Chapter 16, Chapter 10, Final Socio, SOCIO MIDTERM TERMS 1&4, Chapter 7 & notes, Chapter 3 & notes, Sociology in Modules Chapters 1,2,5, Chapter 5 & notes, Chapter 2 & notes, Chapter 11& 12 & notes
Anomie theory of deviance
( Robert Merton's theory of deviance as an ) adaptation of socially prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment, or both.
Hate crime
A criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation. Also referred to as bias crime.
Research design
A detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically.
Racial group
A group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance.
Ethnic group
A group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.
Conflict perspective
A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources, including housing, money, access to services, and political representation.
Functionalist perspective
A sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability.
Functionalist Perspective
A sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability.
Interactionist perspective
A sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole.
Interactionist Perspective
A sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole.
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
Dominant ideology
A set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.
Social role
A set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status.
Social Role
A set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status.
Primary group
A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation
Primary Group
A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.
Ascribed status
A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.
Achieved status
A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts
Feminist perspective
A sociological approach that views inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization.
exploitation theory
A sociologist argues that the capitalist ruling class is willing to tolerate high rates of illegal immigration because these immigrants serve as a cheap labor pool. This sociologist is most likely to draw upon
CLASSLESS SOCIETY
A society in which everyone is equal and there are no classes (synthesis)
Industrial society
A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services.
Postindustrial society
A society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information
Racial formation
A sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed.
Operational Definition
An explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to asses the concept.
Operational definition
An explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to assess the concept.
Feminism
An ideology that favors equal rights for women.
Transnational
An immigrant who sustains multiple social relationships that link his or her society of origin with the society of settlement.
Credentialism
An increase in the lowest level of education needed to enter a field
Significant other
An individual who is most important in the development of the self, such as a parent, friend, or teacher.
Total institution
An institution that regulates all aspects of a person's life under a single authority, such as a prison, the military, a mental hospital, or a convent.
Contact hypothesis
An interactionist perspective which states that in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice.
Activity theory
An interactionist theory of aging that suggests that those elderly people who remain active and socially involved will be best adjusted.
perspective, the dominant ideology has major social significance. Not only do a society's most powerful groups and institutions control wealth and property; more important, they control the means of production.
conflict
theorists point out that the most powerful groups in a society can shape laws and standards and determine who is (or is not) prosecuted as a criminal
conflict and labeling
In viewing the global economic system as divided between nations that control wealth and those that are controlled and exploited, sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein draws on the
conflict perspective
Karl Marx's view of the struggle between social classes inspired the contemporary
conflict perspective
CULTURAL UNIVERSALS
cultural traits that appear in some form in all cultures around the world. For example, families exist in every culture, but they take many different forms.
People's adaptations to meet the needs for food, shelter, and clothing are examples of what George Murdock referred to as
cultural universals
when he or she feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place, even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture.
culture shock
Genocide
deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation
According to psychologist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, the first stage of the experience of dying that a person may undergo is
denial
Institutional discrimination
denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society is called
The functionalist perspective
emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability.
draws on the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in that it often views women's subordination as inherent in capitalist societies.
feminist view
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Positive aspects
first to make a scientific study of personality (not very scientific and generated research by countless others who either disagreed with him, supported him, or wanted to extend his findings
Positive aspect of Sigmund Freud
first to make a scientific study of personality (not very scientific!) b. generated research by countless others who either disagreed with him, supported him, or wanted to extend his findings
Macrosociological theory
focuses on social power and inequality and asks the following questions:
Perception of Deviance
for the act of deviance to have social consequences for the deviant it must be visible. If you smoke pot secretly in the privacy of your own room, you will not be considered a deviant because no one knows that you are violating a norm.
No symbol has any meaning except
for the meaning the user gives to it
There are three basic sources of power within any political system
force, influence, and authority
EXPULSION
forcing people to leave their homes and the dominant society: Native-Americans
Social networks
form linkages between individuals and groups and can center on virtually any activity.
Police officers, judges, administrators, employers, military officers, and managers of movie theaters are all instruments of
formal
Some societies mark stages of development with
formal rites of passage
Social institutions
fulfill essential functions, such as replacing personnel, training new recruits, and preserving order
Functionalists point out that discrimination is both
functional and dysfunctional for society.
Four major theoretical perspectives
functionalism, conflict theory, labeling theory, and interactionism
Modernization theory reflects the perspective
functionalist
subcultures are evidence that differences can exist within a common culture.
functionalist
8. Which sociological perspective distinguishes between instrumental and expressive roles
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective argues that people must respect social norms if any group or society is to survive?
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would acknowledge that it is not possible to change gender roles drastically without dramatic revisions in a culture's social structure
functionalist perspective conflict perspective
Both males and females are physically capable of learning to cook and sew, yet most Western societies determine that women should perform these tasks
gender roles
OPEN CLASS SYSTEM
ideal type that does not really exist in reality
Academic subculture
identifies with the intellectual concerns of the faculty and values knowledge for its own sake
Dysfunctions of bureaucracies (not Weber)
ill equipped to handle unusual cases and "training incapacity" - blind adherence to existing bureaucratic rules and procedures result in making bureaucrats incapable of any new imaginative responses
In keeping with the functionalist perspective of sociology
disengagement theory emphasizes that a society's stability is ensured when social roles are passed on from one generation to another.
Elaine Cumming and William Henry introduced an explanation of the impact of aging known as
disengagement theory.
GENERALIZED OTHERS
impersonalized demands made by society, in "general"
Colonial domination established patterns of economic exploitation leading to former colonies remaining dependent on more industrialized nations. Such continuing dependence and foreign domination are referred to as
neocolonialism
MESOMORPHS
muscular, athletic, intelligent, most likely to be deviant
Value
neutrality Max Weber's term for objectivity of sociologists in the interpretation of data.
The student subculture that is hostile to the college environment and seeks out ideas that may or may not relate to studies is called the
nonconformist subculture
MORES
norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society, often because they embody the most cherished principles of people
ABSOLUTE POVERTY
not having enough money for the basic necessities of life.
In large developing nations, the most significant form of social mobility is the movement out of
poverty.
Racism is a form of which of the following
prejudice
Sometimes, through color-blind racism
prejudiced people try to use the principle of racial neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo.
When sociologists define a minority group, they are concerned
primarily with the economic and political power, or powerlessness, of the group.
Expulsion
process of expelling a group of people from a territory
Ogburn outlined six basic functions of the family
reproduction, protection, socialization, regulation of sexual behavior, companionship, and the provision of social status
Thorstein Veblen
responsible for coining the term vested interest.
The correspondence principle was developed by
Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis
Feminist Perspective
Theoretical perspective that focuses on gender as the most important source of conflict and inequality in social life.
Karl Marx
Theory is based on DIALETICAL CHANGE
Switzerland
Which modern country best exemplifies the pluralistic state?
PARTITIONING
segregation that is enforced by law; JIM CROW LAWS; Native-American reservations; 110,000 Japanese-Americans lived in concentration camps during World War II in the United States
Reference groups
set and enforce standards of conduct and serve as a source of comparison for people's evaluations of themselves and others.
Which one of the following was introduced into school systems to promote social change
sex education classes affirmative action programs Project Head Start
Queer theory
stresses that to fully understand society, scholars must study it from the perspective of a range of sexual identities, rather than exclusively from a "normal" heterosexual point of view.
