Chapter 16

The bottleneck effect is the loss of genetic diversity that can be caused by _____. A. An equilibrium event B. A natural disaster C. Reproductive isolation D. Inbreeding

B. A natural disaster

A type of mating that occurs when individuals choose a mate with a preferred trait is called ______ mating. A. Associated B. Assortative C. Random

B. Assortative

Select all that apply. Which of the following are types of genetic drift? A. Nonrandom mating B. Bottleneck effect C. Polymorphisms D. Founder effect E. Sexual selection

B. Bottleneck effect D. Founder effect

True or false: Most adaptations resulting from natural selection are perfectly suited to the environment. A. True B. False

B. False

The hypothesis regarding sexual selection that states that females choose mates on the basis of traits that increase a male's chance of survival is called the _____ hypothesis. A. Runaway B. Good genes

B. Good genes

Sickle-cell disease is caused by an abnormal form of ____ in red blood cells. A. An amino acid B. Hemoglobin C. Oxygen D. Iron

B. Hemoglobin

Which allele combination will help maintain genetic diversity within the population? A. HH B. Hh C. hh

B. Hh

Regions of Africa, in which populations have high frequencies of the sickle cell allele, will have high rates of _______ in their environments. A. Cystic fibrosis B. Malaria C. HIV

B. Malaria

Male deer growing extremely large antlers that require excessive amounts of energy is due to _______ selection. A. Stabilizing B. Sexual C. Disruptive D. Directional

B. Sexual

Calculate the homozygous recessive genotype frequency if the recessive allele frequency is 0.4. A. 0.16 B. 0.2 C. 0.64 D. 0.6

A. 0.16

A gene pool includes all of the _____ of all of the genes of a species.

A. Alleles

The ability of an organism to produce surviving offspring, compared to the other members of a population is called _____.

A. Fitness

A type of genetic drift, in which a small population isolates itself from the main population, causing the gene frequencies to differ is known as the _____ effect.

A. Founder

The percentage of each allele in a population's gene pool is referred to as an allele _____.

A. Frequency

A Canada goose leaving it's population in order to mate with a goose from another population is an example of _____ _____. A. Gene flow B. Natural selection C. Gamete isolation D. Genetic drift

A. Gene flow

If a scientist studies the diversity of genes in a population they are studying population _____.

A. Genetics

The maintenance of genetic diversity of future generations is often maintained through the _____ advantage.

A. Heterozygous

The heterozygote advantage means that the heterozygote for a trait has an advantage over the two _____.

A. Homozygotes

Regions of Africa, in which populations have high frequencies of the sickle cell allele, will have high rates of _______ in their environments. A. Malaria B. Cystic fibrosis C. HIV

A. Malaria

The alleles in nonrandom mating assort according to _____. A. Mating behavior B. Seasonal behavior C. Isolated assortment D. Equilibrium assortment

A. Mating behavior

Chemical or physical agents that cause mutation are called _____.

A. Mutagens

Select all that apply. Which of the following are conditions that a population must meet in order to maintain Hardy-Weinberg principle? A. No mutation B. Nonrandom mating C. No selection D. No genetic drift E. No new members can join the population and no existing members can leave

A. No mutation C. No selection D. No genetic drift E. No new members can join the population and no existing members can leave

Assortative mating is a type of ______ mating in which an individual is chosen because of a preferred trait. A. Nonrandom B. Associated C. Random

A. Nonrandom

A trait that is controlled by many genes is said to be a _____ trait.

A. Polygenic

A group of organisms of a single species living in the same geographic area is called a _____.

A. Population

The STD gonorrhea is becoming more difficult to treat due to the development of antibiotic _____.

A. Resistance

The hypothesis regarding sexual selection that states that females choose mates on the basis of appearance is called the _____ hypothesis. A. Runaway B. Good genes

A. Runaway

An abnormal form of hemoglobin causes _____-_____ disease.

A. Sickle B. Cell

The intermediate phenotype has the largest number of individuals present in _________ selection. A. Stabilizing B. Disruptive C. Directional

A. Stabilizing

The intermediate phenotype is the favored phenotype in _____ selection.

A. Stabilizing

The defensive behavior necessary to defend a territory is called _____.

A. Territoriality

The area that is defended against competitors is called a _____.

A. Territory

Sexual dimorphism means ______. A. That females and males differ in size and other traits B. That females choose mates on the basis of traits that improve survival C. That females select mates based on size or color patterns

A. That females and males differ in size and other traits

Gene flow causes microevolution by introducing new or rare _____ into a population. A. Organisms B. Mutations C. Alleles

C. Alleles

Gonorrhea is becoming more difficult to treat because antibiotic resistance is developing in the ______ that causes gonorrhea. A. Prion B. Fungus C. Bacterium D. Virus

C. Bacterium

The peacock's tail is bright and showy and makes the male prone to predation. Why has natural selection not eliminated this trait from the population? A. Because birds do not undergo microevolutionary changes B. Because the tail helps the male to capture insects C. Because female peacocks choose to mate with males that have these ornate tails D. Because males without such elaborate tails do not survive to reproductive age E. Because peacocks live in groups and are immune to natural predators

C. Because female peacocks choose to mate with males that have these ornate tails

Territoriality relates to ______ behaviors. A. Feeding B. Reproductive C. Defensive D. Courtship

C. Defensive

Gene flow is the movement of _____ between populations.

A. Alleles

When individuals mate based upon preferences it is known as _____ mating.

A. Assortative

Sexual selection in males usually results in an increased ability to _____ for mates, whereas sexual selection in females usually involves _____ a mate with the best fitness.

A. Compete B. Selecting

Mutations serve as a source of new genetic variation and are caused by changes to an organisms _____ sequence.

A. DNA

In some populations, high-ranking individuals have greater access to resources which cause males or females to establish _____ hierarchies.

A. Dominance

No mutations, no migration, random mating, no selection, and a large gene pool are required to maintain Hardy-Weinberg _____.

A. Equilibrium

Natural selection favors the phenotype that is most _____. A. Common B. Adaptive C. Extreme

B. Adaptive

The allele frequency is ______. A. The percentage of each gene in a population B. The percentage of each allele in a population C. The ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in a population

B. The percentage of each allele in a population

What can genetic drift eventually lead to? A. Increasing population size B. Mutations C. Evolutionary change

C. Evolutionary change

The ability to produce surviving offspring is called ______. A. A variation B. An adaptation C. Fitness

C. Fitness

A type of genetic drift in which a small number of individuals form a new population away from the original one is called the ______. A. Isolation effect B. Equilibrium effect C. Founder effect D. Drifting effect

C. Founder effect

Population genetics studies the diversity of a population at the level of the ________. A. Behaviors B. Species C. Gene D. Chromosomes

C. Gene

Individuals who have a genetic advantage that prevents them from dying from sickle-cell disease and malaria are said to have a _______ advantage. A. Homozygous dominant B. Homozygous recessive C. Heterozygous

C. Heterozygous

All of the western blue birds living in a 100 hectare forest would be an example of a(n) ______. A. Equilibrium B. Homologous group C. Population

C. Population

Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what will the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype be in the next generation if the frequency of the dominant allele in the current generation is 0.60? A. 0.60 B. 0.48 C. 0.40 D. 0.36 E. 0.16

D. 0.36

It is estimated that a mutation occurs once in every _____ cell divisions. A. 10,000 B. 1,000,000 C. 1,000 D. 100,000

D. 100,000

What does p represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle? A. Frequency of the recessive allele B. Frequency of the recessive genotype C. Frequency of the dominant genotype D. Frequency of the dominant allele

D. Frequency of the dominant allele

The movement of alleles between populations is referred to as ______. A. Founder effect B. Equilibrium genetics C. Allele swapping D. Gene flow E. Genetic drift

D. Gene flow

All of the alleles of all of the genes in a population is known as the _______. A. Genome B. Phenotype C. Genotype D. Gene pool

D. Gene pool

The bottleneck effect is a type of ______. A. Genetic mutation B. Macroevolutionary change C. Nonrandom mating D. Genetic drift E. Industrial melanism F. Founder effect

D. Genetic drift

The raw material for evolutionary change, which introduces new variations among members of a population is caused by _______. A. Genetic drift B. Nonrandom mating C. Macroevolution D. Mutation

D. Mutation

The area a male lion defends against other males is called his _____. A. Fitness level B. Polymorphic trait C. Dominance hierarchy D. Territory

D. Territory