Chapter 15 Test: Bio

When a farmer breeds only his or her best livestock, the process involved is natural selection. artificial selection. artificial variation. survival of the fittest.

Artificial selection

James Hutton's and Charles Lyell's work suggests that.. Earth is many millions of years old. Earth is several thousand years old. all fossils were formed in the last 1000 years. all rocks on Earth contain fossils.

Earth is many millions of years old.

What did Charles Darwin learn from reading the work of James Hutton and Charles Lyell? Earth is relatively young. Earth is very old. All geological change is caused by living organisms. The processes that formed old rocks on Earth do not operate today.

Earth is very old.

During his voyage on the Beagle, Charles Darwin made many observations (where)

Galapagos Islands

When farmers select animals or plants to use for breeding, they look for..... species that are perfect and unchanging. homologous structures. traits that are produced artificially. natural variations that are present in a species.

natural variations that are present in a species.

Darwin began to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection after.. -experimentation with animals. -observations of many species and their geographical location. -reading the writings of Wallace. -agreeing with Lamarck about the driving force behind evolution.

observations of many species and their geographical location.

James Hutton's and Charles Lyell's work was important to Darwin because these scientists... explained volcanoes and earthquakes. explained all geologic events on Earth. suggested that Earth was old for evolution to have occurred. refuted the work of Lamarck, which was based on misunderstandings.

suggested that Earth was old for evolution to have occurred.

In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur shown in the figure are........ examples of fossils. vestigial structures. acquired traits. examples of natural variation

vestigial structures

Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment... diversity. fitness. adaptation. evolution.

fitness

The species of finches that Charles Darwin found on the Galápagos Islands displayed different structural adaptations. One of the adaptations that Darwin noted was the.......

Birds different shaped beaks

Which is a major concept included in Lamarck's theory of evolution? -Change is the result of survival of the fittest. -Body structure can change according to the actions of the organism. -Population size decreases the rate of evolution. -Artificial selection is the basis for evolution.

Body structure can change according to the actions of the organism.

The hypothesis that species change over time by natural selection was proposed by James Hutton. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Thomas Malthus. Charles Darwin.

Darwin

Why might Darwin have hesitated to publish his concept of evolution by natural selection? He realized it was not supported by his data. He felt it was too similar to Lamarck's to be considered original. He was disturbed by his findings, which challenged fundamental scientific beliefs. He realized that his idea was contradicted by the work of Hutton and Lyell.

He was disturbed by his findings, which challenged fundamental scientific beliefs.

One scientist who attempted to explain how rock layers form and change over time was Thomas Malthus. James Hutton. Charles Darwin. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

JAmes Hutton

Which statement is in agreement with Darwin's theory of evolution? More offspring are produced than can possibly survive. The organisms that are the fittest are always largest and strongest. The number of offspring is not related to fitness. Acquired characteristics that are inherited are the cause of evolution.

More offspring are produced than can possibly survive.

In 1859, Charles Darwin published his revolutionary scientific ideas in a work titled.. Principles of Geology. Essay on the Principle of Population. Evolution in Malaysia. On the Origin of Species

On the Origin of Species

Which statement about the members of a population that live long enough to reproduce is consistent with the theory of natural selection? 1. They transmit characteristics acquired by use and disuse to their offspring. 2. They tend to produce fewer offspring than others in the population. 3. They are the ones that are best adapted to survive in their environment. 4. They will perpetuate unfavorable changes in the species.

They are the ones that are best adapted to survive in their environment.

The idea that only famine, disease, and war could prevent the endless growth of human populations was presented by... Charles Darwin. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Thomas Malthus. Charles Lyell.

Thomas Malthus

The number and location of bones of many fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living vertebrates. Most biologists would probably explain this fact on the basis of....... the needs of the organisms. a common ancestor. the struggle for existence. the inheritance of acquired traits.

a common ancestor

Charles Darwin viewed the fossil record as... -evidence that Earth was thousands of years old. -a detailed record of evolution. -interesting but unrelated to the evolution of modern species. -evidence that traits are acquired through use or disuse.

a detailed record of evolution

Which phrase best defines evolution by natural selection? an adaptation of a species to its environment a sudden replacement of one population by another changes in a species as it becomes more perfect a process of change in species over time

a process of change in species over time

Darwin was prompted to publish his theory of evolution by.... an essay by Wallace on evolution. the publication of Lamarck's theory of evolution. the vice governor of the Galápagos Islands. the work of Hutton and Lyell.

an essay by Wallace on evolution.

Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggest that primitive vertebrates.. share a common ancestor with sea stars. evolved from sea stars. evolved before sea stars. belong to the same species as sea stars.

belong to the same species as sea stars

Which of the following phrases best describes the results of natural selection? 1. the natural variation found in all populations 2. unrelated but similar species living in different locations 3. changes in the inherited characteristics of a population 4. the struggle for existence undergone by all living things

changes in the inherited characteristics of a population

Darwin realized that the economist Malthus's theory of population control... 1. applied only to humans. 2. could be generalized to any population of organisms. 3. could be generalized only when populations lived in crowded conditions. 4. explained why the number of deaths exceeded that of births

could be generalized to any population of organisms.

Charles Darwin's observation that finches of different species on the Galápagos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finches.... have the ability to interbreed. acquired traits through use and disuse. all eat the same type of food. descended from a common ancestor.

descended from a common ancestor

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that organisms have an innate tendency toward complexity and perfection. have an innate tendency to become simpler as time passes. inherit all of the adaptations they display. belong to species that never change.

have an innate tendency toward complexity and perfection.

Darwin's theory of evolution is based on the idea(s) of.......................... heritable variation and natural selection. use and disuse. a tendency toward perfect, unchanging species. the transmission of acquired characteristics.

heritable variation and natural selection.

The same kinds of cells that grow in similar patterns in different but related organisms produce......... homologous structures such as wings and arms. the same kind of embryos. natural variations in a population. descent with modification.

homologous structures such as wings and arms.

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution explains all of the following EXCEPT... -how species become extinct. -how inherited traits are passed from parent to offspring. -how species change over time. -how evolution takes place in the natural world.

how inherited traits are passed from parent to offspring.

Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galápagos, he wondered.. -if species living on different islands had once been members of the same species. -if finches and tortoises had originated from the same ancestral species. -if all birds on the different islands were finches. -why all tortoises on the different islands were identical.

if species living on different islands had once been members of the same species.

In each generation, the wings of experimental fruit flies were clipped short for fifty generations. The fifty-first generation emerged with normal-length wings. This observation would tend to disprove the idea that evolution is based on............... 1. inheritance of natural variations. 2. inheritance of acquired characteristics. 3. natural selection. 4. survival of the fittest.

inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Darwin's concept of evolution was NOT influenced by.... the work of Charles Lyell. knowledge about the structure of DNA. his collection of specimens. his trip on the H.M.S. Beagle.

knowledge about the structure of DNA

In the 1800s, Charles Lyell emphasized that... -the human population will outgrow the available food supply. -all populations evolve through natural selection. -Earth is a few thousand years old. -past geological events must be explained in terms of processes observable today.

past geological events must be explained in terms of processes observable today.

An adaptation is an inherited characteristic that can be..... physical or behavioral. physical or geographical. acquired during the organism's lifetime. the result of artificial selection.

physical or behavioral

According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the.... -possession of adaptations developed through use. -possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness. -lack of competition within the species. -choices made by plant and animal breeders.

possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness.

On the Galápagos Islands, Charles Darwin observed -completely unrelated species on each of the islands. -species exactly like those found in South America. -somewhat similar species, with traits that suited their particular environments. -species completely unrelated to those found in South America.

somewhat similar species, with traits that suited their particular environments.

Darwin's theory of evolution suggests that........... species change over time. extinct species are not related to living species. different species can interbreed. animals that look alike are the most closely related.

species change over time

When lions prey on a herd of antelopes, some antelopes are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin's concept of natural selection might be used to describe this situation? acquired characteristics reproductive isolation survival of the fittest descent with modification

survival of the fittest

Lamarck's theory of evolution includes the concept that new organs in a species appear as a result of... -continual increases in population size. -the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures. -an unchanging local environment. -the natural variations already present within the population of organisms.

the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures.

The economist Thomas Malthus suggested that.. -in the human population, people die faster than babies are born. -there would soon be insufficient food for the growing human population. -in the 1700s, England needed more housing. -the majority of a species' offspring die.

there would soon be insufficient food for the growing human population.

Which concept is NOT included in the modern theory of evolution? descent with modification natural selection transmission of acquired characteristics competition among the members of a population

transmission of acquired characteristics

According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have... -characteristics their parents acquired by use and disuse. -characteristics that plant and animal breeders value. -the greatest number of offspring. -variations best suited to the environment.

variations best suited to the environment.

People of Charles Darwin's time understood that fossils........ 1. were preserved remains of ancient organisms. 2. were available for every organism that ever lived. 3. were unrelated to living species. 4. were evidence for the evolution of life on Earth.

were preserved remains of ancient organisms.

When Charles Darwin returned from the voyage of the Beagle, he 1. immediately published his ideas about evolution. 2. realized his ideas about evolution were wrong. 3. wrote about his ideas but waited many years to publish them. 4. copied the evolutionary theory of Wallace.

wrote about his ideas but waited many years to publish them.