Chapter 15 Official Let

Louis XIV

"the Sun King;" considered to be the model of absolute monarchs; he controlled all aspects of government, and demonstrated his power and wealth with his palace at Versailles; engaged in efforts to increase his power by taking attacking Huguenots and engaging in wars to acquire more territory and power

Ivan the great

(1462-1505) The Slavic Grand Duke of Moscow, he ended nearly 200 years of Mongol domination of his dukedom. From then on he worked at extending his territories, subduing the nobles, and attaining absolute power.

Ivan the terrible

(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.

King Henry IV of France

(1553-1610) he restored Paris to a great city and promoted culture and education throughout his reign, he was known as good king Henry and was a monarch from the house of Bourbon. Wanted to put a "chicken in everyone's pot"

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

James I

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings. Ruled as an absolute monarch. He instilled his beliefs into his son, Charles I

Oliver Cromwell

(The Lord Protector)English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator. In 1653 he finally expelled all of parliament leaving him to be a king in all ways except the title.

Edict of Nantes

1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants including: allowing them to live in designated towns/cities, allowed the protestants to practice without any haranguing.

protectorate

A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

black death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351. Opened up a lot of land in eastern europe

absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.). Hobbes supports

versailles

A palace built for Louis XIV near the town of Versailles, southwest of Paris. It was built around a chateau belonging to Louis XIII, which was transformed by additions in the grand French classical style. Practically impoverished many of France, basically so Louis could have a pristine palace and place to hunt, or bring all the nobles to beg for his friendship.

puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

treaty of limerick

A set of rules that ended the williamite war in Ireland

sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

William Penn

An English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

test act

An act forbidding anyone except members of the Church of England from holding political office or entering the professions

bourbon dynasty

Dynasty in France started by the reign of King Henry IV, powerful and EXTREMELY wealthy, rulers of this Dynasty wanted hegemony (dominant power), wanted to see shift of balance of power

Mercantilism

Economic policy common to many absolute monarchies. Government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country. In particular, it demands a positive balance of trade and desires new sources of gold and silver bullion, thus fueling more colonialism. Created by Colbert, this policy included the analogy of money being like war, and since they are both finite at the time, try and acquire as much as possible for both to achieve power.

peace of Ultrecht

Ended the war of Spanish Succession in 1713 (War of Spanish Succession - Charles II, being childless, left the throne to Louis XIV's grandson. This would've merged both Spain and France together, upsetting the balance of power. So England, United Provinces, Habsburg Austria, German states formed a coalition to prevent destruction of European balance of power.)

sir robert walpole

First prime minister of England

glorious revolution

Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful and thus glorious.

the soldiers' king

Frederick William I, (r. 1713-1740), was the one who truly established Prussian absolutism and gave it a unique character. It was he who created the best army in Europe, for its size, and it was he who infused strict military values into whole society. Frederick William's attachment to the army and military life was intensely emotional. He had built a first-rate army, although he had third-rate resources. The standing army increased from thirty-eight thousand to eighty-three thousand during his reign. Prussia, twelfth in population, had the fourth largest army by 1740. Only the much more populace states of France, Russia, and Austria had larger forces. Moreover, soldier for soldier; the Prussian army became the best in Europe, astonishing foreign observers with its precision, skill, and discipline. For the next two hundred years, Prussia and then Prussianized Germany would usually win the crucial military battles

ferdinand II

Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary who waged war against Protestant forces (1578-1637)

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649. Ruled without parliament for 20+ years. Believed he ruled by absolute right.

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism. But due to a dearth of funds coming from parliament to sufficiently pay this man, he turned to his cousin Louis XIV to give him money under the table in exchange for more relaxed catholic rules.

stenka razin

Leader of the 1667 rebellion that promised Russian peasents liberation from noble land owners and officials, he was captured by the tsar's army in 1671 and publically executed in Moscow

protestant ethic

Max Weber's term for the disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and rational orientation to life emphasized by John Calvin and his followers.

junkers

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.

house of commons

One of the two divisions of Parliament that was made up of more middle class and average people that were occasionally elected into office by their peers but more the most part were elected into office by the largest local landowner. This was more independent meaning they were allowed to speak their minds more than the members of The House of Lords without losing their political roles.

