Chapter 16: ANATOMY OF THE HEART

The bicuspid and mitral valves a. are semilunar valves. b. "see" only unoxygenated blood. c. "see" only oxygenated blood d. are exit valves.

"see" only oxygenated blood

Cells that spontaneously depolarize from resting membrane potential to threshold potential a. are called pacemaker cells. b. normally "live" within the chordae tendineae. c. are restricted to the SA node. d. are stored within the pericardium.

A

Why may a "racing heart" (170 bpm) cause chest pain? a. Chemicals produced by the metabolizing cells stimulate the vagal pain receptors. b. A racing heart decreases diastole, the period when coronary blood flow is maximal. c. A racing heart decreases the time that the heart spends in systole. d. Excess waste produced by metabolizing myocardial cells causes microthrombi to accumulate in the coronary arteries.

A racing heart decreases diastole, the period when coronary blood flow is maximal.

Which of the following is located between the visceral and parietal pericardium? a. The mediastinum b. A space that contains serous fluid c. The precordium d. The endocardium

A space that contains serous fluid

The purpose of this structure is to delay the spread of the signal from the atrium to the ventricles. a. SA node b. Purkinje fibers c. Bundle of His d. AV node

AV node

During ventricular contraction, the a. AV valves close in response to intraventricular pressure. b. ECG is displaying the T wave. c. semilunar valves close, causing S1. d. ECG is displaying the P-R interval.

AV valves close in response to intraventricular pressure.

Which group is incorrect? a. Atrioventricular valves: tricuspid, bicuspid, mitral b. Layers of the heart: epicardium, myocardium, endocardium c. Abnormal heart rates: tachycardia, bradycardia d. Parts of the conduction system: SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, medulla oblongata

Abnormal heart rates: tachycardia, bradycardia, normal sinus rhythm

Which group is incorrect? a. Semilunar valves: pulmonic, aortic b. Structures that carry oxygenated blood: pulmonary veins, left ventricle, aorta c. Layers of the heart: epicardium, myocardium, endocardium d. Abnormal heart rates: tachycardia, bradycardia, normal sinus rhythm

Abnormal heart rates: tachycardia, bradycardia, normal sinus rhythm

Which of the following is most related to "lubb" (of the lubb-dupp duo)? a. Called S1 b. Caused by the closure of the AV valves c. Occurs in response to ventricular contraction d. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is true of the myocardium? a. Is nourished by the coronary arteries b. Contracts in response to electrical signals c. Is thicker in the left ventricle than in the right ventricle d. All of the above

All of the above

S2 is a. caused by the closure of the AV valves at the beginning of ventricular contraction. b. the second heart sound. c. the heart sound caused by the opening of valves. d. All of the above are true.

All of the above are true.

Which of the following is true regarding cardiac blood flow? a. In the normal heart, coronary blood flow increases with exercise. b. In a diseased heart coronary blood flow may be maximal at rest. c. In a diseased heart exertion may cause ischemia and angina. d. All of the above are true.

All of the above are true.

What event causes the pulmonic valve to open? a. The P wave b. An increase in the pressure within the right ventricle c. "Lubb-dupp" d. Contraction of the chordae tendineae

An increase in the pressure within the right ventricle

Under what condition is blood most likely to flow "backward" (e.g., from the left ventricle back into the left atrium)? a. Pulmonary artery hypertension b. Left ventricular hypertrophy c. An insufficient mitral valve d. Pulmonary edema

An insufficient mitral valve

Which structure is not perfused by the blood that is pumped from the right ventricle to the left ventricle? a. Mitral valve b. Pulmonary artery c. Pulmonary veins d. Aorta

Aorta

Chordae tendinea are not associated with this valve a.Aortic b. Mitral c. Tricuspid d. Bicuspid

Aortic

Through which of the following semilunar valves does oxygenated blood pass? a. Mitral b. Bicuspid c. Aortic d. Pulmonic

Aortic

A signal is generated by the SA node and is regularly discharged to the rest of the conduction system. Which of the following best describes this activity? a. Contraction and relaxation b. Automaticity and rhythmicity c. Sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node d. Lubb dupp

Automaticity and rhythmicity

What is located at the second rib and fifth intercostal space? a. Base and apex of the heart b. Semilunar valves c. AV valves d. SA node and AV nodes

Base and apex of the heart

Which of the following is least true of the aortic valve? a. It is also called the left semilunar valve. b. It "sees" oxygenated blood. c. Blood flows from the ventricle through this valve into the pulmonary artery. d. An incompetent aortic valve allows blood to leak from the aorta back into the left ventricle.

