Chapter 16-19
Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.
Homestead Lockout
(1892) Homestead steel mill locks out workers to stop formation of a union; violence erupts between workers and security, state militia called in to make arrests; government sides with big business
William Howard Taft
(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson
Health hazards and pollution
* Dangerous conditions were in many industries. - Railroad: 1 in 20 deaths of disabilities - 2,000 coal miners died per year.
How did the Pendleton Act of 1881 create civil service reform? What was the positive outcome? What was the negative outcome?
** The Pendleton Act of 1881 set up a Civil Services Commission which created a system for applicants for governmental jobs to take an examination to pass to be in line for a job and civil servants could not make political contributions (as this could be a conflict of interest). Positive effect- now jobs are being held by people who are qualified for them. Negative effect- Now politicians had to turn to others for campaign funds and those others tended to be the wealthy businessmen of the East. Now the wealthy and government are tied together.
Hull House
- Jane Addams, Chicago, IL, 1889 - Helped poor women, immigrants, and children limited to middle class and poor working class. - Provided a bathhouse, day care, etc... - Inspired other settlement houses through the country. - Became instrumental in Social Gospel movement.
Newcomers and Neighborhoods
- Men and women moved to urban from rural areas (in addition to immigrants) b/c financial opportunities were available. - Immigrants often lived in the same communities called ethnic urban communities (ex/ Chinatown). - African Americans began moving to cities (more so after WWI). Virtually all faced continued discrimination when it came to jobs and housing: only able to be porters or domestic servants.
Depression and Reaction
- Panic of 1893: high unemployment and bank failures. - Coxey's Army marched to Washington and advocated the federal government to hire unemployed Americans to fix American roads. This was not successful, many saw Coxey as too extreme. - People advocated for free silver monetary supply.
Urban Amusement
- Vaudeville Theater: music, skits, magic shows. - By 1910, it cost $0.05 to see a movie. - Amusement parks: Coney Island, NY inspired other amusement parks throughout the country.
Interstate Commerce Act
- monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices
Disease
- spread through cities quickly ex/ cholera, typhoid fever. - lead to the cleaning initiatives. - New sewage and drainage systems were established in large cities - City beautiful movement was started to increase and improve number of park spaces for security.
5 classic factors of industrial growth
1. Natural Resources 2. Good transportation systems 3. Labor 4. Capital-Money on the land 5. Management/ Entrepreneurs
Birth rates
1800- 7 children 1900- 3.5 kids
American Federation of Labor
1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.
McKinley Tariff
1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history
Newlands Reclamation Act
1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states
Elkins Act
1903 law that forced railroads charge the same prices to all their customers
Muller v. Oregon
1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health
Clayton Antitrust Act
1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.
Woodrow Wilson
28th President of the United States
In the election of 1912, Wilson won with just over ____% of the popular vote
42%
Jacob Riis
A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.
Modernism
A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.
Haymarket Square Riot
A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.
Meat Inspection Act
A law passed by Congress to subject meat shipped over state lines to federal inspection.
red-light district
A section of a city where prostitution is officially or unofficially tolerated containing many brothels, strip clubs, and other sex businesses.
Solid South
A term used to describe the tendency of the southern states to vote Democratic after the Civil War.
Feminism
Advocated political, economic, and social equality for women
What happened to the voting?
African American and poor whites stopped voting.
Industrial Workers of the World
Aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.
Negro Leagues
All-African American professional baseball teams where black men could showcase athletic ability and race pride. The leagues thrived until the desegregation of baseball after World War II.
16th Amendment
Allows the federal government to collect income tax
16th amendment
Allows the federal government to collect income tax
Protestant innovations
American Protective Association (APA) - Similar to the Nativist/ know- nothing party of the 1840s and 1850s. - Sought to ban catholic from holding office.
Burlingame Treaty
An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S. missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
race riot
Attacks on African Americans by white mobs- Atlanta, 1906, 24 blacks were killed.
The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
Book that exposed the horrible, unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry. Example of muckraking. - Helped inspire meat inspection act and pure food and drug act.
Tuskegee Institute
Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper
Education
By 1900 over 71% of Americans between ages 5 & 18 attended school
Immigrant Faiths
Catholic and jewish immigrants struggled to keep their traditions vs becoming "WASP like". Italians and Poles often established their own parishes and catholic schools
Great outdoors movement
Charles Gibson painted portraits of the New Woman playing sports called Gibson girls. Camping and biking became common/ popular. Groups like the Sierra Club were founded to protect natural wonders. In 1916, Wilson created the National Park Service. Theodore Roosevelt founded many national parks and forests. The outdoors was an escape from industrial society.