cossacks

Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

republicanism

Political movement / ideology that supports the ideas that all power and sovereignty comes directly from the people and not from some authoritative person and that the success of a government depends on the characters of its citizens. From the main ideas of Locke

habsburgs

Powerful ROYAL FAMILY in Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain. Fought in a bunch of wars and owned huge territory. Huge impact.

commonwealth

Proclaimed when Charles I was beheaded in 1649. Theoretically, legislative power rested in the surviving members of the parliament and executive power was lodged in a council state.

thirty years war

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westphalia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Habsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

hohenzollern family

Rulers over Brandenburg and Prussia that were obsessed with a militia; refusing to spend national funds on anything but more soldiers and development of military power, responsible for German unification.

times of troubles

Russia suffered a famine that killed one-third of the population, about two million. At the time, Russia was occupied by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Dimitriads, and suffered from civil uprisings, usurpers and impostors.

Romanovs

Russian dynasty, started with Michael Romanov after the Time of Troubles and lasted until 1917 , it was the last empire in czarist russia

boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

William and Mary

Thanks to the glorious revolution against James II. King and Queen of England in 1688-1702. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders. Won the Battle of Boyne and shortly after signed the treaty of limerick. Passed a law ensuring that Parliament will meet every three years to put an end to the absolutism of the stuart family.

janissary corps

The Christian slaves of the Ottomans who were not eligible for government positions and served instead as a part of the Ottoman military

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

The absolutism of France attempted to control religion. Thus in 1605, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes by which his Grandfather Henry IV had granted liberty of conscience to the French Huguenots. The new law ordered the destruction of churches, the closing of schools, the catholic baptism of the Huguenots, and the exile of the Huguenot pastors who had refused to renounce their faith. There were many conversions of the Huguenots, many of them forced. Many Protestants fled the country. He revoked it because he hated division within the realm and insisted that religious unity was essential to his royal dignity and to the security of the state. Moreover, this was a better policy because when Louis permitted religious liberty, it was not a popular policy.

French Classicism

The art and literature of the age of Louis XIV; its subject matter was predominantly classical antiquity and the glorification of Louis XIV. (picture of Louis's lit calves)

Colbert

The financial minister under the French king Louis XIV who promoted mercantilist policies (1619-1683). Was a close colleague to the king.

final phase

The french Phase of the war.Worried that the Habsburgs would rebound, the French declared war on SPain.

Fronde

The last aristocratic revolt against a French monarch, specifically nobility-led riots against the monarchy between 1648-1660

constitutionalism

The set of arrangements, including checks and balances, federalism, separation of powers, rule of law, due process, and a bill of rights, that requires our leaders to listen, think, bargain, and explain before they act or make laws. We then hold them politically and legally accountable for how they exercise their powers. examples include the dutch and the English

third phase

The swedish phase of the thirty years war.

second phase

The the danish phase of the thirty years war. England successfully intervened in this phase with Charles I. The Habsburgs passed the edict of restoration granting back to the catholics all the land the protestants had taken, but it allowed the protestants to practice

Sultan Suleiman

This man was a 16th century Ottoman ruler who was primarily responsible for stabilizing the Ottoman Empire. He developed a system of administrative laws (Kanun) that were compliant with Sharia while not being Sharia themselves. Suleiman I strengthened his empire through economic stability and administrative reform rather than expanding it.

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government. Due to his heavy bias towards catholics and the very anti-catholic society, he was forced to flee to France with Louis XIV.

Stadholder

This was the name given to the person appointed by the States General to carry out ceremonial functions in a province in the Netherlands

peace of westphalia

This was the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War that recognized the independent authority of over three hundred German principalities

battle of boyne

When William "invaded" England (though he was under the protection of many English Lords) with his army and pushed James II into France, taking the throne for him and his wife.

regiment

army unit smaller than a division

interregnum

interval between reigns; gap in continuity

Millet system

method of working with religious minorities in Ottoman Empire - millets had a great deal of power - they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. All that was insisted was loyalty to the Empire.

czar

name coming from the title "Caesar"

Richard Cromwell

son of Oliver Cromwell who briefly succeeded him as dictator until he was deposed in favor of restoring the monarchy.

frederick william

the Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688), placed very strong emphasis on the army

divine right of kings

the belief that the authority of kings comes directly from God.

first phase

the bohemian phase of the thirty years war. The catholics beat the protestants in bohemia

potsdam giants

the super tall military regiment of the prussians.