Chapter 15: Renaissance and Reformation
humanism
a movement in the Renaissance that believed individuality, achievement, and individual accomplishment were most important, and the human mind was nearly limitless
Protestant Reformation
a movement started in the early 1500's by Martin Luther to reform the church because of its strafe from roots
Raphael
a renowned painter and accomplished architect in the Renaissance period. His most famous work was The School of Athens, a fresco painting made on moist plaster. It shows Plato and Aristotle Surrounded by philosophers from the past and present admired by Humanists. He is also known for his mother Mary paintings
William Shakespeare
an English playwright well thought of as the best writer in the Renaissance. He was inspired by ancient and contemporary literary works, and had a deep understanding of natural science and humanist themes and human nature, which showed in his plays. However, he used themes and language that made his works appealing to both scholars and peasants. Shakespeare helped spread Renaissance ideas to many people, and he changed Europe permanently because his drama filled plays were highly contrasting to the religious morality ones from the Middle Ages. Like epics and romances from the Middle Ages, Shakespeare's plays were focused on the lives of characters, instead of the old ones focused on morality and ideal behavior. By the time of his death, Shakespeare had turned London into a place with theaters everywhere, each holding at least 2000 people. Shakespeare also made a common interest between everyone in London
Christine de Pisan
an Italian born writer in the Renaissance who focused on writing books about the role of women in society. She grew up in Charles V's French court. After being widowed, writing helped her feed herself, as well as her three children. She mostly wrote about Charles V, and guidebooks to help women find morality. She was a recognized great writer during her time, and one of her titles, The City of Women, helped the cause of equality and education for women. It was about the different view of women, as well as their roles in society. She was one of the few to combat sexism by helping women become equal to men, and helping women get education
Baldassare Castiglione
an Italian diplomat humanist who wrote The Courtier in 1528, describing how the perfect Renaissance gentleman—and gentlewoman—should act. He said courtiers and court ladies should be able to speak of Greek, be well-acquainted with poetry & history, and be able to write prose as well as poetry
Niccolò Machiavelli
an Italian political philosopher during the Renaissance who wrote the Prince. It encouraged the government to practice harsh treatment of citizens and rival states, and described men as "ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers", and said rulers should separate morals from politics. He said to keep power, still if it's perceived to be cruel. He believed "the ends justify the means", and the state was an entity of itself and separate from its ruler
Who was Albrecht Dürer, and how did he influence German painting?
Albrecht Dürer was a very famous German painter, who changed German painting by bringing Italian techniques to it.
What contributions did artists make to the Renaissance?
Artist in the Renaissance made many people admire specific people's work, and artists labeled their works with their names, unlike Middle Ages art, which was anonymous. This strengthened the idea of Humanism by praising individual achievement. Also, the artists inspired art-shows and art-selling, and government grants for artists, which were ally very important parts of the Renaissance
What is Christian humanism?
Christian Humanism is the belief that one can be focused on one's individual needs, wants, desires, and achievements, while staying in touch with God.
What led to Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church?
Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church b/c he wanted to annull his marriage with Queen Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn.
Which groups came to dominate Italian city-states in the 1300s and 1400s?
In the 1300's and 1400's,
What was the state of Catholicism in the 1400's?
In the 1400's, Catholicism was very damaged because financial corruption, misleadership, power abuse, and immorality. It also offered indulgences which gave people less time in Purgatory and costed $, which gave them the appearance of being blasphemous
What other factors contributed to a weakening of the power of the Church in the 1500's?
In the 1500's, the Church was much weaker because many Renaissance/Protestant ideas were rapidly spreading, the leaders of the Church were in a state of questioning, England left the Church, and many people didn't like all of the values of the Catholic Church.
Name three criticisms that were made of the Catholic Church in the 1500s.
In the Catholic Church in the 1500s, people complained about indulgences, structured worship (a certain path to get into heaven), and leadership confusion.
What changes in society and in cities stimulated the beginning of the Renaissance?
Increased trade, growth of cities, desire to beautify cites, increased desire for scientific/technical knowledge, rise of rich and powerful merchants, renewed interest in the classical learning of ancient Greece and Rome, and the growth of large, wealthy city states in Italy stimulated the beginning of the Renaissance.
Which Protestant reformer preached the doctrine of predestination?
John Calvin preached the doctrine of predestination.
How did Luther's reaction to the Peasant's War affect the Counter-Reformation?
Luther's reaction weakened the Counter-Reformation b/c he said he didn't support the Peasant's War and thought it was brutal and immature. If he supported the Peasant's War, it would lead people to thinking he was brutal and immature as the peasants were.
How did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?
Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church by putting the 95 Theses on the door of the Catholic Church, refusing to stop expressing his ideas, and lighting the spark of the Protestant Reformation.
What criticisms did Martin Luther have of the Catholic Church?
Martin Luther thought the Church should be more individual-faith-based, and less structured. He thought that one should have their one special relationship with God, and that the word of God could be interpreted in many different ways.
How did Protestantism spread to other areas?
Protestantism spread to Germany with the printing of the 95 Theses in German and John Calvin, Ulrich Zwingli to Switzerland, and with Elizabeth I to England.