Blood flows from the ventricle through this valve into the pulmonary artery.

Which of the following is a result of ventricular contraction? a. The AV valves open. b. The semilunar valves close. c. Blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery and the aorta. d. Blood flows back into the atria.

Blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery and the aorta.

Which of the following is a correct valvular position when the atria are contracting? a. The tricuspid valve is closed. b. The pulmonic valve is open. c. Both semilunar valves are open. d. Both AV valves are open.

Both AV valves are open.

Which structure connects the cusps of the AV valves to the ventricles? a. Purkinje fibers b. AV node c. Bundle of His d. Chordae tendineae

Chordae tendineae

What is the cause of the heart sounds "lubb-dupp"? a. Closing of the heart valves b. Flow of blood through the coronary arteries c. The electrical signal as it moves through the AV node d. The firing of the autonomic nerves to the SA node

Closing of the heart valves

What causes S1 and S2? a. Closure of heart valves b. Firing of the SA node c. Opening of heart valves d. Movement of the cardiac impulse along the His-Purkinje fibers

Closure of heart valves

What are the two phases of the ventricular action potential (cardiac impulse)? a. Systole and diastole b. Filling and ejecting c. Depolarization and repolarization d. P wave and T wave

Depolarization and repolarization

With which of the following are these words most related: electrical signal, action potential, cardiac impulse, and nerve impulse? a. Tricuspid and mitral atrioventricular valves b. Aortic and pulmonic semilunar valves c. Depolarization and repolarization d. Contraction and relaxation

Depolarization and repolarization

With which of the following is "lubb-dupp" associated? a. Myocardial contraction b. Ventricular depolarization c. Closing of heart valves d. Diffusion of O2 from the lungs to the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

Diffusion of O2 from the lungs to the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

Which of the following spaces is not related to the heart? a. Thoracic cavity b. Pericardial cavity c. Dorsal cavity d. Mediastinum

Dorsal cavity

When is coronary blood flow greatest? a. During ventricular contraction b. Immediately following the QRS complex on the ECG c. During myocardial relaxation d. During myocardial contraction

During myocardial relaxation

Which layer of the heart also lines the valves and is continuous with blood vessels? a. Myocardium b. Endocardium c. Epicardium d. Pericardium

Endocardium

Which of the following is most descriptive of the tricuspid valve? a. "Sees" oxygenated blood b. Entrance valve: right ventricle c. Exit valve: right ventricle d. Semilunar valve

Entrance valve: right ventricle

Which of the following is true of the structures of the electrical conduction system? a. The AV valve is the pacemaker. b. In normal sinus rhythm, the electrical signal arises within the SA node. c. The His-Purkinje system spreads the electrical system from the right atrium to the left atrium. d. The purpose of the AV node is to increase the speed at which the cardiac impulse moves from the atria to the ventricles.

In normal sinus rhythm, the electrical signal arises within the SA node.

Which of the following is least true of S2? a. Also known as dupp b. Heart sound c. Indicative of a gallop rhythm d. Heard at the beginning of ventricular relaxation (diastole)

Indicative of a gallop rhythm

Which of the following is true of the aorta? a. It distributes unoxygenated blood to the systemic circulation. b. It distributes oxygenated blood to the pulmonic circulation. c. It arises within the left ventricle. d. It is color coded blue to indicate its degree of oxygen saturation.

It arises within the left ventricle.

