CHAPTER 15

10. inset the correct words into the sentences, not all will be used -lateral gray regions -thoracic organs -large intestine -reproductive organs - S2-S4 - T1-L2 -stomach

-The pelvic splanchnic nerves are formed from branches of preganglionic parasympathetic axons housed within the (_s2-s4_) of the (_lateral gray regions_) spinal cord segments -the pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate most of the (reproductive organs______) -one digestive organ innervated by the pelvic splanchnic nerve is the (large intestine)

7. what are the names of the autonomic nerve plexuses in the body? check all that apply. -hypogastric plexus -abdominal aortic plexus -esophageal plexus -pancreatic plelxus

-abdominal aortic plexus -esophageal plexus

6. how does the urinary bladder respond to the micturition reflex -contraction of the urinary sphincters -contraction of its wall -relaxation of its wall -relaxation of the internal anal sphincter

-contraction of its wall

16. which neurotransmitters are considered catecholamines? check all that apply -dopamine -norepinephrine -acetylcholine -epinephrine

-dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine

24. check all that are characterisitics of the somatic nervous system -it consists of two neurons in the pathway -effector organs are skeletal muscle fibers -axons are myelinated and thick -the SNS either excites or inhibits effector organs

-effector organs are skeletal muscle fibers -axons are myelinated and thick

23. select all occur in a fight or flight situation -glycogenolysis and release of glucose from the liver -vasoconstriction of coronary arteries surrouding the heart -release of renin from the kidney, resulting in increased blood pressure -constriction of air passageways within the lungs

-glycogenolysis and release of glucose from the liver -release of renin from the kidney, resulting in increased blood pressure

2. Norepinephrine (NE) -always has an excitatory effect on the effector -always has an inhibitory effect on effector -has either an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the effector

-has either an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the effector

8. the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located -in the lateral gray matter of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments -in the brainstem -in the lateral gray matter of the S1-S2 spinal cord segments -in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 spinal cord segments

-lateral horn of the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord

you pull out of the school parking lot and almost enter the road in front of an oncoming truck. for the next several minutes you experience an increase in your breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure, and vision sensitivity. what aspect of the sympathetic division is this attributed to? check all that apply -mass activation -one axon innervates one effector, called the leader effector -increased output from the vagus nerves -numerous axons cause an effect in many effector organs

-mass activation -numerous axons cause an effect in many effector organs

20. what systems are only innervated by the sympathetic nervous system? check all that apply -most blood vessels -sweat glands in the trunk -arrector pilli muscles in the skin -bronchioles in the lungs

-most blood vessels -sweat glands in the trunk -arrector pilli muscles in the skin

18. check all that apply Which of the following statements is true regarding the adrenal gland's relationship with the autonomic nervous system? -parasympathetic postganglionic neruons synapse with cells of the adrenal cortex -neurosecretory cells of the adrenal medulla secrete norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system -parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with cells of the adrenal medullar -sympathetic postganglionic neruons synapse with cells of the adrenal medulla -sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with cells of the adrenal medulla

-neurosecretory cells of the adrenal medulla secrete norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system -sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with cells of the adrenal medulla

27. while most organs are innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions and express antagonistic effects, the best example of a cooperative autonomic effect is demonstrated by what function? -control of heart rate -control of pupil diameter in the iris of the eye -control of muscular activity in the GI tract -sexual function of the male reproductive system (erection and ejaculation)

-sexual function of the male reproductive system (erection and ejaculation)

5. label the sympathetic pathways in the figure -spinal nerve pathway -adrenal medllula pathway -postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway -splanchnic nerve pathway

-spinal nerve pathway (spinal nerves) -adrenal medulla pathway (adrenal gland) -post ganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway (heart) -splanchnic nerve pathway (intestine)

types of sympathetic pathways

-spinal nerve pathway (to integumentary structures in neck, torso, limb) -postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway (to head, neck viscera, thoracic viscera) *heart -splanchnic nerve pathway (to abdominal and pelvic area) *intestine -adrenal medulla pathway

22. check all that are true statements regarding the anatomy and structure of the sympathetic divison -the neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral horns of their spinal cord segments -the preganglionic sympathetic axons remain in the spinal cord for a large distance before leaving -the splanchnic nerves are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion -the sympathetic trunk ganglia house sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies

-the neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral horns of their spinal cord segments -the splanchnic nerves are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion -the sympathetic trunk ganglia house sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies

19. Acetylchloline receptor types 1) if the neuron secretes ACh, it is a(n) ______ neuron 2) if the neuron secetes epinephrine, it is a(n) ____ neuron -muscarinic -chollinergic -adrenergic -nicotinic

1) if the neuron secretes ACh, it is a(n) ______ neuron- 2) if the neuron secetes epinephrine, it is a(n) ____ neuron

17. distinguish the differences between the somatic motor nervous system and the autonomic nervous sytem 1) preganglionic axons are myelinated, postganglionic axons are unmyelinated 2) uses only one neuron to reach target 3) requires two neurons to reach target 4) only one synapse between the neuron and the target 5) conscious and unconscious regulation of skeletal muscle 6) unconscious regulation of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands

1) preganglionic axons are myelinated, postganglionic axons are unmyelinated - autonomic 2) uses only one neuron to reach target - somatic 3) requires two neurons to reach target- autonomic 4) only one synapse between the neuron and the target- somatic 5) conscious and unconscious regulation of skeletal muscle- somatic 6) unconscious regulation of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands- autonomic

what is the neurotransmitter that is released from the ganglionic neuron in response to a nerve signal

ACh or norepinephrine (NE) -both neurontransmitters can either excite or inhibit an effector depending upon the type of receptors present within the effector