How were Renaissance artists funded?
Renaissance artists were funded by men.
Name four ways in which Renaissance ideas spread to Northern Europe.
Renaissance ideas spread to Northern Europe through people going to Italy for education, printing press, new trade networks, and the migration of people thru sea.
What reforms were made in the Catholic Church?
The Catholic Church was made more strict, less corrupt, there was better priest education, less financial abuse, and there was no sale of indulgences. The Council of Trent made most of these reforms.
What were the religious and social effects of the Counter Reformation?
The Counter-Reformation caused people to be more excited and zealous about Catholicism because of Jan van Eyck. The Counter Reformation also caused increased anti-semitism because of the Jews who weren't Catholic.
What were the Ninety-five Theses?
The Ninety-five Theses were a set of criticisms about the Catholic Church created by Martin Luther. Martin Luther specifically wrote the Ninety-five Theses in fancy English, as only Church leaders could understand it, and nailed it to the Catholic Church door, which served as a bulletin board during the time. They put question into the mind of many, and though they were forced to be taken down, the community published them.
How did the Renaissance spread to Northern Europe?
The Renaissance spread to northern Europe because it made trade easier and safer by protecting ships within it from hazards such as pirates, it built lighthouses, and trained ship captains. It also allowed Renaissance ideas to spread, and Italian artists to travel to Northern Europe. All of these people made Renaissance ideas spread to Northern Europe, and allowed northerners to come to Italy for an education, and come back choc full of Humanist ideals and Renaissance strategies/political ideas. The book revolution, started by Johannes Gutenberg with the printing press, also helped spread the Renaissance to Northern Europe. With the book revolution, people were able to spread and adopt new ideas easier. Those ideas included the ideas of Humanism and the Renaissance.
What ideas formed the foundation of the Italian Renaissance?
The idea of Humanism, or belief in individual achievement formed the foundation of the Renaissance, as well as the desire to learn.
What was new in the subject matter of Northern Renaissance painting?
The subject of Northern Renaissance painting was different because it was about realism, such as glass flowing through a window, a regular man from the street, or something non divine.
Was the printing press or trade networks more important in spreading Renaissance ideas? Explain your answer.
The trade networks were more important in spreading Renaissance ideas because they allowed people to travel much easier.
How did the works of northern artists differ from those of the Italian Renaissance?
The works of northern artists differed from those of the Italian Renaissance because the works of northern artists were much more realistic. As those of the Italian Renaissance depicted gods with perfect looks and features, those of the north were more concerned with how the people really looked, though northern artists adopted many ideas and strategies of the Italian Renaissance, one example being realism and perspective.
Explain the meaning of the description of William Shakespeare as "not of an age, but for all time."
William Shakespeare is "not of an age, but for all time" because he uses language that anyone can understand, from the high priests and nobles to peasants.
What contributions did writers and philosophers make to the northern Renaissance?
Writers and philosophers spread the ideas of Humanism through their literary works. William Shakespeare made plays full of Humanist ideas, and the growing popularity of the plays allowed more and more people to learn about Humanism and the Renaissance. Humanism was the idea that logic, individuality, and self-achievement were most important, and Humanism was very important to the growth of the Renaissance, because it left the old religious ideas disconcerting individuality in the dust.
Counter-Reformation
a series of reforms to the Catholic Church to combat the Protestant Reformation
Lorenzo de Medici
a well educated poet of the Renaissance who supported some of the most talented artists of the day
Sir Thomas More
an English humanist who wrote Utopia. He was friends with Desiderius Erasmus. His book Utopia spread like wildfire throughout Europe, and was about the flaws of the English government, and a perfect society, non reality, that was based on reason. Utopia is now mentioned regularly at the topic of utopian society
annulled
in marriage—declared invalid based on church rules
secular
non spiritual/item oriented; worldly
Michelangelo Bunoarroti
one of the most accomplished sculptors of the Renaissance, who studied human anatomy to make his sculptures more lifelike. At age 24, he created the Pieta, a statue of Mary holding Jesus after his death. It made people get emotional because of its deep themes of grief, love, acceptance, and immortality. Athen, soon after he created a statue of David which was much admired due to its representation of the human form, suppressed energy, and its depth of expression. His most famous work though, was the roof of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. It shows sweeping scenes of the Old Testament from the Bible, and is considered one of the greatest achievements in painting history because of its personalized characterizations of Biblical figures
indulgences
pardons issued by the pope people could use to reduce a soul's time in purgatory, which one could buy. Very controversial
Charles Borromeo
the archbishop of Milan from 1560 to 1584, who took decisive steps to implement the reforms ordered by the Council of Trent, such as building a new school for the education of priests
Elizabeth I
the daughter of Anne Boleyn and King Henry VII, who was truly Protestant. She created the Supremacy Act in 1559, which split England from Rome again. She was strong, and persecuted any Catholics
Renaissance
the era where remarkable developments of art, literature, science, and learning took place. French for "rebirth"
Desiderius Erasmus
the leading humanist in the Renaissance. He was a priest, and so he wrote about the need for a simple and pure Christian life, without politics and rituals created on earth. He also said children should be educated. He made the growing discontentment of the Roman Catholic Church worse, and eventually his writings were censored in Paris and condemned by the Church. He lived in the Netherlands
What wars occurred because of the Counter-Reformation?