Which of the following best describes the function of the pulmonary artery? a. It carries unoxygenated blood to the right atrium. b. It supplies lung tissue with oxygenated blood. c. It carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. d. It carries unoxygenated blood to the pulmonary capillaries, where gas exchange

It carries unoxygenated blood to the pulmonary capillaries, where gas exchange

What structure is not perfused as blood flows from the venae cavae to the pulmonary veins? a. Right ventricle b. Left anterior descending artery c. Pulmonary artery d. Pulmonary capillaries

Left anterior descending artery

Which of the following is not considered a "great" vessel? a. Left anterior descending artery b. Aorta c. Venae cavae d. Pulmonary artery

Left anterior descending artery

Which of the following is part of the blood flow through the heart? a. Left atrium b. Left anterior descending artery c. Circumflex artery d. Right coronary artery

Left atrium

What is the hardest working cardiac chamber and therefore has the thickest myocardium? a. Right atrium b. Right ventricle c. Left atrium d. Left ventricle

Left ventricle

nto what structure does blood reflux as a consequence of an incompetent aortic semilunar valve? a. Right atrium b. Circumflex artery c. Left ventricle d. Pulmonary artery

Left ventricle

What is the significance of elevated plasma levels of AST, CPK, and LDH? a. Myocardial damage as in myocardial infarction b. A normal myocardial response to exercise c. An increase in coronary blood flow d. Early-onset exertional angina

Myocardial damage as in

Which layer of the heart allows it to act as a pump? a. Epicardium b. Myocardium c. Pericardium d. Endocardium

Myocardium

Which of the following is most true of S1? a. Also known as dupp b. Indicative of gallop rhythm c. Occurs during the beginning of ventricular systole with the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves d. It is the heart sound caused by the rapid movement of the action potential along the His-Purkinje system.

Occurs during the beginning of ventricular systole with the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves

Which slinglike structure supports the heart? a. Pericardium b. Chordae tendineae c. Myocardium d. Endocardium

Pericardium

Which of the following is responsible for the opening and closing of the heart valves? a. Pressure exerted on the valves as the heart contracts and relaxes b. Electrical signals arising in the SA node c. The degree of oxygen concentration of blood in the ventricles d. The amount of blood in the heart

Pressure exerted on the valves as the heart contracts and relaxes

Which of the following receives oxygenated blood? a. Venae cavae b. Pulmonary veins c. Right atrium d. Pulmonic valve

Pulmonary Veins

Which of the following structures receives unoxygenated blood? a. Aorta b. Left ventricle c. Pulmonary artery d. Pulmonary veins

Pulmonary artery

In which structure is the oxygen saturation highest? a. Pulmonary veins b. Venae cavae c. Right ventricle d. Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary veins

The intent is to measure pulmonary wedge pressure, a procedure that requires the advancement of a catheter up to the pulmonary capillaries. The catheter is inserted into the left subclavian vein. Identify the structure that the catheter does not pass through on its way to the pulmonary capillaries. a. Right atrium b. Tricuspid valve c. Pulmonic valve d. Pulmonary veins

Pulmonary veins

Which of the following is not part of coronary circulation? a. Left anterior descending artery b. Circumflex artery c. Pulmonary veins d. Posterior descending artery

Pulmonary veins

Which structure "sees" oxygenated blood? a. Tricuspid valve b. Pulmonary artery c. Pulmonary veins d. Right semilunar valve

Pulmonary veins

What are the conducting fibers that rapidly spread the electrical signal throughout the ventricles? a. Bundle of His b. Purkinje fibers c. SA node d. AV node

Purkinje fibers

Which of the following is true about the left ventricular myocardium? a. Pumps blood into the pulmonary artery b. Contraction pumps blood into the aorta c. Receives oxygenated blood from the precordium d. Contains unoxygenated blood

Receives oxygenated blood from the precordium

Which of the following is a function of a valve? a. Regulates the direction of blood flow through the heart b. Regulates the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin c. Regulates heart rate d. Directs the movement of the cardiac impulse.

