embryos. -artificial selection.

embryos, biochemistry, fossils, and artificial selection.

Anolis lizards can be informally subdivided into long-legged forms (which move by jumping fromtree to tree) and short-legged forms (which mostly crawl from one area to another). Both forms areusually found in any population. A group of Anolis lizards with long legs are transplanted from anisland with many large trees to an island with many small plants and no trees. In futurgenerations, the transplanted lizard population is most likely to -evolve to be able to run away from predators more quickly. -evolve shorter legs adapted for the smaller plants. -evolve to be able to maneuver less efficiently. -evolve even longer legs. -undergo no evolutionary change.

evolve shorter legs adapted for the smaller plants.

An antibiotic is given repeatedly to treat a recurrent ear infection. It worked initially but now is no longer effective. This indicates that the Streptococcus bacterium -experienced natural selection that has allowed the resistant Streptococcus to survive and multiply. -is very sensitive to the antibiotic. -is being treated with an antibiotic that has experienced a manufacturing error, making it infective. -is infectious only if it is sensitive to the antibiotic

experienced natural selection that has allowed the resistant Streptococcus to survive and multiply.

Natural selection can act on a certain trait only if the trait is -favorable. -new. -behavioral. -heritable. -morphological

heritable.

The human upper arm bone (the humerus) is structurally similar to the upper wing bone of a bat. The structural similarity is an example of -analogous structures. -homologous structures. -vestigial structures. -adaptation. -mutation.

homologous structures.

Dandelions in a lawn that is mowed have short flower stalks, whereas those in a field have tall flower stocks. This illustrates -convergent evolution. -natural selection. -artificial mutation. -artificial selection. -inheritance of acquired characteristics.

natural selection.

Darwin was influenced by Thomas Malthus's writings on -population growth. -uniformitarianism. -natural selection. -genetics. -evolution.

population growth.

Inheritable mutations in the genes of an individual arise due to -artificial selection. -environmental change. -other species in the environment. -random chance. -vigorous exercise or effort.

random chance.

Genetic variations in natural populations develop due to -random mutations of the DNA. -changes in diet. -individual activities. -environmental catastrophes. -changes in the environment.

random mutations of the DNA.

Charles Darwin believed that artificial selection was -impossible. -a common phenomenon in nature. -unimportant. -similar in many ways to natural selection. -a process completely identical to natural selection.

similar in many ways to natural selection.

The amino acid sequences of human and chimpanzee hemoglobin are almost identical, yet they differ considerably from the sequence of the hemoglobin of dogs. This fact -supports the theory of evolution. -opposes the theory of evolution. -neither supports nor opposes the theory of evolution.

supports the theory of evolution.

Some of Darwin's most important discoveries were based on studies of birds and tortoises that he observed in -Jamaica. -the Bahamas. -Tahiti. -Ecuador. -the Galápagos Islands.

the Galápagos Islands.

The theory of natural selection states that -random assortment of genes results in better physical characteristics in the following generations. -only the largest and strongest individuals survive. -individuals that mutate in response to changes in their environment will contribute the most genes to the next generation. -all individuals live to reproduce in each generation. -the most well-adapted individuals in their environments survive and reproduce, contributing the most genes to the next generation.

the most well-adapted individuals in their environments survive and reproduce,

Strong evidence for the common ancestry of all vertebrates is -they all have legs. -they all evolved from fish. -the similarity of their embryological stages. -their means of reproduction. -they all possess DNA.

the similarity of their embryological stages.

Convergent evolution occurs when -analogous structures evolve to be homologous. -two or more populations merge into one. -unrelated organisms develop analogous structures. -two or more different species evolve to become one species.

unrelated organisms develop analogous structures.

Humans still have body hair even though it is greatly reduced and serves little function. The hair is a(n) -analogous structure. -homologous structure. -vestigial structure. -adaptation. -mutation.

vestigial structure

No one is certain what the function of the human appendix is. But, one thing we do know is that we can live without it, without noticeable consequences. Therefore, the human appendix is a(n) -mutation. -analogous structure. -homologous structure. -adaptation. -vestigial structure.

vestigial structure.

An emu is a flightless bird that still has wings. These wings are an example of -analogous structures. -homologous structures. -vestigial structures. -adaptation. -mutation.

vestigial structures.

Boa constrictors have tiny pelvic girdles and leg bones inside their bodies. Because these structures are nonfunctional "evolutionary baggage," they are called -homologous. -analogous. -maladaptive. -convergent. -vestigial.

vestigial.

Natural selection is best described as -causing the death of a significant proportion of the population. -driving the species toward an eventual endpoint in which the species possesses the best possible adaptations for that particular environment. -the ability to generate new traits that better suit the species. -working on the existing variation of traits to favor those better suited to the organism's environment. -increasing the perfection of a species.

working on the existing variation of traits to favor those better suited to the organism's environment.