Many states resisted limiting
Child labor ** lower income families often relied on it
Asian Americans and Exclusion
Chinese immigrants faced extreme prejudice and violence out West. They would work only in restaurants and laundries. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)- barred Chinese from coming to US ( repealed in 1943 after WW2 and Burlingame Treaty).
Adrew Carnegie
Controlled U.S. Steel industry by beating out competition; Philanthropist
Adamson Act
Created an 8- hour workday for RR workers
"City Beautiful" Movement
Created more and better urban park spaces. Also made room for skating rinks, tennis courts, baseball fields, swimming pools and play areas promoted by the National Playground Association as a way to keep urban children safe and healthy.
Guilded Age
Golden on the outside, but corruption and political problems on the inside
Explain how Gustavus Swift changed the meat packing industry.
Gustavus Swift changed the meat packing industry by using refrigerated railroad cars, USING AN ASSEMBLY LINE, strict cost controls at his plants, and "verticle integration".
Forgettable Presidents
Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland (again)
Alfred Smith
He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate.
Immigrants, East and West
Ideal labor supply because they were in abundance, worked for little $, hard to unionize. However, many faced a language barrier.
How was immigrant labor beneficial to the US?
Immigrant labor was beneficial to the US because many immigrants, such as the German and Irish, helped build the railroad system and canals. Immigrants also take jobs for low wages that native-born Americans would take only as a last resort.
The problem of labor
Industrial workers of the World nicknamed Wobblies, or "I won't work". - Used strikes to achieve their goals and overthrow capitalism. - They declined after WWI
Management/ Entrepreneurs
Inspired competition and desire for wealth- they invested in railroads, industry, banking. These business people managed their businesses with great efficacy and with assembly line more goods were put out faster.
Young Men's Christian Association
Introduced in Boston in 1851, the YMCA promoted muscular Christianity, combining evangelism with athletic facilities where men could make themselves "clean and strong."
How the Other Half Lives
John Riis - Helped expose plight of disease, poor tenants, and immigrants.
William Jennings Bryan "Cross of Gold" Speech
Leader of Democratic Republican party in Chicago convention who advocated for free silver and won his audience with biblical favor. Famous speech against gold standard currency. Declared democrats for silver coinage meaning that the question of money would become a national crusade.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers.
Limits on machine government
Mayors (Quincy in Boston) began to build public pools, gyms, playgrounds, and other spaces. Also fought to fair fares on streetcars.
Haymarket Riot
Meting of workers to gain an 8 hour workday. At the meeting someone through a bomb killing and injuring many. Without any proof, many strikers were found guilty and sentenced to death. The Knights of Labor were associated with the Haymarket Square Riot leading to their downfall.
Capital Money on the land
Northern businesses made a fortune during the civil war- they invested money into the railroad, new factories, and companies.
management revolution
Owners no longer run every aspect of their business. Managers brought in to run things instead. Specialized management (sales, finance, advertising, purchasing, etc.)
Businesses sought to attract customers. Some examples of this are
P.T. Barnum's Circus that appealed to the middle class (Highly suggest watching Greatest Showman to anyone who hasn't seen it). Department stores and store credit cards developed.
mass production
Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply
How did various grassroots reformers define "progressivism" and how did their views differ from Theodore Roosevelt's version of "progressivism"?
Progressivism, as defined by Grassroot reformer Jane Addams, proposed more democracy as the cure for the problems of democracy and industrialization. Republican governor La Follette believed that the government should intervene in the economy with the assistance of progressive economists for policy recommendations. He utilized both Addams argument for "more Democracy" and respect for the experts. This differed from Roosevelt's version, which blended reform with the needs of private enterprise, instead of taking it as far as these "Insurgent" grassroot reformers aimed. His goal was social justice, not complete worker control over the entire system.
The Social Gospel
Promoting religion and social welfare. The Salvation Army tried to help the poor while spreading a Christian message. Niagara Conference affirmed fundamentalism, the belief that the bible was literally true and that disbelief in its literary truth would lead to damnation. Billy Sunday was a baseball player who became an evangelical Christian and promoted political views like nativism and prohibitionism and Christianity. Beginning of reform movements. ** Preached salvation/ Christianity through service to the poor.
Billion Dollar Congress
Republican congress of 1890. Gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890. First billion dollar budget.
High culture
Rich helped promote museums- some out of a sense of duty. -NY's Museum in 1880 - Andrew Carnegie helped create over 1,000 libraries across the nation. - Carnegie Hall
Masculinity and Rise of Sports
Rise of African American leagues: - African Americans were excluded from baseball, Negro leagues were established. American Football: - Collegiate football became popular under Yale's Walter Camp, who utilized scientific management.
Oil industry
Rockefeller found the Standard Oil Company and by using horizontal integration (combining firms of the same business into one big firm creating a corporation). Standard Oil controlled 90% of the oil refinery business. When a single company achieves control of an entire market, it becomes a monopoly.
Roosevelt's legacy
Roosevelt's handpicked taft to be his successor
To what degree, and in what ways, were Roosevelt's policies progressive?
Roosevelt's policies were progressive because they called for stronger civil service reforms, ones that had previously never been effectively addressed by the federal government. His influence with the Northern Securities Company Supreme Court case and acts such as the Elkins Act and the Hepburn Act helped pave the way for trust busting and anti competition legislation that actually had an effect on breaking up monopolies. His policies regarding environmental conservation and the creation of numerous national parks were progressive in that he was one of the first to place emphasis on maintaining the environment. In addition, his Newlands Reclamation Act offered a degree of social services (federal assistance in providing irrigation to dry lands) that was unprecedented, especially before the New Deal, and actually fulfilled one of the goals of Coxey's Army.
New Nationalism
Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice
Airplane
The invention of the airplane and automobile created huge industries along with the industries that supported them (tire, glass, etc... )
Tenement Housing
The middle class moved from suburbs and their houses were torn down and made into 5-6 story, cramped apartments, many families sharing few rooms (lower working class).
What was the significance of the massive American Railroad network?
The rail network served as a transportation system for natural resources from their area of origin to markets. They also created jobs within the industry and served as a way to transport people for labor.
Why do many believe the populist party died out?
They believed the defeat of the populist party was caused by the radical notion that the government should assume the responsibility of making reforms for the good of their citizens.
How did urban reform movements impact state and national politics?
They finally showed that something needed to be done. Proved that major changes for industrialization were really only going to be made by State and national laws. Places like Tammy needed to either get stronger or die. Politics became more ethnically diverse, incorporated women more, and racial diverse. They started to push for better conditions when before none of that mattered. In books like The Jungle, with its exposure, we were able to pass another act.
Great RR Strike of 1877
Unionized RR workers organized numerous strikes to protest wage cuts. Violence spread all over the US, state militia had to break some of them up, and strikebreakers were taken in to replace workers. Pittsburgh saw the worst unrest, and Hayes had to send in federal troops to quell the riots (1st use of army to stop labor unrest). - more than 50 people died - many workers were blacklisted as a result preventing them from being hired in the future.
John Muir
United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914)
The American federation of Labor
Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL was comprised of skilled workers only and no women or African Americans were allowed. It was led by Samuel Gompers. The AFL sought fair wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. Membership increased to over 2 million at one point.
To what degree did reforms of the Wilson era fulfill goals that various agrarian-labor advocates and progressives had sought?
Well he passed a progressive income tax, meaning the amount progressed or rose as the income rose. He also passed an inheritance tax. Federal Reserve Act was to create not a national bank, but a banking system that was more resistant to such economical crisis' like a panic. It could issue currency-- something many reformers wanted and regulate the flow of credit to the general public at the public's benefit. And the Clayton Antitrust Act was passed, which ensured no more unfair trusts. Alll of these things are things people have been pushing for, for forever. He also passed the Asamson Act- 8 hr work day for RR workers, and Seamen's Act eliminating age-old abuses of merchant sailors.
Populist Party Platform/ Omaha Platform
What they wanted and got: - Direct election of senators (political) - Voters suggest laws (political) - 8 hour work day (economic) - graduated income tax (economic) What they wanted and DID NOT get: - silver coinage (economic)
Election of 1896: candidates and issues
William McKinley (R) -- received support from the North, supported industry and high tariffs. William Jennings Bryan (D) received support from the West and South, supported farmers and low tariffs. ** The main issues were the coinage of silver and protective tariffs. McKinley wins.
What changes did women experience at this time?
Women began earning public jobs such as clerks, etc...
Domesticity for women's rights
Women's clubs formed- helped justify women's involvement in reform movements. The women's temperance movement in 184, Frances Willard sought to challenge alcohol and domestic violence. Key frontrunner in the w.c.t movement. Movement was divided along religious, ethnic, and class lines.
Women after the civil war
Women's education improved after the Civil War. Many women encouraged co ed colleges created during reconstruction.
Urban Journalism
Yellow Journalism- sensationalizing and exaggerating new stories in order to sell newspapers (Caused of the Spanish- American War). Muckrakers- term coined by Teddy Roosevelt to describe the journalist that exposed corruption and problems of society, but no solutions.
YMCA
Young Men's Christian Association. Spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities to promote Christianity and Fitness. Part of "Muscular Christianity".
Federal Reserve Act
a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply
National Grange
the first farmers' organization in the United States
Robert La Follette (Wisconsin Idea)
the idea of a more efficient and scientific government, the idea of government by experts
Andrew Carnegie
- Invented the Bessemer Process - Used Vertical Integration
Anarchism
A political theory favoring the abolition of governments
Niagara Principles
African Americans held meeting at Niagara Falls. Called for suffrage, an end to segregation, equality in justice system and education, jobs, health care, and military service.