Regulates the direction of blood flow through the heart

What are ventricles "doing" during atrial contraction? a. Pumping blood into the great vessels b. Closing their AV valves c. Relaxing d. Opening their semilunar valves

Relaxing

Which of the following best describes the heart as a double pump? a. Atria and ventricles b. Right and left c. AV and semilunar d. Interatrial septum, interventricular septum

Right and left

In which structure is oxygen saturation lowest? a. Right atrium b. Pulmonary capillaries c. Pulmonary veins d. Left ventricle

Right atrium

Which structure is not perfused by blood that flows from the pulmonary capillaries to the aorta? a. Right atrium b. Aortic semilunar valve c. Mitral valve d. Pulmonary veins

Right atrium

Stenosis of which valve causes right ventricular hypertrophy? a. Mitral b. Tricuspid c. Right semilunar d. Left semilunar

Right semilunar

Where does the cardiac action potential (cardiac impulse) normally originate? a. AV node b. Purkinje fibers c. Ectopic focus d.SA node

SA node

Which of the following is least related to the mitral valve? a. Left heart b. Bicuspid c. Semilunar d. Chordae tendineae

Semilunar

Which of the following best describes a pacemaker cell? a. Restricted to the SA node b. Spontaneous depolarization c. Incapable of repolarization d. Stable resting membrane potential

Spontaneous depolarization

Which group is incorrect? a. Semilunar valves: pulmonic, aortic b. Atrioventricular valves: tricuspid, bicuspid, mitral c. Structures that carry oxygenated blood: pulmonary veins, left ventricle, aorta d. Structures that carry unoxygenated blood: right ventricle, venae cavae, pulmonary

Structures that carry unoxygenated blood: right ventricle, venae cavae, pulmonary

Which of the following best indicates why the left ventricular myocardium is thicker than the right ventricular myocardium? a. Ventricular oxygen saturation is greater in the left ventricle. b. The left ventricle works harder than the right ventricle. c. The aortic valve is narrower than the pulmonic valve. d. Left ventricular volume is less than right ventricular volume.

The aortic valve is narrower than the pulmonic valve.

Which of the following is true regarding the mediastinum? a. It is located within the pleural cavity. b. The lungs are located within the mediastinum. c. The mediastinum is located to the right of the midline of the sternum. d. The mediastinum is a space between the lungs.

The mediastinum is located to the right of the midline of the sternum.

Which of the following is not true of the heart? a. The heart is located within the mediastinum. b. The apex is located left of the sternal midline at the level of the fifth intercostal space. c. The base of the heart is located at the level of the second rib. d. The pericardium is composed of actin and myosin.

The pericardium is composed of actin and myosin.

What is the valvular response to the contraction of the ventricles? a. The AV valves open. b. The semilunar valves close. c. The pulmonic and aortic valves open. d. The entrance valves open.

The pulmonic and aortic valves open.

Describe the valvular response to the relaxation of the right ventricle. a. The tricuspid valve opens b. The right AV valve snaps closed c. The pulmonic valve opens NURSINGTB.COM d. The semilunar valve in the right heart opens

The tricuspid valve opens

What is the cause of ventricular hypertrophy? a. The heart muscle is not receiving sufficient oxygen. b. The ventricle is working too hard. c. The person has an infection. d. There is excess fluid accumulating in the pericardial space.

The ventricle is working too hard.

Which is true of the semilunar valves? a. They are both located in the left heart. b. They are entrance valves. c. They have chordae tendineae attached to their cusps. d. They prevent the backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary artery into their respective ventricles.

They prevent the backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary artery into their respective ventricles

Which of the following is least descriptive of the myocardium? a. Supplied with blood by the coronary arteries b. Thicker in the ventricles than the atria c. Thicker in the left ventricle than the right ventricle d. Thicker in the left atrium than the right ventricle

Thicker in the left atrium than the right ventricle

Blood flows from the right atrium through which atrioventricular valve to the right ventricle? a. Bicuspid b. Mitral c. Pulmonic d. Tricuspid

Tricuspid

What is the name of the valve that prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts? a. Mitral b. Pulmonic c. Semilunar d. Tricuspid

Tricuspid

Which of the following must precede ventricular contraction? a. Ventricular systole b. "Lubb-dupp" c. Ventricular depolarization d. Closing of the AV valves

Ventricular depolarization

Under what condition will the AV node become the pacemaker? a. When its rate of spontaneous depolarization exceeds that of the ventricular conduction cells b. As a normal response to sympathetic nerve discharge c. When its rate of spontaneous depolarization exceeds that of the SA node d. In the presence of normal sinus rhythm

When its rate of spontaneous depolarization exceeds that of the SA node

The correct sequence is: Blood flows from the pulmonary capillaries to the pulmonary veins to the left atrium to the left ventricle to the a. vena cava. b. pulmonary artery. c. aorta. d. circle of Willis.

aorta

The pulmonic and aortic valves a. are atrioventricular valves. b. "see" only oxygenated blood. c. are attached to the ventricular walls by chordae tendineae. d. are semilunar valves.

are semilunar valves.

