Chapter 15. The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes
parasympathetic fibers leave the brainstem through which cranial nerves?
- III - VII - IX - X
Which send input to the ANS?
- Spinal cord - Medulla oblongata - Hypothalamus - Cerebral cortex
which regions of the CNS does the parasympathetic division of the ANS arise from?
- brain - sacral spinal cord
Indicate which of the following are regulated by autonomic nuclei in the brainstem.
-sweating -vasomotor control -pupillary construction -salivating
which nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?
Autonomic
which activities are attributed to the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Digestion reduced energy expenditure waste elimination normal body maintenance
regarding the adrenal gland, which of the following pairings is correct?
Medulla; the inner part
Within an autonomic output pathway, the ____________ fiber is unmyelinated and synapses with visceral effectors
Postganglionic
place the components of visceral reflex arc in order
Receptor. Afferent neuron. Interneuron. Efferent neurons. Effector.
the division of the ANS that has relatively short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers is the _______ division
Sympathetic
which division of the ANS has widespread neural divergence?
Sympathetic
Which stimuli can trigger the limbic system to influence hypothalamic control of the ANS?
anger anxiety fear
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems exhibit a background rate of activity referred to as _____ tone
autonomic
in which nervous system are the effectors glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle?
autonomic
which nervous system controls glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle?
autonomic
which is usually under involuntary control?
autonomic nervous system
from which regions of the CNS do the nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system arise?
brainstem and sacral
_____ innervation refers to the fact that many structures in the body are innervated by nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS
dual
which hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
what region of the brain is the primary regulator of the visceral motor system?
hypothalamus
which best describes a preganglionic neuron in the ANS
it has its cell body in the spinal cord or the brainstem and its axon terminates in a ganglion
which describes the autonomic nervous system?
it originates in the CNS and receives input from the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, and the medulla oblongata
the ganglia of the sympathetic division are located ______
near the spinal column
which nervous system transmits only excitatory signals to the effector cells
somatic
Vasomotor tone is produced by a baseline level of stimulation by which division of the ANS?
sympathetic
the division of the ANS that has general and widespread effects in the ________ division
sympathetic
which division of the ANS is associated with the "fight-or-flight" response?
sympathetic
which ganglia extend from the cervical region to the coccygeal region along the vertebral column?
sympathetic
which division of the ans is responsible for increasing heart rate, alertness, blood pressure, pulmonary airflow, blood-glucose concentration, and blood flow to the heart and skeletal muscle
sympathetic division
in the _______ division of the ANS, the preganglionic nerve fibers are short, while in the ________ division the preganglionic fibers are relatively long
sympathetic; parasympathetic
Nerves of the sympathetic nervous system arise from which regions of the spinal cord?
thoracic and lumbar
what are the characteristics of a visceral reflex?
unconscious stereotyped automatic
which cranial nerve supplies parasympathetic fibers to the viscera of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
vagus
what is the other name for the autonomic nervous system?
visceral motor system
which of the following are examples of the antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division?
• the sympathetic division speeds up heart rate while the parasympathetic division slows it down • the sympathetic division induces dilation of the pupil while the parasympathetic division induces the pupil to constrict
which of the following are examples of the antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
• the sympathetic division speeds up heart rate while the parasympathetic division slows it down • the sympathetic division induces dilation of the pupil while the parasympathetic division induces the pupil to constrict