Ida B. Wells
African-American journalist who led the fight against lynching.
Mississippi v Williams
Allowed for poll tax and literary tax to stand.
Sierra Club
American environmental organization. Helped promote the protection of the environment and nature.
National Association of Colored Women
An organization created in 1896 by African American women to provide community support. Through its local clubs, the NACW arranged for the care of orphans, founded homes for the elderly, advocated temperance, and undertook public health campaigns. Worked to fight poverty, segregation, lynchings, and the persistence of Jim Crow laws.
Fundamentalism
Focused on reading the bible and taking it litteraly.
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - A black interest group active primarily in the courts.
Managers and Salesmen
New Middle managers emerged in charge of goods and new labor. Sales positions increased throughout the US with opportunity for $$$$$$$
Mann Act
Prohibited the interstate transportation of women for immoral purposes.
White collar workers vs blue collar workers
White- professional positions Blue- Manual labor
city beautiful
a movement begun by Daniel Burnham and Fredrick Law Olmsted, who believed that cities should be built with three core tenets in mind: the inclusion of parks within city limits, the creation of wide boulevards, and the expansion of more suburbs
Margaret Sanger
advocated birth-control education, especially among the poor.
Electricity paved the way for new appliances such as
washing machines, vacuum cleaners, etc...
Progressive Income tax (populist idea)
- 16th amendment - The higher an individual's income. the more taxes paid
women in the corporate office
- By the end of the 1800s, 77% of stenographers were women. - Clerking and secretarial opportunities for women increased and paid better than other domestic jobs. - 4 million worked by 1900.
Theodore Roosevelt as president
- Chosen as VP to McKinley by Republicans to quiet his career. - Became youngest president in US history after assassination of McKinley in September, 1901. - Antitrust Legislation - Environmental Conservation
National consumer culture
- Department stores were able to cut prices significantly b/c of railroad transportation for goods. - Home order catalogs helped those living in rural areas so ordinary people could buy luxury items too. - Advertisements appeared all over the nation, including outdoors on bill boards for the first time.
skyscrapers
- First appeared in Chicago (Chicago School led by Louis Sullivan) - Allowed landowners to make $ on small plots of land by building up with office buildings
Knights of labor
- Founded in 1869 and advocated employees should own shops. - Formed by skilled and unskilled workers, women and African Americans were welcome. - Their goal was to improve workplace safety laws, eliminate child labor, get income tax for wealthy, and public ownership of railroads. - At its height, the knights had 700,000 members.
Unskilled labor and DISCRIMINATION
- Men and unions discriminated against women and & children (would pay them less). - 1 in 5 children under 16 worked outside the home. - African Americans were often paid the least amount, women worked in mostly domestic service roles.
William jennings Bryan
- Populist and Democratic Candidate in 1896. - 3 time presidential candidate (lost all 3) - called for free silver - known as "active citizenship"
Francis Perkins
- Saw the fire from Columbia University - Became the first women appointed to a presidential cabinet (FDR)
African Americans were left out of Progressive reforms. Wilson screened ______ at the white house making it look like _____.
- The Birth of a Nation - the KKK were the heroes protecting white women from African Americans.
Niagara Movement
A group of black and white reformers who organized the NAACP in 1909 - advocated to end segregation and increase voter rights, equal economic opportunities, etc...
trust
A group of corporations run by a single board of directors
Talented Tenth
According to W. E. B. DuBois, the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks
Sherman's Silver Purchase Act
Act which directed the treasury to increase the amount of currency coined from silver mined in the west and also permitted the US government to print paper currency backed by the silver
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
An organization that blamed alcohol for crime, poverty, and violence against women and children, and fought against it.
America's Game
Baseball- Became popular in 1870s and provided American with new leisure activity. First professional baseball team? - Red Socks known at the time as Boston Americans. What African American broke the color barrier in 1940s? - #42 Jackie Robinson
What factors explain the limits of progressive reform in the United States?
Business interests, or struct down reform laws or movements by the courts, divided power in a federalist system blocked many issues like child labor. Also Elitism and racial prejudice. Also younger voters were less concerned with things that the older generation wanted passed.
"mother's pensions"
Came from the county treasuries. Mothers originally received fifteen dollars a month for the first child and seven dollars a month for each additional child. Once a child reached the legal age for employment, the payment ceased.
Vassar, Wellesley, Smith
Colleges specifically for women
Sex and the City
Dating became more acceptable in larger cities without chaperones. Men often paid for women since women had little $ b/c they earned less wages. NYC had a large gay population- still "underground" because it was a crime to be gay at the time, you would be sent to jail if caught.
Munn v. Illinois
Decided states had the right to regulate business that concerned the public such as railroads.
Wabash v. Illinois
Decided that states cannot regulate interstate lines.
National Consumers League
Encouraged women, through their shopping decisions, to support fair wages and working conditions for industrial laborers who were women. Sought to improve the working and living conditions of women in the workplace.
Farmers Plight
Farmers at least had food but had no money, many farmers defaulted on loans and lost farms. They despised tariffs, argued RRs exploited them due to the high shipping rates. National Grange (The Grange) brought farmers together to discuss their situation. Greenback labor party formed a national movement that sought an 8 hour work day and better working conditions.
antitrust legislation
Federal laws (starting with the Sherman Act of 1890) that tried to prevent a monopoly from dominating an industry and restraining trade.
Model T Car
First Affordable Car made by Henry Ford. Every car looked exactly the same and was made in mass production on an assembly line.
Who created scientific management? What did it call for?
Frederick Taylor. Study of time and motion.
Gunn vs. US
Grandfather clause was struck down
Wisconsin Idea
Increased government involvement in economy, increased democracy by recall.
What was so significant about the election of 1896
Initiated era of republican dominance. Gold became standard currency. Republican party was the big party of business, industry, and strong national government.
Thomas Edison
Invented the light bulb
honest graft
Justified bribery or cheating.
Eugene V. Debs
Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.
National Consumer's League (NCL)
Led by FLORENCE KELLEY; Advocated laws to protect workers.
The Shame of Cities
Lincoln Steffens wrote this and exposed the corrupt relationships between big business and local governments (municipal corruption).
Urban Machines
Many services were provided by private businesses, not the city governments.
Women's Rights
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA- 1890). Many western states provided suffrage for women (WY, CO, ID, UT). By 1913, many women West of MS River were granted suffrage.
"Boss" Tweed
Political boss William tweed ran what is known as the "Tweed Ring" a political machine that maintained power by giving and taking bribes in return for favors. "Boss" Tweed took millions from the city through fraud and bribery and he gained control of the police and courts. In 1869, Tweed bribed the NY State legislature to pass a new municipal charter that would have entrenched his ring still further. When he almost bankrupted the city, he and his ring was outed in the NY times.
Nata what is the one thing we learned in mindfulness and meditation?
PositiviTEA!! TEA he!!
Newcomers from Europe
Post 1892, many immigrants came through Ellis Island. "New Immigrants: were mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Greece, Russia, etc...). 3 million were jews. Many of these immigrants took low paying jobs.
Protecting the poor
Poverty, Robert Hunter- argued poverty was not due to laziness, but rather environment. National Child Labor Committee- helped lead to the Children's Bureau. Muller v. Oregon- Supreme Court upheld a Oregon law limiting women to 10-hour work days.
collective bargaining
Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract
National Audubon Society
Promotes the conservation of land and protects endangered wildlife
Ragtime and City Blues
Ragtime- popular among all classes and races. Introduced at Vaudeville theater, dance craze, and amusement parks. Blues- appealed to individuals in cities and spoke of loneliness
New markets
Rail brought new markets all over America with the harnessing of steam power in 1870.
What prompted the rise of urban environmental and anti-prostitution campaigns?
Reformers fought to make cities safer, cleaner and healthier for citizens to live in. Reformers also launched a campaign against urban prostitution, comparing it to slavery because young white women were being kidnapped and forced into prostitution. They achieved their goal of closing brothels but this didn't end prostitution, only made conditions worse for prostitutes.
The Great Outdoors
Sierra Club- sought to preserve America's mountains. 1872- creation of Yellowstone in Wyoming National Park Service Created Antiquities Act (1906)- the president could set aside objects as national monuments. - Business interests hoped lands would be declared public lands as opposed to parks, because there was weaker protection. - Many states passed laws regulating hunting and fishing to help preserve wildlife.
Lochner v. New York
Supreme Court case that decided against setting up an 8 hour work day for bakers
Environmental Conservation
TR set aside land for wildlife refugees. Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)- government sold land to raise $ for improved irrigation in dry, arid lands.
Political Machines
Tammany Hall, NYC. Controlled many aspects of city government. Provided jobs, food, $, etc... to constituents in exchange for votes. George Washington Plunkitt- leader of Tammany Hall, favored "honest graft"- bribery, stole over $200 million, later caught in Cuba due to Thomas Nast.
Fighting the monopolies
The Sherman Anti- Trust Act 1890 was the first attempt to outlaw monopolies. Congress said that monopolies restricted trade, but this was very hard to enforce. Some companies like Standard Oil of Ohio just dissolved and reorganized itself with a new name- Standard Oil of New Jersey. It wasn't until 1914 that the anti- trust legislation was effective with the Clayton Anti- Trust and Federal Commission which effectively outlawed monopolies (Under President Wilson).
What were some of the problems that farmers were having?
The bank was taking their farms from them, out of work due to new technology, crop failures, poor marketing, lack of credit facilities, etc...
Why did the election of 1912 feature four candidates, and how did their platforms differ?
The election of 1912 featured four candidates because of the differing factions in American politics during the time period. The Republican Party, split between Taft and Roosevelt, chose Taft. This led Roosevelt and his followers to form their own party, the Progressive Party, which spread his New Nationalism campaign directly among the people. His strong stance endorsed labor reform and more radically, attacked the power of the nation's judicial system. Eugene V. Debs, launched the Socialist Party of America, and joined the presidential race, representing the views of reformers and laborers who believed in socialist principles. The candidate for the Democratic Party was Woodrow Wilson, who believed in federal measures to restrict corporations but to a lesser extent than Roosevelt. Wilson believed Roosevelt's plan involved collectivism but his New Freedom program would allow for political and economic liberty.
What changes in American society precipitated the rise of national parks and monuments?
The rise of sports lead Americans to see Victorian culture as stuffy and claustrophobic and revolted by heading out doors. National Parks rose because of the railroad networks that reached the west. Camping became popular and Americans searched for unexploited land to renew themselves in nature. Encouraged by outdoorsmen, national and state gov't set aside more public lands for preservation and recreation.
Explain the weaknesses of the American Labor movement in the late 19th century. How did it become associated with radicalism?
The weaknesses in the labor movement were caused by low wages and unsafe working conditions. This resulted in radicalism because workers began to work local unions in single factories that would then strike to try and force employers to increase wages or make working conditions safer.
Hepburn Act
This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.
Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
Two newspaper publishers who achieved mass circulation through sensational news coverage and the invention of yellow journalism.
Women, Race, and patriotism
United Daughters of the Confederacy. Created monuments, gave out Confederate flags, and helped reshape the image of the Civil War. National Association of colored women formed (A reform organization focused on community support elderly in need of homes, and advocated temperance.
Salvation Army
a charitable and religious organization to evangelize and to care for the poor and homeless. - help establish soup kitchens and shelters
National Child Labor Committee
a progressive organization formed in 1904 to promote laws restricting or banning child labor
Sherman Antitrust Act
an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States.
Party Patronage
awarding jobs to members of your party. ex. Roscoe Conkling who used it by giving well paying jobs in the New York Customs House (which he controlled) to those who supported him. The Customs House controlled 2/3rds of our nations customs revenue. Supporters of Conkling who were given jobs there were busy embezzling the funds.
"Robber Barons"
big businessmen who were called this when they made their wealth by being ruthless and exploiting their workers.
recall
can remake elected officials
Initiative
citizens can introduce laws
Referenfum
citizens can vote on laws
Mass transit
electric trolleys, subways, train transportation emerged in large citites
The electric city
electricity emerged in cities in the late 19th century "A light is as good as a sunny day"
Greenback Labor Party
formed by a group of farmers who created a national movement that sought an 8 hour work day and better working conditions.
Middle Class and working class were divided over
how they spend their money and leissure time.
Knights of Labor
labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms
Progressivism
movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting progressive reforms toward better conditions in government and society.
Lewis Hine
muckraker who took pictures of child laborers to expose how bad child labor was
Comstock Act
prohibited distribution of information about sex and birth control (mail)
Good transportation systems
railroads linked natural resources to their markets. Railroads also brought markets to outlying towns and created jobs within the industry itself.
Eugenics
study of factors that influence the hereditary qualities of the human race and ways to improve those qualities
Brandon's Brief
supporting arguments by using sociologist research.
Pure Food and Drug Act
the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs
Steam engines replaced ______ in cities
water power
Stephen Crane
wrote about Maggie a girl on the streets. Humans don't shape their own destinies. They are victims to their environment and self- competence.
Plessy v. Ferguson
"separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of Jim Crow Laws. Overturned in 1954 by Brown vs Board of Education.
Frances Willard
"the most famous woman of the nineteenth century;" ran the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) from 1878-97; campaigned for woman's suffrage, abstinence from alcohol, reformation of prison systems, abolition of prostitution, and elimination of wage system
By the time Rockefeller was through he owned ______ % of the oil companies in the US. He used ______ to buy out all the competitor companies then _______.
- 90% - predatory pricing (under the $100 rate of the other companies) - raised the prices back up past the regular amount to $160
The Success Myth
1. Carnegie was one of the only industrialist that came from a humble position and worked his way up through thrift and hard work. 2. Most of the others already had a step up by coming from middle or upper class wealthy backgrounds. 3. In contrast, the average factory worker made only $400-$500 a year. 4. Typically workers did not resent the successful as they dreamed that they too could become a success. 5. Horatio Alger Stories- these were widely read by the lower middle class with stories like Luck and Pluck in which a young man moves off his family farm to the big city looking for a job when he finds a wallet on the sidewalk and returns it to the owner who just happens to be the owner of a business who in turns gives the young man a job (luck).
Positives Views of Big Business
1. Laisse-Faire Capitalism - In 1776, Adam Smith argued for business to be motivated by the individual's interest to offer improved goods and services because business would be in competition to sell these goods and services to consumers. 2. Inconsistencies- The doctrine relied on free competition to keep the marketplace stable but Rockefeller and others worked to reduce free competition. Also big business favored no governmental intervention on their business affairs (for example, no limits on working hours or wages). 3. Social Darwinism- Herbert Spencer said that competition among humans was another example of evolution in which the strong would prevail and the weak would be pushed aside eventually leading to a better society. Therefore, the government should restrict its actions to keeping order and protecting private property because any government interface would only delay the process. Big business would accept this- the strong, self- reliant individual would succeed in the struggle for survival in the business world. 4. Gospel of Wealth- In this book, Carnegie wrote that he and others deserved their wealth through thrift and hard work. He was equality as the opportunity to gain wealth. Also, wealth brought obligations by basically saying that it was up to the wealthy, not the government, to take care of society. He said, "the man who dies thus rich dies disgraced".
Realism
A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be
Farmers' Alliance
A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy. A separate Colored Farmers' Alliance was established as well. ** Sought to establish cooperative stores and eliminate the middlemen. Eventually morphed into populist party.
American Protective Association
A Nativist group of the 1890s which opposed all immigration to the U.S.
National Park Service
A federal agency established in 1916 to help supervise national parks and monuments.
liberal arts
A form of education pioneered by President Charles W. Eliot at Harvard University, whereby students chose from a range of electives, shaping their own curricula as they developed skills in research, critical thinking, and leadership.
National American Woman Suffrage Association
A group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Granger Laws
A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates. Many were later overturned
verticle integration
A single company owns and controls the entire process from raw materials to the manufacturer and sale of the finished product.
How did advertising lead to a consumer culture?
Advertising led to a consumer culture because advertising lead people to start spending money not only on what they needed (food, clothes, etc...), but also on recreation and other luxury appliances that they may not need, but want leading to a consumer culture.
Billy Sunday
American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups. ** known as the Baseball evangelist
Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens)
American novelist who grew up in Hannibal, Missouri. Twain's writings portray the essence of life and speech during the era; his use of a distinctly American vernacular influenced future fiction writers ** Wrote the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
What factors influenced rapid growth of American Industry in the late 19th century?
An abundance of natural resources to make fuel or goods, transportation systems that served as a link between natural resources and their markets, new sources of labor work in factories, capital money on land, and entrepreneurs who inspired competition who invested money into railroads, factories, companies, etc... ALSO NEW MANAGEMENT POLICIES
Atlanta Compromise
Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.
J.P. Morgan
Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"
Steel Industry
Bessemer Process- Blasting air through molten iron) to make steel launched the rise of heavy industry by making large qualities of steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration (a vertical integrated company owns all the different businesses on which it depends for its operation, for example, instead of paying company for the use of coal, Carnegie just bought the coal mines instead). The Carnegie Steel Company was sold in 1900 for over 400 million. The banker, JP Morgan bought it and formed a new company US Steel which was the first billion dollar company, controlling 3/4th of the world's steel.
Cast of Wizard of Oz as a Populist Parable: - Dorothy - Scarecrow - Tin Man - Cowardly Lion - Wicked Witch - Yellow Brick Road - Silver Slippers - Wizard of Oz
Dorothy- "Everyday" women Scarecrow- farmers who do not have the wit to understand how they end up losing their farms to banks when they are the ones who grow the food to feed the hungry nation. Tin Man- Industrial workers who rusted as solid as the factories of the 1890s depression and who have lost their sense of compassion and co- operation to work together and help one another during hard times. Cowardly Lion- Politicians who have the power to confront "wicked witches", but chose not to. Wicked Witch- Bank Yellow Brick Road- Gold standard currency Silver slippers- silver based money Wizard of Oz- Represents president who puts up an illusion, but is just as normal, corruptable and powerless as everyone else.
Robber Barrons vs Industrial Statesmen
Entrepreneurs were considered Industrial Statemens when the economy was good b/c great of great management + provided jobs. Entrepreneurs were considered "robber barrons" when the economy was bad because people argued they were stealing the common people's money.
John D. Rockefeller
Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history
Government response to industry
Government supported industrial growth with Laisse- Faire economics. The government gave land grants to the rail companies, federal funded internal improvements, and high protective tariffs to protect American manufacturers from foreign competition.
Class system emerges
Growth of industry raises standard of living and created economic divisions. Wealthy considered themselves the "fittest" for society. Economist Veblen attacked this idea. In the upperclass by 1890, they made up 10% of the population, but controlled 9/10ths of the nation's wealth.
Samuel Gompers
He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.
Henry George
He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism.
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
July, 1877 - A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men.
Who won the election of 1896 and why?
Mckinley v. Bryan. Bryan and populist party was defeated by Mckinley and republicans who persuaded the nation that they were the party of prosperity and ethnic diversity and convinced the factory workers and the Eastern cities to vote for him, and the cities are more populated so her won.
What was the concept of Muscular Christianity and what did it lead to?
Muscular christianity was a philosophical movement that originated in England in the mid-19th century, characterized by a belief in patriotic duty, manliness, etc... It lead to many men participating in physical sports and exercise that allowed boys and men to connect with their masculinity. They believed the society had become to "effeminent".
Labor
New sources of work in factories. Population doubled so many farmers moved to cities to find work. New immigrants also provided labor.
Rise of the High School
Parents wanted their children to be educated, and as a result 71% of minors in 1900 attended school. High schools became more popular, especially for girls, who outnumbered boys. High schools were coeducational, and had athletics for both genders.
Changes in Family Life
People married older and had less children. Adults began to use contraceptives to suppress fertility, but the practice was looked down on. In 1873, the Comstock Act was passed legalizing the circulation of any information about sexuality in the mail. Factory work for children also emerged.
The Cult of Manhood
People worried that men who now had much less physical jobs would become out of shape and effeminate. YMCAs drove muscular christianity: the idea that it was Christian for a man to be physically fit. YMCAs offered a place for originally white collar workers to exercise. Employers hoped athleticism would quell social unrest and improve competitiveness and company loyalty. Eventually blue collar workers also joined Ys. Elite men and women exercised and played sports at country clubs.
Deskilling of labor
Reduction in the skill needed to do a job, due to technology. * Results in less craft work skills/ craft workers
In the election of 1896 who were the Siverites and who were the Gold Bugs?
Siverites- Party made up of farmers and laborers. Wanted silver coinage as the monetary standard Gold Bugs- Party made up of bankers and businessmen. Wanted gold as the monetary standard
What was Social darwinism and how did the wealthy use it to justify their wealth?
Social Darwinists believe in "survival of the fittest"—the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better. Wealthy used this by arguing that those who became rich in human society were the ones who were the most "fit." Those who became poor got that way because they were not "fit."
Producerism
The argument that real economic wealth is created by workers who make their living by physical labor, such as farmers and craftsmen, and that merchants, lawyers, bankers, and other middlemen unfairly gain their wealth from such "producers."
Why did American workers become increasing alienated in the 19th century?
They became alienated because the new factory jobs required fewer skills resulting is deskilling. Also, the emphasis was on increased production, therefore as a result, workers performed the same repetitive tasks and management became even more distant from the factory floor. There were also poor working conditions and strikes.
What were the different views of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B DuBois as to how to reach racial equality?
Washington believed that it was economic independence and the ability to show themselves as productive members of society that would eventually lead blacks to true equality, and that they should for the time being set aside any demands for civil rights. In contrast to Washington, Du Bois maintained that education and civil rights were the only way to equality, and that conceding their pursuit would simply serve to reinforce the notion of blacks as second-class citizens ** Du Bois was a big believer in "DO IT NOW!!!! DON'T WAIT TO GAIN RESPECT UNLIKE WASHINGTON"
Leonora Barry
Women's organizer for Knights of Labor, investigated widespread sexual harassment of working women.
Realism in the Arts
Writers and Painters attempted to capture the mundane and unhappy reality of ordinary life, rather than romanticize humanity. The Ashcan School was a group of realist painters from NYC notable for their bleak imagery. Realism was accompanied by modernism, masculinity, and primacy.
Scientific Management
a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it. ** Frederick Taylor (Taylorism) - Using strict rules to govern work behavior, timed tasks, and repetitive tasks. Would stuck scientific management and fire people who didn't keep up.
Booker T. Washington
a prominent African American educator, he believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society.
closed shop
an agreement in which a company agrees to hire only union members
Terence Powderly
led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and an end to child labor.
maternalism
refers to public encouragement and support for women to have and raise children, often viewing this as their main purpose in life.
Predatory Pricing
selling a product below cost to drive competitors out of the market
Social Darwinism
survival of the fittest
Horizontal Integration
system of consolidating many firms in the same business
Femenism
the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men
New inventions and technological advancements
typewriters, the telephone, phonograph, electric light, moving picture cameras. These inventions created their own new industry such as the movie and music industries. Bell's telephone expanded employment opportunities for women as telephone switchboard operators. The lightbulb transformed the way Americans lived and worked. Big business operation such as Westinghouse harnessed huge power sources and based their companies on electric power.