3. which is an example of antagonistic or cooperative innervation -the parasympathetic division constricts the pupils while the sympathetic division dilates the pupils -the sympathetic division stimulates an increase in heart rate while the parasymphathetic division stimulates a decrease in heart rate -the sympathetic division stimulates mucus production by salivary glands while the parasympathetic division stimulates enzyme secretion -during sex, the parasympathetic division stimulates arousal while the sympathetic division stimulates orgasm

Antagonistic: Cooperative:

4. label the structures in the parasympathetic division illustration -CN III -Pelvic splanchnic nerves -CN X -CN VII -CN IX

CN III- oculomotor nerve Pelvic spanchnic nerves- (S2-S4) CN X- Vagus nerve CN VII- facial nerves CN IX- glossopharynx nerve

lab 2. match the nerve with examples of the parasympathetic effector organs it innervates CN X (vagus), CN VII (facial), Pelvic Splanchnic nerves, CN III (oculomotor) -cillary muscles in the eye -lacrimal and salivary glands -most pelvic viscera -thoracic and most abdominal viscera

CN X- thoracic and most abdominal viscera CN VII- lacrimal and salivary glands Pelvic Splanchnic nerves- most pelvic viscera CN III- cillary muscles in the eye

The Auntonomic nervous system is subdivided into two divisions called

Parasympathetic division sympathetic division

21. ANS dvisions and functions -excitement -rest and digest -running -digesting -stress -defecation -contraction of gall bladder -fight or flight system

Parasympathetic: -rest and digest -digesting -defecation -contraction of gall bladder Sympathetic: -excitement -running -stress -fight or flight system

what processes are increased by parasympathetic stimulation

SLUD, Salivation Lacrimation Urination Digestion

autonomic ganglion

Site of the synapse between the axon of the preganglionic neuron and the cell body of the postganglionic neuron

autonomic nervous sytem

also called autonomic motor or visceral motor system -processes regulated below conscious level -transmits signals from CNS to heart, smooth muscles and glands -responds to visceral sensory inputs -functions to maintain homeostasis

the motor neurons of the somatic nervous system are

composed of myelinated axons with a large diameter allowing for fast propagation of a nerve signal -always release acetycholine neurotransmitter from the motor neuron's synaptic knobs to excite the skeletal muscle fiber to contract

17. compete the sentences, not all terms will be used Dual innervation: antagonistic and cooperative -one -antagonistic -bronchodilation -cooperative -contradictory -both -bronchoconstriction -complementary

dual innervation describes a scenario in which a target organ has innervation from ___BOTH_____ division(s) of the ANS. if the divisions create opposite effects on the same target organ, it is called _ANTAGONISTIC______ innervation. if the divisions have complementary effects on the target organ or system, it is called __ OO_____ innervation. since the parasympathetic division causes ____bronchoconstriction__ and the sympathetic division causes __bronchodilation____, this is an example of antagonistic innervation.

parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies are located in

either the brainstem or lateral gray matter of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments

postganglionic axon

extends from the cell body to an effector (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or gland)

preganglionic axon

extends from this cell body and exits the CNS in either a cranial nerve or a spinal nerve

24. pelvic splanchnic nerves are part of the sympathetic nervous system -true or false

false

10. how many types of adrenergic receptors are there? -five -two -four -three

five: a1, a2, b1, b2, b3

sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies are located

in the lateral horns of the T1-S2 spinal cord segments

Somatic nervous system

includeds processes that are perceived or controlled consciously -somatic motor portion sends signals from CNS to skeletal muscles (voluntary movements involve cerebrum, reflexive movements involve brainstem and spinal cord) -portion detects signals from special senses and skin and proprioceptors

differences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system include

length of preganglionic and postganglionic axons: -parasympathetic preganglionic axons are longer -postganglionic axons are shorter -sympathetic preganglionic axons are shorter -postganglionic axons are longer Number of preganglionic axon brunches: -parasympathetic preganglionic axons tend to have no more than 4 branches -sympathetic preganglionic axons tend to have more than 20 branches location of ganglia: -parasympathetic autonomic ganglia are close to effector -sympathetic autonomic ganglia are relatively close to the spinal cord

ganglionic neuron

second neuron in the ANS pathway -cell body resides within an autonomic ganglion, where a synapse occurs between the pregnaglionic neuron and the ganglionic neuron

19. classify the descriptions as being representative of either the somatic or autonomic nervous system -stimulates skeletal muscle fibers -one lower motor neuron -involuntary control -voluntary control -innervates cardiac muscle and smooth muscle -two lower muscle neurons

somatic- stimulates skeletal muscle fibers one lower motor neuron voluntary control autonomic- involuntary control innervates cardiac muscle and smooth muscle two lower muscle neurons

11. check all that apply which of the following levels of the central nervous system play a role in influencing the autonomic nervous system -cerebral cortex -hypothalamus -spinal cord -brainstem -basal nuclei

spinal cord, hypothalamus and brain stem

one significant difference between the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

the number of lower motor neurons that extend from the CNS to the effector

functions of sympathetic division

to maintain homeostasis during exercise or times of stress or emergency, includes the release of nutrients from stores (ex. glucose released from the liver) -regulates the more ative states -fight or flight -Exercise, Emergency, excitement

functions of parasympathetic division

to maintain homeostasis when we are at rest. -primarily concered with conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores -most active at rest or digesting a meal

13. the autonomic nervous system has _________ lower motor neuron(s) in each pathway -two -three -four -one

two

6. classify the descriptions as pertaining to either white or gray rami with respect to their location and composition -myelinated -associated with T1-L2 spinal nerves -carry preganglionic sypathetic axons -analogous to highway exit ramps -connect to all spinal nerves -unmyelinated -carry postganglionic sympathetic axons -analogous to highway entrance ramps

white: gray: