Chapter 15 TextBook Notes/Test

What is a civil war?

A war fought between groups of people in the same nation

Who was Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz?

A women who entered a convent to gain an education. She was refused admission into the University of Mexico because she was female, but she then entered a convent when she was about 18. There, she devoted herself to study and writing poetry. She earned a reputation as one of the greatest poets ever to write in Spanish language.

Who was Malinche and what did she do?

A young indian women who the Spanish called Doña Marina. She served as Cortés's translator and advisor. She knew both the Mayan and Aztec languages and she learned Spanish quickly

Had the Native Americans in Brazil suffered from disease?

Absolutely - As in the Spanish empire they had been largely wiped out by disease.

Why was the Columbian Exchange called the Columbian Exchange?

Because Columbus began this vast global exchange.

When did the terrible journey begin for enslaved Africans? How were they treated on the first leg of their journey?

Before they even set sail. Most Africans were taken from inland villages. After they were enslaved, they were forced to march to coastal ports. Men, women, and kids were bound with ropes and chains - often to one another - and forced to walk distances as long as 1,000 miles. They also might be forced to carry heavy loads, and often men's necks were encircled with thick iron bands. Many died along the way, and others tried to escape and were often quickly recaptured and brutally punished.

What is the Columbian Exchange?

A vast global exchange that would profoundly affect the world.

What are the approximate numbers of Africans enslaved?

1500s - approximately 2,000 enslaved Africans were sent to the Americas per year 1780s - slave trade at its peak - almost 80,000 slaves per year sent to the Americas mid-1800s - when overseas slave trade finally stopped - approximately 11 million slaves had reached the America's and another 2 million probably died before reaching the America's

What was the Treaty of Paris? When was it signed and what did it ensure/cede?

1763 - officially ended the worldwide war and ensure British dominance in North America. France was ceded Canada and its lands east of the Mississippi river to Britain. But France regained the rich sugar-producing Caribbean islands and the slave trading outposts of Africa that British had seized during the war. France also retained its territory in the central region of North America.

Who are Creoles?

2nd in the social classes; American-born descendants of Spanish settlers. They owned most of the plantations, ranches, and mines.

By the mid-1500s, Spain had claimed what?

A vast empire stretching from California to South America. In time, divided these lands into 4 provinces - including New Spain (Mexico) and Peru

Who was Francisco Pizarro? What did he do and when and where?

A Spaniard. He was interested in Peru's Incan empire which was reputed to have even more riches than the Aztecs. In 1532 he arrived in Peru - which was just after the Inca ruler Atahualpa had won the throne from his brother in a bloody civil war.

Who was Bartolomé de Las Cosas and what did he do?

A bold priest who condemned the evils of the encomienda system. In vivid reports to Spain, Las Casas detailed the horrors that Spanish rule had brought to Native Americans and pleaded with the King to end the abuse.

What did Columbus' first encounter with the Native Americans begin?

A cycle of encounter, conquest, and death that would be repeated throughout the Western Hemisphere

Who followed the Spanish conquistadors and what did they do?

A flood of Spanish settlers and missionaries. Wherever they went, they established colonies - claiming land and its people for their king and church. When resistance - used force to do what they wanted.

Who was Hernán Cortés/what did he think he could do?

A land owner in Cuba. He hear of Spanish expeditions that had been repelled by Indians and believed that he could succeed where none had before.

What is inflation?

A rise in prices that is linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available.

What did the measures the governments make to increase national wealth lead to?

All of the measures led to the rise of national economies, in which national governments had a lot of control over their economies.

What is a compact?

An agreement among people

Who was Olaudah Equiano?

An enslaved African who later wrote an autobiography - one of the few records from the Africans. He formed part of an international trade network that arose during the 1500s

How was Atahualpa described? What did he do? What did Pizarro do in response?

As about 30 yrs old, good looking, poised, slightly stout, wide, handsome, ferocious face and eyes flaming with eyes. He refused to become a Spanish vassal or to convert to Christianity. In response, Pizarro (aided by Indian allies) captured At. and killed thousands of Inca. Spanish demanded a huge ransom for At. The Inca paid it, but the Spanish killed At. anyway.

In 1620, who landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts? Why did they come and what did they do?

Another group do English settlers. They were Pilgrims who rejected the Church of England and they sought religious freedom rather than commercial profit. Before coming ashore they signed the Mayflower Compact in which they set out guidelines for governing their North American colony.

How did English monarchs assert control over their American colonies?

Appointed royal governors to oversee colonial affairs; had Parliament pass laws to regulate colonial trade.

What was the Triangular trade? What did it link?

Atlantic slave trade made one part of a three-legged international trade network - triangular trade. It was a triangle-shaped series of Atlantic routes linking Europe, Africa, and the America's.

During the 1700s, who emerged as powerful rulers, and where did they clash? What happened in North America?

Britain and France; clashed in Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia. In North America, war between the two powers erupted in 1754 - called the French and Indian War

During the French and Indian war, what did the British do? What happened eventually?

British soldiers and colonial troops launched a series of campaigns agains the French in Canada and on the Ohio frontier. At first, France won several victories. 1759 - British troops launched attack on Quebec (New France's capital) - British scaled steep cliffs along the river and captured the city. Although the war dragged onto 1763, British had prevailed in Canada.

How did Cortés get to Tenochtitlán? What happened when he got there?

By fighting and negotiating Cortés led his forces inland to the capital. At last, the Spanish reached it where they were dazzled by the grandeur of the city.

When did the Spanish begin bringing Africans to the Americas as slave laborers? What happened as the sugar products demand skyrocketed?

By the 1530s; As the demand for sugar products sky-rocketed, settlers imported millions of Africans as slaves. They were forced to work as field hands, miners, or servants in the houses of wealthy landowners. Others became skilled artisans. Within a few generations, Africans and their American-born descendants greatly outnumbered the European settlers throughout the Americas.

What did Cortés compel Moctezuma to do? At the same time, who arrived at the coast? In the following confusion, what happened?

C. compelled M. to sign over his land and treasure to the Spanish. Meanwhile, a new force of Spanish conquistadors had arrived on the coast to challenge C. In the following confusion with various groups of Spanish, Aztecs, and Native Americans fighting for control, the Aztecs drove the Spanish from the city. More than half the Spanish were killed in fighting. Moctezuma was also killed.

What are some of the effects of the Columbian Exchange?

CORN, POTATOES, manioc, beans, and tomatoes contributing to population growth around the world, and healthier food which = healthier people. Sparked migration of millions of people to coast of Africa, Asia; slaves to America Some parts of world - population declined because of the transfer of European diseases (like smallpox and measles) - 80-90% of Native Americans Horses provided the nomadic people of North America a new, more efficient way to hunt buffalo; also warfare, farming, and transportation Sugar cane/sugar plantations = SLAVE TRADE!

What was New France? How did what grow while what?

Canada - the French claims quietly grew while French rulers were distracted by wars at home in Europe.

What were the trading laws for the colonists?

Colonists could export raw materials only to Spain and only buy Spanish-made goods. The laws forbade them from trading with other European nations or even with other Spanish colonies.

By the 1700s, what was happening in the Caribbean?

Competition was also fierce in the Caribbean as European nations fought to get the profitable sugar-producing colonies. By 1700s - French and English Caribbean islands, worked by enslaved Africans, had surpassed the whole of North America in exports to Europe.

What did Cortés do when he was driven out of Tenochtitlán?

Cortés retreated to plan an assault. In 1521, in a brutal struggle, Cortés and his Indian allies captured and demolished Tenochtitlán.

By the early 1500s, French fishing ships were doing what?

Crossing the Atlantic each year to harvest rich catches of cod off Newfoundland, Canada. Within 100 years, French had occupied nearly half of North America.

What was the most important advantage the Spanish conquistadors had? Why?

DISEASE!! The Europeans unknowingly carried diseases like smallpox, measles, and influenza. The Native Americans had no immunity to these. These diseases spread rapidly and wiped out village after village.

Despite what, Pizarro did what? How did he do this? From here, what happened?

Despite continuing resistance, Pizarro overran the Incan heartland. He had superior weapons, and the Inca were weakened by European diseases. From Peru, Spanish forces surged across Ecuador and Chile. Before long, Spain had added much of South America to its growing empire. Pizarro himself was killed by a rival Spanish faction a few years after he'd established the city of Lima.

What are Pilgrims?

English Protestants who rejected the Church of England

Who felt what against the Spanish and Portuguese?

English, Dutch, and French were Jealous and resented the Spanish and Portuguese.

How did English colonists have a relatively large amount of self-independence? Where had their traditions come from?

Each colony had its own representative assembly, elected by propertied men, that advised the governor and made decisions on local issues. Tradition grew out of the English experience. (Parliament, etc.)

What did slave trading bring to merchants and traders? How did it affect colonies?

Enormous wealth to merchants and traders and provided the labor that helped profitable colonial economies grow.

If a women wanted to gain an education where could she go?

Enter a convent

Who devised a way to bypass the guilds? How did this system work and what was it called?

Enterprising capitalists - called the "putting-out" system. It was first used to produce textiles but later spread to other industries. For example, under this system a merchant capitalist distributed raw wool to peasant cottages. Cottagers spun the wool into thread and then wove it in to cloth. Merchants bought the wool cloth from the peasants and sent it to the city for finishing and dyeing. Finally, the merchants sold the finished product for a profit.

As trade increased, what did entrepreneurs seek to do? What about capitalists? Thus, what?

Entrepreneurs sought to expand into overseas ventures. But capitalists (because of their resources) were more willing to take risks. Thus, the price revolution of the early modern age gave a boost to capitalism. Entrepreneurs and capitalists made up a new business class devoted to the goal of making profits. Together, they helped change local European economies into and international trading system.

Thriving trade led to successful port cities like what cities/towns where?

European cities like Nantes, France and Bristol, England, grew prosperous because of triangular trade In North America, even newly settled towns like Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island quickly grew into thriving cities - Even though few slaves were imported directly to the northern cities, the success of the port cities there was made possible by the Atlantic slave trade.

What is capitalism? What spurred it?

Expanded trade, an increased money supply, and the push for overseas empires spurred the growth of European capitalism - or an economic system in which most businesses are owned privately.

By 1700, who controlled large parts of North America and how were their colonies different than those of the Spanish?

France and England; colonies differed in terms of language, government, resources, and society.

In the 1600s, who had joined Spain in North America?

France, Netherlands, England, and Sweden.

Who baptized thousands of Native Americans? What else did they do?

Franciscans, Jesuits, and other missionaries. They built mission churches and worked to turn new converts into loyal subjects of Spain's Catholic King. They also introduced European clothes, Spanish language, and new crafts like carpentry and locksmithing. Where they could, they forcibly imposed European culture over Native American culture.

In the late 1600s, who set out to strengthen what? How did he do this?

French King Louis XIV - royal power and boost revenues from taxes from his overseas empire. He appointed officials to oversee economic activities in New France and also sent soldiers and more settlers (women, too) to North America. But since Louis was Catholic he prohibited Protestants from settling in New France.

By the late 1600s, who had land where?

French claims included present Canada as well as much of present central USA Spanish had moved north - making claims to present Texas and Florida English and Dutch maintained colonies along East Coast Native Americans throughout the colonies entered into the conflict hoping to play the Europeans against one another.

French explorers soon traveled where with who's help?

French explorers and fur traders gradually traveled inland with the help of Native American allies who sought support against rival Native American groups.

By the early 1700s, French what's stretched from where to where? Was the population growing?

French's forts, missions, and trading posts stretched from Quebec to Louisiana. The population was growing but remained small compared to that of the 13 English colonies that were expanding along the Atlantic Ocean.

What new ways to create wealth were discovered by European capitalists?

From Arabs - adapted methods of bookkeeping to show profits and losses from their ventures. During Late Middle Ages bands increased in importance - allowing wealthy merchants to lend money at interest Joint Stock Companies (also developed in Late Middle Ages) grew in importance.

Eventually where did France's American empire reach to?

From Quebec to the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi river to Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico.

What were colonial cities centers of?

Government, commerce, and European culture. Around the central square stood government buildings and a Spanish-styled Church. Broad avenues and public monuments symbolized European power and wealth. Cities were also centers of intellectual and cultural life. Architecture, painting, poetry, and the exchanging of ideas flourished in Spanish American cities.

In the 1530s, Portugal began to issue what to who to do what?

Grants of land to Portuguese nobles, who agreed to develop the land and share profits with the crown. Landowners sent settlers to build towns, plantations, and churches.

Traditionally, what did guilds control and how did they work?

Guilds controlled the manufacture of goods. But guild masters often ran small scale businesses without the capital to produce for large markets. They had strict rules regulating prices, quality, and working conditions.

How did Cortés respond to the gifts and message from Moctezuma?

He didn't plan on turning back. He wasn't interested in the Aztec religious items but he was extremely interested in the gold and silver ornaments that Moctezuma had began sending him. He became more determined then ever to reach Tenochtitlán.

When Columbus first arrived int eh West Indies, who did he encounter? What were these people like?

He first encountered the Taíno people. The Taínos lived in villages and grew corn, yams, cotton which they wove into cloth. They were friendly and open to the Spanish.Columbus noted that they were generous with what they had in such a way that you wouldn't believe it if you didn't see.

In 1519, what did Cortés do?

He landed on the Coast of Mexico with about 600 men, 16 horses, and a few cannons. He began an inland trek to Tenochtitlán.

What was the French and Indian war?

In North America, war between the two powers France and Britain erupted in 1754 - called the French and Indian War - raged until 1763. It also turned into a worldwide struggle known as the Seven Years' War which spread in Europe in 1756 and then to Indian and Africa.

What are revenues?

Income

Where else was the encomienda system used?

In mines as well as plantations. By the 1540s, tons of silver from the Potosí region of Peru and Bolivia filled Spanish treasure ships. Year after year, thousands of Native American's were forced to extract the rich ore from dangerous shafts deep inside the Andes Mountains. As thousands of indians died from terrible conditions, they were replaced by thousands more.

When did the English establish 13 colonies? What were some, others, and others for (i.e. why were they established)?

In the 1600s and 1700s. Some commercial ventures (Virginia and NY); Others havens for persecuted religious groups (Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland); Others gifts from English king to loyal supporters (Georgia and South Carolina)

Spanish conquistadors accomplished major victories where and how? What did they collect?

In the Americas. Within a few decades, a few hundred European soldiers helped by better weapons, horses, and especially desease, conquered millions of Native Americans. They seized huge quantities of valuable goods and used Native American labor to establish silver mines in Peru and Mexico to finance their empire. In the 15 and 1600s treasure fleets sailed each year to Spain or the Spanish Philippines loaded with gold and silver. With this wealth, Spain became Europe's greatest power.

Did some African slaves become free? If so, how?

In the cities, some enslaved Africans earned enough money to buy their freedom. Others resisted slavery by rebelling and running away.

Where did Spanish settlers generally live?

In towns and cites. The population of Mexico city grew so quickly that by 1550 it was the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world.

When sugar cane was introduced into the West Indies, what happened? What was cane refined into? Where did sugar cane have to be grown at? Meaning...?

It quickly became a profitable resource. Cane was refined into sugar, molasses, and rum. But sugar cane had to be grown on plantations (large estates run by an owner/owner's overseer) and plantations needed large numbers of workers to be profitable.

What was the New Law of the Indies and when was it passed and why?

It was passed in 1542. The laws forbade the enslavement and abuse of Native American's. But Spain was too far away to enforce the laws.

Columbus's encounter with the natives was repeated by who? What did these people do?

It was repeated by a wave of conquistadors (conquerors) who soon arrived in the Americas.They settled on the islands of Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti), Cuba, and Puerto Rico. Throughout the region, they seized Native Americans' gold ornaments and then made them pan for more gold. At the same time, the Spanish forced the Native Americans to convert to Christianity.

To make their empire more profitable, what did Spain closely control?

Its economic activities - especially trade. Their most valuable resources were shipped from Spanish America to Spain. They were Silver and Gold.

In 1534, who began exploring in Canada? What did he eventually discover?

Jacques Cartier - eventually discovering the St. Lawrence River. Traveling inland on the river, he claimed much of present day eastern Canada for France.

In 1607, where did the English build their first permanent colony? How did the colony do?

Jamestown, Virginia. The colony was meant to bring wealth and profit, but in the early years of the colony, many settlers died of starvation and disease. The rest survived with friendly Native American help. The colony finally made head way when Settlers started to grow and export tobacco - a plant that had been cultivated by Native American's for thousands of years.

Who soon followed the explorers (in Canada) and what did they do?

Jesuits and other missionaries. They advanced into the wilderness trying with little success to convert Native Americans they met to Christianity.

What were some of the strict laws European powers passed on the colonies?

Laws regulating trade with their colonies - colonists couldn't set up their own industries to manufacture goods. They were forbidden to buy goods from a foreign country. Only ships from the parent country or the colonies themselves could be used to send goods in or out of the colonies.

How did the early years of the Plymouth colony go? Later on?

Many died in the early years; But local Native Americans taught them to grow corn and helped them survive in the new land. Soon, a new wave of English Protestant immigrants arrived to establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

What is mercantilism? What was it aimed at and what did mercantilists believe?

Mercantilism was an economic policy which was aimed at strengthening their national economies. Mercantilists believed that a nation's real wealth was measured in its gold and silver treasure. To build a nation's supply of gold and silver, it must export more than it imports.

What was the first leg of the triangular trade?

Merchant ships brought European goods (including guns, cloth, and cash) to Africa. In Africa, the merchants traded these goods for slaves.

What was the final leg of the triangular trade?

Merchants carried sugar, molasses, cotton, and other American goods like furs, salt fish, and rum made from molasses. These goods were shipped to Europe, where they were traded at a profit for the European commodities the merchants needed to go back to Africa.

How did merchants and some industries thrive in the triangular trade?

Merchants grew wealthy even though there were risks like losing ships at sea - the money to be made form valuable cargoes outweighed the risks Certain industries thrived... for example: A shipbuilding industry in New England grew to support the shipping industry. Other Colonial industries like fishing, raising tobacco, and processing sugar became hugely successful.

Who received a profit from the triangular trade?

Merchants, Certain industries that supported trade, and successful port cities.

While Cortés was journeying, what did messengers bring to who? What did this person do about the message?

Messengers brought word about the Spanish to the Aztec emperor Moctezuma. Terrified, he wondered if the leader of the pale, bearded strangers might be Quetzalcoatl - an Aztec god-king who'd long ago vowed to return from the East. Because Moctezuma didn't know for sure if Cortés was a god he didn't know how to respond to the news. But he sent gifts of turquoise, feathers, and other goods with religious importance. But he also urged the strangers not to continue to Tenochtitlán.

What was the second leg of the triangular trade known as? What was shipped?

Middle Passage - the slaves were transported to the Americas. There the enslaved Africans were exchanged for sugar, molasses, and other products manufactured at plantations owned by Europeans.

When slaves died on board boats, what were the usual causes?

Most died of dysentery; many of smallpox; many others died from apparently no disease at all. Whatever the cause, slave ships became "floating coffins" on which up to half of the Africans on board died from disease or brutal mistreatment

What colonies "specialized" in what/what was their main/prosperous industry?

New England: prosperous fishing, timber, and shipbuilding industries grew Middle Colonies: Farmers grew A LOT of grain on abundant land In South: Cash crops like rice and tobacco grew well in warm climate so developed plantation economy to grow these crops; colonists imported African slaves to clear land and work on plantations.

Did Brazil offer instant wealth from gold or silver?

Nope. But early settlers cut and exported Brazilwood. This wood was used to produce a valuable dye.

In the 1600s, what did England concentrate on?

On establishing colonies along the Atlantic seaboard - coast of present day Eastern USA.

What were the conditions like for slaves while crossing the Atlantic?

Once purchased, they were packed below the decks of slave ships - usually in chains. 100s of men, women, and kids were crammed into a single vessel for voyages lasting from 3 weeks to 3 months. The ships faced many perils, including storms at sea, raids by pirate ships, and mutinies by the captives. But Disease was the biggest threat to the lives of the captives and the profit of the merchants.

Who are Mulattroes?

One of the lower social groups; People of African and European descent.

Who are Mestizos?

One of the lower social groups; People of Native American and European descent.

To mercantilists, what did overseas colonies exist for? What did they provide and enrich?

Overseas colonies existed for the benefit of the parent country. They provided resources and raw materials not available in Europe. They enriched the parent country by serving as a market for its manufactured goods.

What did the Portuguese soon turn to instead of wood?

Plantation agriculture and raising cattle. Like the Spanish, they forced Indians and Africans to clear land for plantations. As many as 4 million Africans were sent to Brazil. Also as in Spanish America, a new culture emerged in Brazil that blended Native American, European, and African elements.

What were entrepreneurs? What did they do?

People who take on financial risks to make profits. They were key to the success of capitalism. They organized, managed, and assumed the risks of doing business. They hired workers and paid for raw materials, transport, and other costs of production.

What are privateers?

Pirates who operated with the approval of European government.

What are mutinies?

Revolts

In the 1500s, what began to rise in Europe? At the same time, there was much more what in circulation?

Prices began to rise in many parts of Europe. At the same time there was much more money in circulation.

What does immunity mean?

Resistance

Who adapted what aspects of different cultures' society? In other words, who taught what to whom?

Settlers leaned Native American style of building, ate foods native to the Americas, and traveled in Indian-style canoes. Indian artistic styles also influenced the new comers. Europeans taught religion to the Native America's, introduced animals (especially the horse) - thereby transforming the lives of many Native American's African contributed with farming methods, cooking styles, and crops. African drama, dance, and song heightened Christian services.

How fast did New France's population grow? When and where was the first permanent settlement?

Slowly. 1608 when Samuel de Champlain established a colony in Quebec.

To get around Spain and Portugal's strict control of colonial trade, other Europeans did what?

Smugglers illegally traded with Portuguese and Spain colonists. In the Caribbean and elsewhere, Dutch, English, and French pirates preyed on treasure ships of the Americas. Other European explorers continued to sail the coasts of the Americas, hunting for gold, and other treasure, as well as a North Western passage to Asia.

What effect did the conquistadors have on the Native Americas?

Some Native Americans believed that the disasters they'd faced marked the end of the world. As tens of thousands of Indians died, some of the bewildered and demoralized survivors felt that their gods were less powerful than the god of their conquerors so they stopped resisting and some converted to Christianity in hopes that their suffering would end.

Why did some African's commit suicide? What else did some Africans do?

Some enslaved Africans resisted and others tried to seize control of the ship and return to Africa. But suicide was more common than mutiny because many Africans believed that in death they would be returned to their home countries. So they hanged themselves, starved themselves, or leapt overboard.

Many of those who went to New France soon abandoned what and turned to what?

Soon abandoned farming in favor of more profitable fur trading and trapping They faced a hard life in the wilderness but the soaring European demand for fur ensured good prices. Fishing was another industry that supported settlers, who exported cod and other fish to Europe.

Spain was determined to maintain what? How did they do this?

Strict control over its empire; The king set up the Council of the Indies to pass laws for the colonies. He also appointed viceroys in each province. Lesser officials and audiencias (advisory councils of Spanish settlers) helped viceroy rule. The Council of the Indies in Spain closely monitored these colonial officials to make sure they didn't assume too much authority.

By the 1600s, who all had colonies in North America? How did they interact with each other?

Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands. They began to fight - both in the colonies and around the world to protect and expand their interests.

What culture was dominant in Spanish America?

Spanish culture IN THE CITIES, but the blending of diverse tradition changed people's lives throughout the Americas.

By the 1700s, European societies were still divided into what? Who thrived, who didn't, and who was in between?

Still divided into distinct social classes. Merchants who invested in overseas ventures acquired wealth, while the price of revolution hurt nobles - whose wealth was in land. Economic changes took generations (even centuries) to be felt by the majority of Europeans - peasants. Merchants and skilled workers of Europe's growing cities thrived. Middle-class families enjoyed a comfortable life, But hired laborers and those who served the middle and upper classes often lived in crowded quarters on the edge of poverty.

How did the settlers in all of the colonies spend their early years? What did they quickly abandon? Over time, what happened?

Struggling to survive; quickly abandoned dreams of finding riches like the Spanish gold and silver. Over time learned to create wealth by using resources native to their surroundings.

What are tariffs and who imposed them on what?

Taxes on imported goods - they were designed to protect local industries from foreign competition by increasing the price of imported goods.

What did Malinche tell Cortés about the Aztecs?

That the Aztecs had gained power by conquering other groups of people. The Aztecs sacrificed 1,000s of their captives to Aztec gods each year. Many conquered peoples hated their Aztec overlords, so Malinche helped Cortés arrange alliances with them. They agreed to help Cortés fight the Aztecs.

What was the "putting-out" system also known as? What did it separate for the first time?

The "Cottage Industry" - separated capital and labor for first time. 1700s - this system would lead to the industrial revolution.

Who worked with the government to convert Native Americans to Christianity? How?

The Catholic Church; Church leaders often served as royal officials and helped to regulate activities of Spanish settlers. As Spain's America empire expanded, so did church authority.

As a result of disease, what happened to the Native American population where?

The Native American population of the Caribbean islands declined by as much as 90% in the 1500s. - Millions of Native Americans died from disease as Europeans made their way inland.

Who were the first major European partners in the slave trade?

The Spanish - they bought slaves to labor in Spain's South American empire. As other European powers established colonies in the Americas the slave trade intestified.

Despite the friendly reception the Spanish received from the Taínos, what soon happened between the two?

The Taínos offended the Spanish when out of ignorance they failed to pay proper respect to Christian symbols. Columbus' actions showed that he felt himself superior to the Taínos and could therefore decide their fate. He claimed their land for Spain and then took several Taínos as prisoners to take back to Spanish king.

What are the Caribbean Islands Columbus landed in in 1492 called?

The West Indies

What was Tenochtitlán?

The capital of the Aztec Empire

Who built the first university in the Americas and when, why, and where?

The colonies. To meet the church's need for educated priests. The university of Mexico was established as early as 1551. 12 Spanish American universities were already educating young men long before Harvard was founded in 1636 as the first college in the 13 English colonies.

Why didn't French peasants want to come to Canada?

The harsh Canadian climate with its long winters attracted few French peasants.

How did the Slave Trade effect African societies and lives?

The impact on Africans was devastating; African states and societies were torn apart and the lives of individual Africans were either cut short or forever brutalized.

In the 1500s, Spain was what? And Portugal...?

The most powerful country in Europe, thanks to the wealth of the Americas. Portugal wasn't far behind.

What was the price revolution? What was inflation fueled by?

The period in European history when inflation rose rapidly. Inflation was fueled by the enormous amount of silver and gold flowing into Europe from the Americas by the mid-1500s

What are encomiendas?

The right to demand labor or tribute from Native American's in a particular area. At first, Spanish monarchs granted conquistadors these.

Who are Peninsulares?

The top of the Spanish colonial society social classes; people born in Spain; They filled the highest positions in colonial governments and the Catholic church. The term referred to the Iberian peninsula where Spain is located.

Explain how Joint Stock Companies worked.

They allowed people to pool large amounts of capital needs for overseas ventures. Individuals who invested in these companies could join in any profits that the company made. If the company lost money, individuals would only lose their initial investments.

What did wealthy landlords do?

They bought huge tracts (areas of land) along the St. Lawrence River. They sought settlers to farm the land.

What did the Spanish later do over the demolished Tenochtitlán? What about disease?

They later built Mexico City on the ruins of Ten. As in the Caribbean, disease had aided their cause. Smallpox had spread among the Aztecs from the 1519 encounter, decimating the population.

What were the advantages the Spanish conquistadors had despite their own low what?

They only had 100s of people - compared to the millions of Native Americans. But the Spanish had guns and cannons superior to the Native Americans' arrows and spears. The European metal armor also provided them better protection. And they had horses which weren't only useful in battle and in carrying supplies but the Native Americans were also scared of them because they hadn't seen them before.

From the Caribbean, Spanish explorers probed the coasts of the America's and did what?

They spread stories of empires rich in gold and told of a fierce fighting people. Attracted by the promise of riches and religious zeal, a flood of adventurers soon followed.

What did mercantilists urge rulers to adopt? Why? What did the governments do?

They urged rulers to adopt policies that they believed would increase national wealth and government revenues. To boost production, governments exploited mineral and timber resources, built roads, and backed new industries. They imposed national currencies and established standard weights and measures. They also sold monopolies to large producers in certain industries as well as to big overseas trading companies.

If a slave survived the trek to the coast, what happened at the coast?

They were restrained in coastal holding pens and warehouses in slave shipping ports like Elmina, Ghana, or Gorée, Senegal. They were often held there until European traders arrived by ship.

Who was the lowest social class?

Those descended from the Native Americans and Africans.

The growing demand for goods led merchants to do what?

To find ways to increase production

What did the conquistadors use the system of encomienda for?

To force Native American's to work under the most brutal conditions. Those who resisted were hunted down and killed. Disease, starvation, and cruel treatment cause drastic declines in the Native American population.

To fill the labor shortage, who did Las Casas urge the colonists to import and why?

To import workers from Africa because he believed that Africans were immune to tropical diseases and had skills in forming, mining, and metalworking. He later regretted that advice because it furthered the brutal African slave trade.

What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?

Today, we view this document as an important early step to self government

What was transported from the western hemisphere in the Columbian Exchange?

Tomatoes, pumpkins, peppers, corn, potatoes, manioc, beans, buffalo/bison, fur, fish, lumber, cotton, tobacco, indigo, rum, gold, silver

In 1497, who found what in Newfoundland? What else did he do?

Venetian navigator known by English name John Cabot found rich fishing grounds. Which he claimed for England. Later, English navigators continued to search for a North West passage to Asia - with no success.

What was transported from the eastern hemisphere in the Columbian Exchange?

Wheat, grapes, bananas, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, goats, chickens, horses, donkeys, measles, smallpox, influenza, settlers, coins

To Spain, what was equally important to getting land?

Winning souls to Christianity.

What are peons? What people were forced to become them?

Workers forced to labor for a landlord in order to pay off a debt. Native American's were. Many landlords advanced them food, tools, or seeds - creating debts that workers could never hope to pay off in their lifetime.

Did the Indians continue to resist the Spanish even after they were conquered? If so, how?

Yes - many did try to resist any way they could: For centuries the Mayans fought Spanish rule in Mexico and Central America. Long after the death of Atahualpa, revolts erupted among the Inca. Throughout the Americas, Indians resisted European influenced by preserving aspects of their own culture (including language, religious traditions, and clothing) - In time, Native American culture came to influence the culture of Latin America.

Did Moctezuma welcome Cortés to the capital? What happened soon after?

Yes. But relations between the Aztecs and the Spanish soon became strained. The Spanish scorned Aztec's religion and sought to convert them to Christianity. At the same time they saw more Aztec treasure as they remained in the city. They decided to imprison Moctezuma so they could gain control of the Aztecs and their riches.

What is a viceroy?

a representative who ruled in the kings name