The Peasants' War was caused by thousands of crazy Protestant German peasants raiding castles and Monasteries. The Italian Wars also caused the control of Italy to shift through Protestants to Catholics. It eventually was over with the sack of Spain by Charles V in 1527.
How did the Peace of Augsburg encourage religious toleration?
The Peace of Augsburg encouraged religious toleration b/c
How did Machiavelli's The Prince reflect humanist and Renaissance ways of thinking?
The Prince reflected humanist and Renaissance ways of thinking because it was not related to God in anyway, and was preaching ideas very controversial to the church.
What were the effects of the Reformation in England?
The Reformation in England made the Church of England apparent, the persecution of Catholics, and the block of the pope in England.
How might the new ideas of the Renaissance affect society?
The new ideas of the Renaissance affected society because they made society less Christianity oriented and more individual oriented. (less focused on group)
Jan van Eyck
a Flemish painter of the 1400's who perfected a technique of oil painting. His paintings focused on landscapes and domestic life. He and other Northern artists fused everyday life with religion through symbolism, such as a simple lit candle, or a window with light streaming in
Albrecht Dürer
a German artist in the Renaissance who got a lot of inspiration from Italy, from his trip there in the late 1400's. When he got back in Germany, his knowledge from Italy caused him to start working with many Italian techniques, such as perspective and realism. He also used oils, a medium very rarely seen in the northern Renaissance, but eventually one that was synonymous with it. Oils allowed the artists to express detail much more easily, and could show different textures, some being fabric, wood, and more. they also allowed more hidden detail, such as reflections of objects in a mirror, scenes outside of a mirror, &c
Johannes Gutenberg
a German who made the first printing press by putting all the letters of the alphabet onto metal plates and locking them into a wooden press. It was movable type, which originated in China and Korea, but much faster and smaller. This method made books more accessible and much cheaper. It also made them take less time to print. The printing press made new ideas spread faster, and made the ideas of the Renaissance spread quickly. It also made more people learn to read
Teresa of Avila
a Spanish nun born in 1515. She made a reform of the church which stricken fasting, prayer, and sleep. Her religious devotion inspired many going-to-be-Protestants to stick to Catholicism
predestination
a belief that states God knows who will be saved, even before those people are born. In short, nothing anyone does matters, and people have no choice over their life
Council of Trent
a council made by Pope Paul III to redefine the doctrines of Catholic faith. It went from 1545 to 1563, meeting on and off. It examined Protestant criticisms, and clarified Catholic teaching on important points. They addressed the abuse weakening the church, addressed the corruption of the clergy, trained priests better, curbed financial abuse, and abolished sale of indulgences. They rejected self-discipline and individual faith. They believed in ceremony, and renewed Catholicism. Many countries returned to the Catholic Church. They also helped the Jesuits to spread Catholocism
Leonardo da Vinci
a genius who was a highly talented painter, but was also a writer, inventor, architect, engineer, mathematician, musician, and philosopher. He painted the Mona Lisa, an extremely famous painting of a woman with a mysterious smile that attempts to show the complexity of the human spirt, and The Last Supper, which depicts Jesus's last supper, or Maundy Thursday, with all of his disciples before he gets crucified. He created blueprints for an armored tank and a flying machine. He also made sketches of human anatomy, and more. He built canals, developed a machine to cut threads in screws, and designed the first machine gun
theocracy
a government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired
Jesuits
a group to reform the church led by Ignatius of Loyola, and founded in 1534, meaning Society of Jesus. It was a Catholic order approved by the pope in 1539. Ignatius made the Jesuits primarily focused on obedience and education. They established missions, schools, and universities, and combated the Reformation quite well. With the Jesuits and other organizations, the church regained ground against Protestantism
Henry VIII
a king who became king of England in 1509 at age 17. He was very Catholic, and against the Protestant ideas spread by Luther. He became known as "defender of the faith". He made the pope lose control of England because he wanted to get his marriage annulled and he wouldn't do it, and that action strengthened the Protestant/Catholic divide
Francis of Sales
a man in Savoy, France, who made many Savoy peoples convert back to Catholicism. He also founded a religious teaching order for women
Martin Luther
a man who created the 95 Theses and officially began the Protestant Reformation. He used a clever strategy, by writing it in academic English, which only church leaders could understand, and then nailed it to the door, which served as a bulletin board for the community. It created a discussion among intellectuals, and shortly after got published. It spread like wildfire and soon question was in the heads of many people about the Catholic Church
Ignatius of Loyola
a man who founded the Jesuits and therefore led a leading Catholic reform. He wanted the Jesuits to be like a military organization, so it was very obedience and education oriented. It was ver effective at helping the Catholics overcome Prostestantism
John Calvin
the next most important Protestant aside from Martin Luther; Renaissance Humanists such as Erasmus partook in influencing him. He supported Luther's German reforms