The mitral and the bicuspid valves a. are semilunar valves. b. are both located on the right side of the heart. c. "see" only unoxygenated blood. d. are the same valves.

are the same valves.

Referring to the ECG, the P wave represents a. atrial contraction. b. ventricular relaxation. c. atrial depolarization. d. atrial repolarization.

atrial depolarization

A hole in the interventricular septum causes a. blood to shunt from left atrium to the right atrium. b. extreme cyanosis. c. blood to shunt from the left ventricle to the right ventricle. d. blood to shunt from the left ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

blood to shunt from the left ventricle to the right ventricle.

In normal sinus rhythm (NSR), the a. cardiac impulse originates in the sinoatrial node. b. action potential originates in the AV node. c. AV node activates the SA node. d. action potential is generated by the sympathetic nerve.

cardiac impulse originates in the sinoatrial node.

An accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardial space a. causes external compression of the heart. b. depresses the SA node, thereby eliminating pacemaker activity. c. causes valvular stenosis. d. causes a left-to-right shunt.

causes external compression of the heart.

The Purkinje fibers a. open valves. b. pull on the cusps of the valves. c. conduct electrical signals throughout the ventricles. d. close valves.

conduct electrical signals throughout the ventricles.

Which of the following supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle? a. Coronary arteries b. Pulmonary artery c. Pulmonary veins d. Cardiac veins

coronary arteries

The purpose of the right heart is to pump blood a. to the systemic circulation. b. into the aorta. c. to the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries. d. to the lungs for oxygenation.

d. to the lungs for oxygenation.

The atrioventricular node (AV node) a. is the pacemaker of the heart. b. is located in the upper part of the right atrium. c. has a rate that is normally faster than the SA node. d. delays the electrical signal coming from the atria into the ventricles.

delays the electrical signal coming from the atria into the ventricles.

Referring to the ECG, the QRS complex represents ventricular a. contraction. b. repolarization. c. relaxation. d. depolarization.

depolarization

Which of the following is an electrical event? a. "Lubb-dupp" b. Actin and myosin interaction c. Murmur d. Depolarization

depolarization

The aorta receives blood from the a. right ventricle. b. pulmonary veins. c. pulmonary artery. d. left ventricle.

left ventricle

The heart a. lies within the mediastinal and thoracic cavities. b. beats only in response to stimulation by the autonomic nerves. c. is located within the pleural cavity. d. is located between the fifth and twelfth ribs in the left thoracic region.

lies within the mediastinal and thoracic cavities.

The epicardium is a layer of the a. myocardium. b. diaphragm. c. pericardium. d. endocardium.

pericardium

The right ventricle pumps blood to the a. right atrium. b. pulmonary veins. c. pulmonary artery. d. aorta.

pulmonary artery

The correct sequence is: Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery to the a. pulmonary veins. b. coronary arteries. c. pulmonary capillaries. d. vena cava.

pulmonary capillaries.

A vessel(s) that carry(ies) blood from the pulmonary capillaries to the left atrium is (are) the a. aorta. b. pulmonary artery. c. pulmonary veins. d. vena cava.

pulmonary veins

The semilunar valves a. receive blood from the contracting ventricles. b. are anchored by chordae tendineae. c. "see" only oxygenated blood. d. "see" only unoxygenated blood.

receive blood from the contracting ventricles

The pacemaker of the heart is located in the upper wall of the a. right atrium. b. right ventricle. c. left atrium. d. left ventricle.

right atrium

Which cavity first receives unoxygenated blood from the vena cava? a. Right ventricle b. Left atrium c. Left ventricle d. Right atrium

right atrium

All of the following are electrical terms except a. sarcomere. b. depolarization. c. action potential. d. repolarization.

sarcomere

During ventricular filling, the a. semilunar valves are open. b. AV valves are closed. c. QRS complex is "happening." d. ventricles are relaxed.

ventricles are relaxed.