THE GAME STAGE
taking the role of others; must recognize what other members are expecting him to do, continuously adjusts behavior to personal needs and demands of others
Max Weber
taught the need for insight in intellectual work
Socialization affects
the overall cultural practices of a society; it also shapes the images we hold of ourselves.
BOURGEOISIE
the owners of the means of production, the rich, factory owners, plantation owners, etc.
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
the process by which cultural traits spread from one society to another. Spread by means of war, travel, education, reading, missionaries, etc.
CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION
the process of acquiring status symbols; not because you need them, but because you want to prove to others that you can acquire them. A sign of upward mobility -- to prove that you have made it!
ROLE TAKING
the process of imitating a role model.
EXCLUSION
the process of keeping groups apart from one another
Conflict theorists are concerned with
the sub-units within society (classes, factions, interest groups, political parties) which compete with one another for the scarce rewards of that society Social order is the result of the restraint and coercion the powerless by the powerful
a. The SELF
the sum total of people's perceptions, beliefs, and feelings about themselves develops through interaction with two groups of people George Herbert Mead
sociology is
the systematic study of social behavior and human groups.
Ethnocentrism
the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or is superior to all others is called
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
when we act in a way that will cause onlookers to view us in the way that we would like them to think of us. Think about your behavior during a job interview or on a first date.
ACCEPTANCE
"I have now finished all of my unfinished business. I have said all of the words that have to be said. I am ready to go." a. not resignation, which EKR says is giving up b. peaceful stage; inner peace c. not happy, but ready; void of anguish, bitterness and pain See To Live Until We Say Good-bye, and On Death and Dying (NY, Macmillan)
social movements arise when people are motivated by value issues and social identity questions
"New social movements" emphasize
1. SHOCK and DENIAL
"No, it can't be me; it's not possible." a. few patients maintain denial until the end but some maintain denial in the presence of some other people, usually family or staff members, who need denial themselves. b. patients usually drop part of their denial when they have to take care of unfinished business or financial matters, especially when they begin to worry about their children c. they also drop denial if they know that the person with them will help them to express the multitude of feelings that emerge when they face the given reality
ANGER
"Why me"? a. You don't have to answer because none of us will ever have an answer to the question b. difficult patients during this stage: to nurses and relatives -- "Why are you bothering me now"? 1) studies show that the nursing response to this is inattention by responding twice as slowly to terminally ill patient's call buttons c. don't get angry; try to find out what they are so angry about 1) patients say the peppier, the more energetic, the more functioning you are when you come into their room, the more anger you provoke 2) they are not angry at you as a person, but at when you represent: life, functioning, pep, energy -- all the things they are in the process of losing or have already lost 3) get the patient, and often the family, too, to ventilate their rage and anger
3. BARGAINING
"Yes, but..." a. most of the bargaining is with God ("I will be a better Christian if..." "I will donate my eyes, kidneys, if..." "Let me live until --- marriage, birth or grandchildren, etc....") b. significance of bargaining: it is not peace, but it is a truce. It serves a very important purpose; similar to recharging battery or recollecting all your energy so that you have strength enough and are relaxed enough for the final stage of the journey.
DEPRESSION
"Yes, me" the but has been dropped. a. grieves first for what he has already lost (e.g., job, ability to go home) b. preparatory grief: more loss than survivors; they lose one person, the dying person losing everyone and everything
8. NJ Minimum Wage
$7.15 (as of 10-1-06)
Ideal type
A construct or model for evaluating specific cases.
evolutionary
The writings of Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim are examples of
ABSTRACT SYMBOLS
abstract objects (language) that represent other things.
Out-group
A group or category to which people feel they do not belong.
Folkway
A norm governing everyday behavior whose violation raises comparatively little concern.
Formal norm
A norm that has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators.
Informal norm
A norm that is generally understood but not precisely recorded.
Mean
A number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of values.
Personality
A person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior.
Florida
In 2010, was the state most populated by the elderly, with 17.4 percent of the population over age 65
40%
In 2100, white non-Hispanics will make up what percentage of the population following the Census estimates?
SECONDARY GROUPS
Large or small Primary or secondary relationships Ties of exchange Non-permanence Task oriented
Nonverbal communication
The sending of messages through the use of gestures, facial expressions, and postures.
Social structure
The way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
Chinese
Which group makes up the largest percentage of the Asians and Pacific Islanders group?
INTIMACY - ISOLATION
a. young adulthood (20-40): goes beyond Freud; courtship and family planning
against murder, treason, and other forms of abuse that have been institutionalized into formal norms.
morse
The "right to die"
often entails physician-assisted suicide, a controversial issue worldwide.
Pluralism
remains more of an ideal than a reality.
Symbolic interactionism
stresses action, interaction, and change
Why are the socialization types characteristic of the specified social class groups
(1) family size: lower and working class families are larger and require strictly enforced rules and regulations to maintain order and avoid chaos (2) relationship between occupational environment and child rearing: think of the differences between working in a factory (working class) and working in a law firm (middle class) -- look at the characteristics of repressive and participatory socialization and compare to the treatment that these workers receive and how they raise their children. For what are they preparing their children? (3) educational background: This is not a matter of how much education an individual has. Rather, it is a matter of self-concept and how comfortable an individual is with educational institutions. If an individual has had trouble in school, they may not be comfortable when their children ask them all types of unanswerable questions, to take them to the Internet, the library, the museum or the zoo to get answers.
GENITAL STAGE
(5TH Stage of his theory -- follows the latency stage); stage occurs during adolescence.
SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION
(C. Wright Mills) An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society (Suicide: group characteristics, rather than individual characteristics ultimatelydetermine who will attempt to commit suicide)
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
(Charles Horton Cooley, GeorgeHerbert Mead, ErvingGoffman)
PERMISSIVE SOCIALIZATION
(Dr. Benjamin Spock) - lack of rules and regulations; children learn best from their own experiences
Anomie
(Durkheim's term for) the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
EXTERMINATION
(Genocide, Annihilation): the dominant group causes the death of minority groups member in large numbers
CASTE SYSTEM
(India, Blacks in South -- see John Dollard, Caste and Class in a Southern Town)
CONFLICT THEORY
(Karl Marx, C. Wright Mills)
INVITATION TO SOCIOLOGY
(Peter Berger) Sociologists look behind the hidden meanings of social structure. (Do we marry for love or do we follow socially defined parameters for mate selection?)
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
(TalcottParsons, Robert Merton)
CLASS SYSTEM
(US, Western Europe, Japan)
REPRESSIVE SOCIALIZATION
(characteristic of lower and working class families); authoritarian parents; punished for doing things wrong; strict discipline; many rules and regulations
RANDOM SAMPLE
(expensive, hard to do, time consuming - very accurate) Every individual in a population is given the same opportunity to be selected as every other individual in that population - putting everyone's name into a hat an pulling out a pre-determined number of names
QUOTA SAMPLES
(inexpensive, easy to do, quick to do - very inaccurate; shopping mall surveys) Select variables (e.g., race, ethnicity, gender, age) Determine how the variables are represented in the total population being studied Fill-up the quota for each variable that you have selected so that sample population has a particular variable represented in direct proportion to that variables presence in the total population tends to be inaccurate because of uncontrolled variables: if you control of race, sex, and age - you may have errors because you are not controlling for religion and/or education.
PARTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION
(middle class); democratic family -- children participate in relevant family decision-making processes; rewards for doing things correctly; emphasis on reasoning, critical thinking, and development of self-esteem
Actors are decision makers who define a situation as they go
1) actions are based on personal norms 2) actions are based on the demands of the situation 3) actions are based on the perception of the definition of others
Child abuse vs. physical punishment (not Erikson, but related to this stage)
1) between 2½ and 5 million children abused and/or neglected each year 2) between 2,000 and 4,000 children killed by parents each year (7,000 children a year die from SIDS) 250,000 multiple fractures, scalded, burned4) more children under the age of 5 die at the hands of their own parents than are killed by tuberculosis, whooping cough, polio, measles, diabetes, rheumatic fever, and hepatitis combined 5) between 87 and 94% of all parents use physical punishment at some point in their child's life 6) most child care experts (and your instructor) are opposed to any physical punishment of children and consider it to be a form of abuse
Alienation
A condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society.
Characteristics of Society ; Society characteristics include
1. It is larger than any other group with which one usually identifies 2. It occupies a specific territory 3. It has a distinctive culture 4. It replaces members through reproduction 5. It last longer than the lifetime of individual members 6. It is essentially self-sufficient 7. It is composed of roles and sub-groups 8. It has a hierarchy (ranking system)
Alienation
A condition of estrangement or dissociation from the sounding society.
Patients want to be told that they are dying under two conditions
1. that the person telling them allows for some hope 2. that "you are going to stick it out with me -- not leave me alone"
Ideal type
A construct or model for evaluating specific cases
Ideal Type
A construct or model for evaluating specific cases.
Certain Eskimo groups have
27 different words for snow; snow is an important part of their lives and they need a language system that can concisely describe all the different types of snow
In at least 22 nations around the world, the most affluent 10 percent receives at least what percentage of all income
40 percent Karuna Chanana Ahmed, an anthropologist from India who has studied developing nations, calls which group the most exploited of oppressed people: women
INDUSTRY - INFERIORITY
6 - puberty; corresponds with Freud's latency stage; stage is a continuation of the previous stage. However, there is a change in the scene of the action (from the home to the school), and a change in who the child is interacting with (from family to peer group) This stage is becoming obsolete as the distinction between the preceding stage and this stage disappears (children are entering child care programs and pre-school programs long before this stage begins)
contact hypothesis.
A Colombian woman and an Italian man, working together as members of a construction crew, overcome their initial prejudices and come to appreciate each other's talents and strengths. This example is a prediction of the
Exploitation theory
A Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the United States as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism.
Gemeinschaft
A close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bonds unite members.
Gemeinschaft
A close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bonds unite members.
Value
A collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper—or bad, undesirable, and improper—in a culture.
Mechanical solidarity
A collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity, characteristic of societies with minimal division of labor.
Organic solidarity
A collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor.
Multinational corporation
A commercial organization that is headquartered in one country but does business throughout the world
Cultural universal
A common practice or belief found in every culture.
Gesellschaft
A community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values.
Gesellschaft
A community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values.
Bureaucracy
A component of formal organization that uses roles and hierarchical rankings to achieve efficiency.
Bureaucracy
A component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency.
Looking-glass self
A concept that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions.
Social inequality
A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power.
Social Inequality
A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power.
Self
A distinct identity that sets us apart from others.
Interview
A face-to-face, phone, or online questioning of a respondent to obtain desired information.
Interview
A face-to-face, telephone or online questioning of a respondent to obtain desired information.
Control Variable
A factor that is held constant to test the relative impact of an independent variable.
Control variable
A factor that is held constant to test the relative impact of an independent variable.
Society
A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside their area, and participate in a common culture.
Interactionist perspective
A farmer is called to help sandbag a levy that is about to flood his town. The farmer is stationed between two correctional center inmates who are required to assist in the flood- control efforts. As a result of this experience, the farmer has developed a newfound respect for inmates. This example would be consistent with which perspective?
POSITIVIST
A form of philosophy that studies social events using the tools of the physical sciences (scientific, objective)
Education
A formal process of learning in which some people consciously teach, while others adopt the social role of learner
Secondary group
A formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding.
Secondary Group
A formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding.
Apartheid
A former policy of the South African government, designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites.
Modernization theory
A functionalist approach that proposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing nations
Disengagement theory
A functionalist theory of aging that suggests that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships.
Symbol
A gesture, object, or word that forms the basis of human communication.
Formal Organization
A group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency.
vested interest
A group of individuals form a protest movement to stop the destruction of the Brazilian rain forest, the spread of businesses into wildlife refuges in the United States, and other examples of environmental destruction through expansion and industrial pollution. This group would be an example of
SUBCULTURE
A group whose perspective and life style are significantly different from those of other groups or individuals in their culture, but who share certain core characteristics in common with other groups in society. For example, the Amish, inner city street gangs, senior citizens, and women.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
A hypothesis concerning the role of language in shaping our interpretation of reality. It holds that language is culturally determined.
Stigma
A label used to devalue members of certain social groups.
Variable
A measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions.
majority group
A minority group is a group whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a
Prejudice
A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.
Genetically modified food
A new technique of using technology to increase food production and to make agriculture more economical is called
Sanction
A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm.
Culture lag
A period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions.
adaptive upgrading
A person needing to have his or her car repaired can go to a muffler store, a transmission shop, a tire retailer, or a gas station for a tune-up. Talcott Parsons refers to this type of specialization as
Professional criminal
A person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals.
Black power
A political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions.
Percentage
A portion of 100.
Hunting and gathering society
A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive.
Horticultural society
A preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods.
Peter principle
A principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence.
Peter Principle
A principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence.
Iron law of oligarchy
A principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals.
Questionnaire
A printed or written form used to obtain information from a respondent.
Victimization survey
A questionnaire or interview given to a sample of the population to determine whether people have been victims of crime.
Correlation
A relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other.
Life course approach
A research orientation in which sociologists and other social scientists look closely at the social factors that influence people throughout their lives, from birth to death.
Observation
A research technique in which an investigator collects information through direct participation, by closely watching a group or community.
Random sample
A sample for which every member of an entire population has the same chance of being selected.
Random Sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
Cultural transmission
A school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions.
more formal and impersonal.
A secondary group is
Subculture
A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger society.
Sample
A selection from a larger population that is statistically representative of that population.
SERIAL MONOGAMY
A series of monogamous relationships as the result of divorces, and/or the death of one's spouse Men and women in the US have more marital partners during their lifetimes, on the average, than do adults in societies that permit polygamy
Social network
A series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people.
Social Network
A series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people.
Hypothesis
A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.
Master status
A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society.
Master Status
A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society.
Midlife crisis
A stressful period of self-evaluation that begins at about age 40.
Survey
A study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, that provides researchers with information about how people think and act.
Counterculture
A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture.
Minority group
A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than the members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs.
Model, or ideal, minority
A subordinate group whose members supposedly have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past prejudice and discrimination, and without resorting to political and violent confrontations with Whites.
Content Analysis
A systematic coding and objective recording of data, guided by some rationale.
Scientific method
A systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem.
Cross-tabulation
A table or matrix that shows the relationship between two or more variables.
Postmodern society
A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images.
Postmodern Society
A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images.
Coalition
A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal
Coalition
A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal.
Victimless crime
A term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired but illegal goods and services.
Status
A term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society. Technology
Differential association
A theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts.
DIALETICAL CHANGE
A theory of how social change occurs as the result of conflict.
Multiple masculinities
A variety of male gender roles, including nurturing-caring and effeminate-gay roles, that men may play along with their more pervasive traditional role of dominating women.
Secondary Analysis
A variety of research techniques that make use of previously collected and publicly accessible information and data.
Secondary analysis
A variety of research techniques that make use of previously collected and publicly accessible information and data.
DRAMATURGICAL APPROACH
A version of symbolic interactionism developed by Erving Goffman. Dramaturgy uses numerous theatrical concepts to describe our everyday behavior. People play roles in front of audiences, as called for by society's scripts FRONT STAGE PERFORMANCE: being nice to a customer who is a pain in the neck BACK STAGE PERFORMANCE: complaining to a co-worker about what a nuisance the customer was after the customer has left
Control theory
A view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms.
Dramaturgical approach
A view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers.
Dramaturgical approach
A view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers.
Dramaturgical Approach
A view of social interaction, popularized by Erving Goffman, in which people are seen as theatrical performers.
Crime
A violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties.
Trobriand Islanders
A woman raises her biological offspring with the assistance of her brother; her husband helps his sister raise her children.
Issei
A young Japanese man migrated to the U.S. in 1893 and was able to get a menial job. This man was an example of a(an)
Verstehen
According to Weber, to truly understand why people act the way they do, a sociologist must understand the meanings people attach to their actions.
New England
According to the 2010 census, which geographic area of the U.S. contains the highest percentage of minority groups by county?
What is the one crucial difference between older people and other subordinate groups, such as racial and ethnic minorities or women
All of us who live long enough will eventually assume the ascribed status of being an older person.
Iron Law of Oligarchy
According to Robert Michels, the tendency of bureaucracies to be ruled by a few people.
find it difficult to use or suspect that it will complicate their lives.
According to your text, people will resist new technology because they
Organic Solidarity
According to Émile Durkheim, the social cohesion that results from the various parts of a society functioning as an integrated whole.
Dependent Variable
Action that depends on the influence of the independent variable.
Sigmund Freud
Advanced societies frustrate our desires by having an inordinate number of rules and regulations; one way of resolving our frustrations is to take it out on others in the form of aggression
The largest racial minority group in the United States is
African Americans.
THE MUNDUGUMOR
All males and females are Fierce; assume that hostility between members of the same sex is natural and relations between the sexes is only slightly less mistrustful Both sexes are aggressive, combative, macho
THE ARAPESH
All males and females are Very mild mannered; no competitiveness or aggressiveness; will fight to protect friends or relatives, but not themselves No notion of temperamental differences between males and females; all people are expected to be gentle and home-loving No Arapesh can bear to hear and infant cry; the nearest man or woman rushes to cuddle and feed an unhappy child.
Why do cultural universals exist?
All societies must perform the same essential functions if they are to survive: organization; motivation; communication; protection, reproduction; socialization of new members, etc. 2. Examples (approximately 90): personal names, calendar, cooking, incest taboos, inheritance rules, puberty customs, religion, not war.
REVERSE DISCRIMINATION
Allan Bakke was rejected by the University of California Medical School because they were reserving spaces in their incoming class for members of different minority groups who were accepted with lower quality credentials than Bakke and others; Bakke decision determined that reverse discrimination was illegal in most instances.
PRIMARY GROUPS
Always small Composed of primary relationships Ties of affection Permanence
Language
An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture; includes gestures and other nonverbal communication.
Dependency theory
An approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain
Labeling theory
An approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not.
Social constructionist perspective
An approach to deviance that emphasizes the role of culture in the creation of the deviant identity.
Karl Marx
An approach to racism which emphasizes that racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs, thereby supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool of cheap labor, is based on the work of which classical theorist?
Human relations approach
An approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication
Classical theory
An approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards.
Classical Theory
An approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards. Also known as Scientific Management Approach.
Human Relations Approach
An approach to the study of formal organizations which emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy.
Naturally occurring retirement community (NORC)
An area that has gradually become an informal center for senior citizens.
Experiment
An artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables.
Degradation ceremony
An aspect of the socialization process within some total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals.
Sociological imagination
An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past.
Sociological Imagination
An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past.
Dysfunction
An element or process of a society that may disrupt the social system or reduce its stability.
Dysfunction
An element or process of a society that may disrupt the social system or reduce its stability.
Instrumentality
An emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions.
Symbolic ethnicity
An ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage.
Charter school
An experimental school that is developed and managed by individuals, groups of parents, or educational management organizations
a glass ceiling
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity is known as
Glass ceiling
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity.
Brass ceiling
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a woman in the military because of her official (not necessarily actual) exclusion from combat.
Hierarchy of Authority
An organization's chain of command, specifying the relative authority of each manager.
Stereotype
An unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group.
a state of normlessness that typically occurs during a period of profound social change and disorder, such as a time of economic collapse.
Anomie
Societal-reaction approach
Another name for labeling theory.
Scientific management approach
Another name for the classical theory of formal organizations.
Anti-Semitism
Anti-Jewish prejudice.
POVERTY LINE
As of 2008, the Federal Poverty Line for an urban family of four people was $21,200 per year. Any family of four making less money was considered to be in poverty (37,000,000 people), and any family of four making more money was not living in poverty.
Racial profiling
Any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior.
In-Group
Any group or category to which people feel they belong.
In-group
Any group or category to which people feel they belong.
Out-Group
Any group or category to which people feel they don't belong.
Reference group
Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.
Reference Group
Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.
Group
Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis.
Group
Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis.
Status
Any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society.
Macrosociology STRUCTURE
Any social pattern or group, anything which gives form and structure to a group of people; social institutions (the family system, the educational system, the religious system, etc.)
Culture bound
Arapesh are generative throughout their lives; not a stage of life. Mundugumor are stagnant as a personality characteristic, not a stage of life.
peer
As children grow older, the family becomes less important in social development, while groups become more important.
Ascribed Status
Assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.
Institutional discrimination
At one time, many Puerto Ricans were effectively barred from serving in the Chicago Police Department because they failed to meet the height requirement. This was an example of
Correlation
Exists when a change in one variable coincides with a change in the other.
hierarchy of the sciences, sociology was the "queen," and its practitioners were "scientist-priests." Schaefer, Richard T.. Sociology in Modules Loose Leaf 3/e (Page 26). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kindle Edition.
Auguste Comte
mythology to the scientific method.
Auguste Comte saw societies as moving forward in their thinking from
Disengagement
Based on a study of elderly people in good health and relatively comfortable economic circumstances, theory suggests that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships.
THE TCHAMBULI
Believe that the sexes are temperamentally different, but the roles that are prescribed for men and women are the exact opposite of gender roles in the United States and Europe
Value Neutrality
Max Weber's term for objectivity of sociologists in the interpretation of data
William Sheldon
Body types aka somatotypes
22
By 2010, ____ percent of people were connected to the Internet.
Modes of adapting
CONFORMIST INNOVATOR RITUALIST RETREATIST REBEL
Consanguine and conjugal relationships
CONSANGUINE RELATIONSHIPS and CONJUGAL RELATIONSHIPS
Social Capital
Collective benefits of durable social networks and their patterns of reciprocal trust.
Quantitive Research
Collects data primarily in numerical form.
PRIVILEGE
Combination of WEALTH (money and property that you possess -- stocks, bonds, real estate, automobiles), and INCOME (money that you are earning)
Achieved Status
Comes to us largely through our own efforts.
Egoistic less likely
Catholic Italian Ghetto dweller Married Person living in a nation at war factory worker
Which of the following social scientists used the phrase looking-glass self to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with other people
Charles Horton Cooley
Nisei
Children born in the U.S. to first-generation Japanese immigrants are known as
Nonverbal Communication
Communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech.
Obedience
Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
Macrosociology
Concentrates on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations.
Expressiveness
Concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family.
1) Margaret Mead
Conducted a cross-cultural study of gender roles in New Guinea among three tribes and demonstrated that GENDER ROLE behavior (the culturally learned behavior that is appropriate for males and females) is learned and varies tremendously throughout the world (See the section that immediate follows the Freud notes). In some societies, females have more power than males. Therefore, why would they be envious of males power -- they're not!
Margaret Mead
Conducted a cross-cultural study of gender roles in New Guinea among three tribes and demonstrated that GENDER ROLE behavior (the culturally learned behavior that is appropriate for males and females) is learned and varies tremendously throughout the world (See the section that immediate follows the Freud notes). In some societies, females have more power than males. Therefore, why would they be envious of males power -- they're not!
pressure government to ease restrictive standards AND cut corner within their production plants
Conflict theorists suggest that capitalist firms would likely utilize
Which of the following nations would Immanuel Wallerstein classify as a core country within the world economic system
Germany 4
Neocolonialism
Continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries
Transnational crime
Crime that occurs across multiple national borders.
POWER ELITE THEORY Wright Mills
Crucial public decisions are made by a cohesive elite of 200-300 people corporate elite military elite political eliteConflict approach because it sees power concentrated in the hands of a small number of people
Technology
Cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires
Technology
Cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires.
Technology
Cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires.
Types of segregation
DE JURE SEGREGATION and DE FACTO SEGREGATION.
Which of the following statements is true of deviance?
Deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
Sociological Explanations for Deviance
THEORY OF DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION, CULTURAL TRANSMISSION THEORY, Labeling theory or Anomie Theory
AUTHORITATIVE SOCIALIZATION (not authoritarian)
Diana Baumrind a form of participatory socialization; parents are sources of knowledge, values, beliefs, norms, etc. for their children; comparable to an athletic coach (parents don't live their children's lives, but they try to prepare them for whatever they are likely to encounter); teaches how to balance responsibility and freedom.
Differential justice
Differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups.
Role Strain
Difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations.
has fostered globalization
Diffusion
Observation
Direct participation in closely watching a group or organization.
PLURALIST MODEL
Disagrees with Mills; power is not held by a few, but rather it is distributed among competing interest groups who have veto power to prevent decisions entirely contrary to its interests
Anomic most likely
Divorced Divorced Army recruit
18. Sandwich generation
During the late 1990s, social scientists focused on the —adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children.
Anomie
Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
Somatotypes
ENDOMORPHS, ECTOMORPHS and MESOMORPHS
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Each culture must be seen in its own terms; everything in the mores of a time and place must be regarded as justified with regard to that time and place. : (e.g., the sacred cow of India - treatment may seem strange to westerners, but the cow is part of their religious life and economy)
ETHNOCENTRISM
Each group considers its way of life the natural and best way. Strange groups, beliefs, or practices are treated with suspicion and hostility because they are strange.
(NOTE
Each of the following pairs of concepts and many other concepts used in sociology need to be studied by utilizing a CONTINUUM, which is a scale that measures things from one extreme to another. Each extreme is an IDEAL TYPE, or a perfect, abstract model of what is being analyzed. Ideal types exist conceptually, but not usually in reality. All things that utilize a continuum contain components of the two extremes. Some things have more of one component and other things have more of the other component. Most things have a relatively equal mixture of both components.)
Which sociologist first advanced the idea that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process whether learning conforming or deviant acts?
Edwin Sutherland
strengthening a group's solidarity
Electronic communication can aid new social movements by
Gender role
Expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.
are useful for analyzing relations among racial and ethnic groups
Four major theoretical perspective
Process by which reality is constructed
Externalization objectivation internalization
attitudes that do not reflect workers' objective positions
False consciousness is Marx's concept for
Homophobia
Fear of and prejudice against homosexuality.
ELECTRA COMPLEX
Females fall in love with their fathers because they realize that dad has something that they don't, a penis (PENIS ENVY). The young female either believes that her body is incomplete and inferior and she wants a penis just like dads, or else the penis is a symbol of masculine power and she wants to possess a male in order to share in the power.
ENDOGAMY
Freud is right for the wrong reasons. We do marry someone who resembles our parents, but it is because of endogamy (marriage to people who share similar group characteristics -- race, gender, ethnicity, age, religion, geography, -- to our own); we marry these people because we feel compatible with them and can establish rapport with them
Psychological Explanations of Deviance
Frustrations and aggression
assimilation
In Australia, when Aborigines become part of the dominant society but then refuse to acknowledge their darker-skinned grandparents on the street, they are practicing the process of
theorists view standards of deviant behavior as merely reflecting cultural norms
Functionalist
Ferdinand Tönnies
GEMEINSCHAFT and GESELLSCHAFT
Conformity
Going along with peers—individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior.
Why didn't we have a class conflict in the United States
Government legislation that increased the status of workers and limited the power and wealth of the bourgeoisie b) the development of unions, which gave workers the class consciousness and power that they did not previously have c) the rise of the middle class:
Law
Governmental social control.
inclusion
In Talcott Parsons's equilibrium model, the incorporation of groups that were previously excluded because of their race, ethnicity, and social class is known as
examined religion, politics, child rearing, and immigration in the young nation. Schaefer, Richard T.. Sociology in Modules Loose Leaf 3/e (Page 26). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kindle Edition.
Harriet Martineau
Mechanical Solidarity
Implying that all individuals perform the same tasks.
adapted Charles Darwin's evolutionary view of the "survival of the fittest" by arguing that it is "natural" that some people are rich while others are poor. Schaefer, Richard T.. Sociology in Modules Loose Leaf 3/e (Page 26). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kindle Edition.
Herbert Spencer
LABELING THEORY
Howard Becker It is not the act that makes one deviant. Rather, it is the perception by others of an action that they consider to be deviant that makes it deviant
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
I am not what I think I am, Nor am I what you think I am, But rather,I am what I think you think I am.
The self has two components
I and Me
(Erving Goffman)
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT (Note: This concept is not formally a part of the looking glass self; however, it logically belongs here) -- we act in a way so that we get the kind of response from our audience that we desire
In the late 19th century, before the term feminist view was even coined, the ideas behind this major theoretical approach appeared in the writings of
Ida Wells-Barnett
3. Types of roles
Ideal and Actual
Max Weber coined in referring to a construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated.
Ideal type
nonmaterial culture
Ideas are an example of
vested interests
If the U.S. Congress passed strict anticigarette laws that banned their sale anywhere in the country, it would create serious problems for cigarette manufacturers, retailers, tobacco growers, tobacco farm workers, truckers, and many other employees in the cigarette industry. Each of these groups would probably oppose this legislation because they are examples of
CIVIL INATTENTION
Ignoring certain behaviors in public situations; not staring at nose-pickers, people with open zippers, people making-out at the beach, etc.
White-collar crime
Illegal acts committed by affluent, "respectable" individuals in the course of business activities.
Transnational
Immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin with their societies of settlement are known as
SECONDARY RELATIONSHIPS
Impersonal and contractural Formal and ritualized Segmented Goal oriented Communication is limited to a specific subject of the relationship Easily transferable: participants are interchangeable Example: customer and clerk in a store, boss and employee
66%
In 1940, white non-Hispanics made up 87% of the United States. What percentage did they represent as of 2007?
Which of the following statements about norms is correct?
In some instances, behavior that appears to violate society's norms may actually represent adherence to the norms of a particular group.
AGGREGATES
Individuals who happen to be in the same place at the same time, but who do not interact in a significant way and who have no feeling of shared belonging (members of a theatre audience, riders on a subway train)
CATEGORY
Individuals who have common characteristics but who do not interact (redheads, bicycle riders, ethnic groups)
Which of the following statements is true according to the SapirWhorf hypothesis?
Language is not an example of a cultural universal.
QUOTA SYSTEMS
Institutions reserved spaces in their school or company for members of minorities that mirrored their representation in society. That is, if Blacks represent 14% of the population inCalifornia, 14% of the places in the University of California Medical School were reserved for Blacks -- regardless of qualifications. Bakke decision determined that quota systems were illegal and replaced them with INSTITUTIONAL GUIDELINES (an institutional plan that indicated how equality was going to be established in an institution within a specified period of time).
Intergroup relations
Interactionists would be concerned about the impact of racial profiling on
nonmaterial culture
Inventions are an example of
Theory
Is a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions or behavior.
Cultural lag
Large families are no longer economically necessary, nor are they commonly endorsed by social norms, but certain religious faiths continue to extol large families and disapprove of using contraception to limit family size. This example illustrates
Experimental Group
Is exposed to an independent variable.
Control Group
Is not exposed to an independent variable.
Dysfunction of Ethnocentrism:
It creates in-groups and out-groups - it divides people
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
It is likely that integrity will be difficult to achieve, if one does not achieve acceptance in Kübler-Ross's theory that follows.
Discrimination
It is not simply that particular men in the United States are biased in their treatment of women. All the major institutions of our society
the aged.
It originated in the 1930s as an increasing number of social scientists became aware of the plight of elderly people.
an early female sociologist, cofounded the famous Chicago settlement house called Hull House and also tried to establish a juvenile court system.
Jane Addams
ethnocentrism
Joe grew up in an Italian household in an Italian community in New Jersey. He believes the traditional Italian celebration of Easter, which includes a large number of family members and mountains of food consumed during a long dinner, is the best way to celebrate this holiday. Joe's belief is an illustration of
Which sociologist illustrated the boundary-maintenance function of deviance in his study of Puritans in 17th-century New England?
Kai Erikson
Altruistic
Kamikaze pilot
introduced the concept of sociological imagination
Karl Marx
argued that the masses of people who have no resources other than their labor (the proletariat) should unite to fight for the overthrow of capitalist societies.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
If you shoplift and aren't caught, no one considers you to be a deviant because they don't know that you have done something that they consider to be deviant. If you shoplift and are seen by someone who thinks that it is cool to shoplift, you will not be considered a deviant, because they don't consider that behavior to be deviant. However, if you shoplift and are caught by the security guards, you will be labeled a deviant.
LABELING THEORY
SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
Language doesn't simply reflect culture, it actually shapes our thoughts and directs our interpretation of the world
Latent Functions
Less obvious and often unintended functions of a social structure.
the collapse of communism, terrorist attacks in various part of the world, dismantling of the welfare system in the U.S.
List three significant social events in recent decades, according to Maureen Hallinan:
Sociocultural evolution
Long-term social trends resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection.
Sociocultural Evolution
Long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection.
MINORITY GROUP
Louis Wirth's definition Physically or culturally distinctive (physical distinction is more important -- gender and race -- because it persists from generation to generation; you can always change cultural characteristics -- language, clothes, food -- to blend in they are the object of prejudice and discriminationthey have low amounts of power, privilege and prestige they are collectively regarded and treated as inferior; a rationalization for their minority status
Émile Durkheim
MECHANICAL SOCIETY and Organic Model
OEDIPAL COMPLEX
Males fall in love with their mothers and they and their father compete for the same love object. The young male is afraid that their father will retaliate by cutting off their penis (CASTRATION ANXIETY)
Anomic less likely
Married Never married BCC student
Ideal characteristics of bureaucracies
Max Weber clear cut division of labor, hierarchy of authority within organization, day-to-day functioning is governed by an elaborate system of rules and regulations, officials treat people as "cases" not as individuals, a bureaucracy includes a specialized administrative staff of managers, secretaries, record keepers, and others. Their sole function is to keep the organization as a whole running smoothly, employees usually anticipate a career with the organization, (not Weber) primary relations; the informal structure of formal organizations.
Independent Variable
Measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions.
William Graham Sumner
Minority group members have a strong sense of group solidarity. Which sociologist noted that individuals make distinctions between members of their own group, or the in-group, and everyone else, or the out-group?
anticipatory socialization
Preparation for many aspects of adult life begins with socialization during childhood and adolescence and continues throughout our lives as we prepare for new responsibilities.
Hidden curriculum
Standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools
Sociology and instincts and biology
Most sociologists do not believe that we have any instincts that last beyond childhood. Biology impacts on our behavior in two ways, It serves as a cue for how we act toward others (that is, we learn to act different toward people based on their age, sex, race, physical beauty, etc. -- not that we should!). Second, biology gives us a set of potentials. That is, we might have the potential to become a great distance runner, but if we are not in an environment that is conducive to developing that talent, that talent will remain hidden.
Pluralism
Mutual respect for one another's cultures among the various groups in a society, which allows minorities to express their cultures without experiencing prejudice.
Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim
Name two theorists who have taken an evolutionary position on social change, suggesting that all societies move in the same direction.
In which of the following racial or ethnic groups has one teenager in every six attempted suicide
Native Americans
DUAL CAREER MARRIAGES
Nearly two-thirds of all families are nuclear families with both mother and father working
industrialization
Neo-Luddites have questioned the incessant expansion of
Is it possible not to be ethnocentric?
No
Cultural Capital
Noneconomic goods, such as family background and education, which are reflected in a knowledge of language and the arts.
Mores
Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society.
LAWS
Norms that have enacted and codified by a legislative body
Role Conflict
Occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person.
Resolution of the oedipal and electra complexes
Oedipal complex is resolved when the young man finds a woman a love object other than his mother, as the result of dating. He is now no longer in competition with his father for the love and affection of his mother and he therefore no longer fears castration.
The text points out that the model of five basic properties of a minority or subordinate group can be applied to older people in the United States. Which of the following is not one of those basic properties
Older people have a strong sense of group solidarity.
Manifest Functions
Open, stated and conscious functions.
New social movements
Organized collective activities that address values and social identities as well as improvements in the quality of life are called
Social Institutions
Organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.
Labor union
Organized workers who share either the same skill or the same employer. Schaefer, Richard T.. Sociology in Modules Loose Leaf 3/e (Page 122). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kindle Edition.
CULTURAL PLURALISM
Oscar Handlin -- recognizes the ranking system that exists between groups that may participate in a live and let live scenario
Goal displacement
Overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy.
Continuum of Child Rearing Strategies (not Erikson, but related to this stage)
PERMISSIVE SOCIALIZATION
ORGANIC MODEL
Parts of an organism; complex, contemporary societies societies are held together by a division of labor or functional interdependence; a lot of diversity; people are held together by their differences - we are all dependent upon one another because we perform different functions.
Institutional discrimination
Passage of the recent Aviation and Transportation Security Act, which stipulated that all airport screeners must be U.S. citizens, has been noted by many observers to be a form of
David Sudnow
Passing On: The Social Organization of Dying - a hospital-based study that examines social definitions of dying --microsociology
SOCIAL SYMBOL
People who represent all those people who share the same social position (for example, each of you represents other students; I represent teachers)
DEVIANT CAREER
Perception of Deviance, Labeling the deviant, Joining the deviant group and Labeling theory and conflict theory
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY
Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann
Supreme Court Cases that relate to segregation-integration, equality, and education
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954, and The Regents of the State University of California at Davis Medical School v. Allan Bakke
Hunting-And-Gathering Society
Society in which people simply rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available.
Affirmative action
Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities.
Max Weber
Power (party), Privilege (class), and Prestige (status)
Ageism
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's age.
behavior.
Prejudice is to discrimination as attitude is to
MANIFEST DYSFUNCTIONS
Primary or expected bad consequences
MANIFEST FUNCTIONS
Primary or expected good consequences
Fatalistic
Prisoner or Institutional inmate
Anticipatory socialization
Processes of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.
Egoistic most likely
Protestant Scandinavian Suburbanite Unmarried Person living in a nation at peace BCC education
Which of the following is an example of innovation as defined in Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance?
Rather than writing an original essay, a student copies his submission from the Internet.
Luddites
Rebellious craft workers in nineteenth-century England who destroyed new factory machinery as part of their resistance to the new industrial revolution were known as
exploitation theory
Recent Chinese immigrants to the U.S. often find jobs working in sweatshops in New York City's Chinatown, where they work 16 or more hours a day in the garment industry, earning less than minimum wage. The big businesses that hire these illegal and often uninformed immigrants illustrate
Goal Displacement
Refers to overzealous conformity to official regulations.
Validity
Refers to the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study.
Reliability
Refers to the extent to which a measure produces consistent results.
Hawthorne Effect
Refers to the unindented influence that observers of experiments can have on their subjects.
Quantitative research
Research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form.
Qualitative research
Research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data.
Questionnaire
Researcher uses a printed or written form to obtain information from a respondent.
White privilege
Rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit or favor simply because they are White.
Rites of passage
Rituals marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another.
ANOMIE THEORY
Robert Merton If a society places a high value on material goods and affluent living for all, but denies people equal access to socially approved ways of reaching those goals, it invites deviance
ELISABETH KÜBLER-ROSS
STAGES OF DYING
Oscar Lewis
SUBCULTURE OF POVERTY THEORY
the correspondence principle
Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis have argued that capitalism requires a skilled, disciplined labor force and that the educational system of the United States is structured with that objective in mind Citing numerous studies, they offer support for what they call
Disagreement with text
Schaefer and Kassop
Sociology
Scientific study of social behavior and human groups.
LATENT DYSFUNCTIONS
Secondary or unexpected bad consequences
LATENT FUNCTIONS
Secondary or unexpected good consequences
Basic Sociology
Seeks a more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomena.
STAGES OF DYING
Shock and denial anger bargaining depression acceptance (sometimes they overlap and go back and forth; experienced by dying individual and those close to that person)
Psychology
Sigmund Freud, stressed the role of inborn drives—among them the drive for sexual gratification—in channeling human behavior.
process of redentialism
Sixty years ago, a high school diploma was the minimum requirement for entry into the paid labor force of the United State Today, a college diploma is virtually the bare minimum
significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture.
Social change is defined as
Formal social control
Social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers.
Informal social control
Social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule.
Horticultural Societies
Society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods.
Macrosociology Viewed as a conservative theory
Society tends to be an organized, stable, well-integrated system in which most members agree on basic values Change is often seen as being dysfunctional (bad); the theory ignores social injustices.
Industrial Society
Society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services.
Postindustrial Society
Society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information.
Basic sociology
Sociological inquiry conducted with the objective of gaining a more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomena. Also known as pure sociology.
Microsociology
Sociological investigation that stresses the study of small groups, often through experimental means.
Minority Groups
Sociologists have identified five basic properties—unequal treatment, physical or cultural traits, ascribed status, solidarity, and in-group marriage—to describe
GENOGRAMS
Sociologists who practice marriage and family therapy may develop a genogram, which is an extensive family tree that indicates relationships and the occurrence of divorce, physical or mental abuse, and other dysfunctional social patterns that exist in the extended family tree. The genogram is important because it is based on the assumption that we learn social behavior from our significant others (our parents, aunts and uncles, grandparents, etc.)
vested interest
Some people have a _____________ in resisting social change.
SYMBOLS
Something that stands for or represents something else
Division of Labor
Specialized experts perform specific tasks.
Argot
Specialized language used by members of a group or subculture.
William Foote Whyte
Street Corner Society - a study of men hanging-out in street corners in Boston during the early 1950s --microsociology
Ethnography
Study of an entire social setting through systematic fieldwork.
Social Science
Study of the social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change.
institutional discrimination
Suppose that a workplace requires that only English be spoken,even when it is not a business necessity to restrict the use of other languages This requirement would be an example of
The development of the self in three stages
THE IMITATIVE STAGE THE PLAY STAGE THE GAME STAGE
Charles Horton Cooley
THE LOOKING GLASS SELF Our perceptions of how our behavior appears to others b. Our perception of their judgment of this behavior c. Our feelings about those judgments
Edwin Sutherland
THEORY OF DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION or the CULTURAL TRANSMISSION THEORY
Invention
The combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not exist before.
generalization
Talcott Parsons contends that societies experience value ____________, the development of new values that tolerate and legitimate a greater range of activities.
adaptive upgrading
Talcott Parsons uses the term ________________ to characterize a feature of social change that social institutions become more specialized in their purposes.
equilibrium
Talcott Parsons viewed society as naturally being in a state of
the equilibrium model
Talcott Parsons' functionalist view of society as tending toward a state of stability or balance is known as
Elliot Liebow
Tally's Corner - a study of men hanging-out on street corners in Washington, D.C. in the 1960s - microsociology
Corporate welfare
Tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants that the government gives to corporations
nonmaterial culture
Technology is an example of
Herbert Gans
The Functions of Poverty - an article that indicates various ways in which poverty is functional for wealthy, powerful, middle-class members of society
Verstehen
The German word for "understanding" or "insight"; used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account the subjective meanings people attach to their actions.
permits people to seize control of the historical process and gain their freedom from injustice
The Marxist view of social change is appealing to some because it
assimilation
The Mexican people of today are the result of a gradual merging of generations of Spaniards and Indians. This is an example of
Poverty Index/Poverty line
The Social Security Administration takes the cost of a low-level food budget that meets "all" (yeah, right!!!) nutritional requirements, which they get from the Department of Agriculture and they multiply by three, since, they believe, food should represent 1/3 of a family's expenses. (2008 data follows): Single person: $10,400 Family of two: $14,000 Family of four: $21,200
Herbert Gans
The Urban Villagers - a study of community organization in Boston in the 1950s - macrosociology
not in my back yard
The abbreviation NIMBY, which is often used when people protest landfills, prisons, and nuclear power facilities, stands for
Euthanasia
The act of bringing about the death of a hopelessly ill and suffering person in a relatively quick and painless way for reasons of mercy.
Glass escalator
The advantage men experience in occupations dominated by women.
Impression management
The altering of the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences.
Generalized other
The attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior.
Microsociological theory
The basic assumption of this approach is that human interaction takes place by means of symbols held in common by the members of a group or a society
Racism
The belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior.
amalgamation
The belief that the U.S. was a "melting pot," which became very compelling in the first part of the twentieth century, suggested that the nation had an almost divine mission to produce
Science
The body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation.
institutionalized discrimination
The civil rights movement of the 1960s had little impact on
Social capital
The collective benefit of social networks, which are built on reciprocal trust.
Matrix of domination
The cumulative impact of oppression because of race and ethnicity, gender, and social class, as well as religion, sexual orientation, disability, age, and citizenship status.
Validity
The degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study.
Genocide
The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.
Discrimination
The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons.
Institutional discrimination
The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society.
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
The different theoretical constructs that sociologists have created for examining the social world in which we live.
Double consciousness
The division of an individual's identity into two or more social realities.
Sexism
The ideology that one sex is superior to the other.
Teacher-expectancy effect
The impact that a teacher's expectations about a student's performance may have on the student's actual achievements
Second shift
The double burden—work outside the home followed by child care and housework—that many women face and few men share equitably.
Index crimes
The eight types of crime tabulated each year by the FBI in the Uniform Crime Reports: murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
CULTURE SHOCK
The experience of disorientation and frustration that occurs when an individual who is culture bound finds themselves in a significantly different culture.
Reliability
The extent to which a measure produces consistent results.
Modernization
The far-reaching process through which periphery nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies
Culture shock
The feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own.
Apartheid
The former policy of the South African government that was designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites was known as
Thinking of society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival is a reflection of which theoretical perspective?
The functionalist perspective
Sandwich generation
The generation of adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children.
World systems analysis
The global economy as an interdependent system of economically and politically unequal nations
Technology
The laptop computer, wireless telephones, pagers, and laser eye surgery are all examples of
Socialization
The lifelong process in which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture.
Anomie
The loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
Colonialism
The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period
Amalgamation
The process through which a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group.
Assimilation
The process through which a person forsakes his or her cultural tradition to become part of a different culture.
Social Structure
The way society is organized into predictable relationships.
Social Interaction
The ways people respond to one another.
Median
The midpoint or number that divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers of values.
Remittances
The monies that immigrants return to their families of origin. Also called migradollars.
Social movements
The most all-encompassing type of collective behavior is/are
Agrarian society
The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members engage primarily in the production of food, but increase their crop yields through technological innovations such as the plow.
Agrarian Society
The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members engage primarily in the production of food, but increase their crop yields through technological innovations such as the plow.
Organized crime
The work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs.
Functionalist
The perspective emphasizes the role of schools in teaching the values and customs of the larger society.
Material culture
The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives.
Segregation
The physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events; often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group.
Culture war
The polarization of society over controversial cultural elements.
Racial profiling
The practice of assuming that people who fit certain descriptions are likely to be engaged in illegal activities is referred to as
Hyperconsumerism
The practice of buying more than we need or want, and often more than we can afford; a preoccupation of postmodern consumers.
inclusion
The practice of colleges admitting more ethnic minorities and women would be:
Tracking
The practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria
2) Freud's Methodology
The problems in Freud's findings can be traced back to his faulty methodology. His sample consisted of a group of upper middle class, Jewish women in Vienna, Austria, at the end of the Victorian era that came to him because they were having psychological problems. Hardly a population from which one can generalized to all other people throughout the world.
Freud's Methodology
The problems in Freud's findings can be traced back to his faulty methodology. His sample consisted of a group of upper middle class, Jewish women in Vienna, Austria, at the end of the Victorian era that came to him because they were having psychological problems. Hardly a population from which one can generalized to all other people throughout the world.
Diffusion
The process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society.
Bureaucratization
The process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.
Bureaucratization
The process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.
McDonaldization
The process by which the principles of bureaucratization have increasingly shaped organizations worldwide.
discrimination
The process of denying opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons is known as
Resocialization
The process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.
Role exit
The process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity.
Role Exit
The process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity.
Innovation
The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention.
Discovery
The process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality.
Role taking
The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint.
Casual Logic
The relationship between a condition or variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the other.
Causal logic
The relationship between a condition or variable and a particular consequence, with one leading to the other.
Equilibrium model of social change
The role of women in the family has changed dramatically within the U.S. during the last 50 years. Women have furthered their education and developed careers. This change in the family has necessitated adaptive changes in school systems, corporations, churches, and other facets of society to provide childcare services. This situation reflects which view of social change?
Sociology
The scientific study of social behavior and human groups. Theory In sociology, a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior.
Gerontology
The scientific study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged.
Mode
The single most common value in a series of scores.
language, Islam, and Country of orgin
The single most unifying force among Arabs is
Code of ethics
The standards of acceptable behavior developed by and for members of a profession.
Ethnography
The study of an entire social setting through extended systematic fieldwork.
Queer theory
The study of society from the perspective of a broad spectrum of sexual identities, including heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality.
Natural science
The study of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change.
Natural Science
The study of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change.
Social science
The study of the social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change.
Experimental group
The subjects in an experiment who are exposed to an independent variable introduced by a researcher.
Control group
The subjects in an experiment who are not introduced to the independent variable by the researcher.
Globalization
The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas
Globalization
The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.
Culture industry
The worldwide media industry that standardizes the goods and services demanded by consumers.
Content analysis
The systematic coding and objective recording of data, guided by some rationale.
Sociobiology
The systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior.
Social control
The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.
Correspondence principle
The tendency of schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class and to perpetuate social class divisions from one generation to the next
Trained incapacity.
The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems.
Trained Incapacity
The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems.
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others.
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others.
Cognitive theory of development
The theory that children's thought progresses through four stages of development.
Social disorganization theory
The theory that crime and deviance are caused by the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions.
Culture
The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior.
Hawthorne effect
The unintended influence that observers of experiments can have on their subjects.
Clinical sociology
The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of altering social relationships or restructuring social institutions.
Applied sociology
The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations.
Clinical Sociology
The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of altering organizations or restructuring social institutions.
Applied Sociology
The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations.
color blind racism
The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo is referred to as
Color-blind racism
The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo.
Bilingualism
The use of two languages in a particular setting, such as the workplace or schoolroom, treating each language as equally legitimate.
Independent variable
The variable in a causal relationship that causes or influences a change in another variable.
Dependent variable
The variable in a causal relationship that is subject to the influence of another variable.
Cultural relativism
The viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture.
Which of the following statements about teenagers in Baghdad is true
They have lost much of their peer group due to death and relocation. They have lost peers who have joined fundamentalist groups. If they own a computer, they use it in an attempt to stay in contact with their pre-war peer group.
Hospice care
Treatment of the terminally ill in their own homes, or in special hospital units or other facilities, with the goal of helping them to die easily, without pain.
Focus on PHALLIC STAGE
Third State of his theory -- preceded by oral and anal stages stage is from 3-6 years of age
vested interests
Those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo are called
Issei
What term refers to first-generation Japanese immigrants?
ERIKSON'S EIGHT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Trust mistrust, AUTONOMY DOUBT, INITIATIVE GUILT, INDUSTRY INFERIORITY IDENTITY - ROLE CONFUSION, INTIMACY - ISOLATION, GENERATIVITY - STAGNATION, INTEGRITY - DESPAIR
Robert Merton
Typology of Discrimination (ideal types)
Schaefer
US is an Open Class System, because education gives everyone an opportunity to get ahead
Kassop
US was more open 100 years ago when we needed unskilled labor as opposed to the credentialled work-world of today; easier to go from rags to riches in 1900 than in 1990s
AugusteComte French social philosopher :
Urged sociology to be scientific Father of Sociology Positivist
cultural lag
Various religious groups and their followers are very upset about scientific advances in reproductive technology, such as birth control pills, abortion pills, in-vitro fertilization, and genetic engineering. This conflict between religious values and new scientific concepts illustrates
assimilation
Vladimir, a Russian immigrant to the U.S., insists that everyone call him "Joe," and he refuses to speak Russian, even in casual conversation with Russian-speaking neighbors. This is an example of
Which sociologist made a major contribution to society through his in-depth studies of urban life, including both Blacks and Whites?
W. E. B. DuBois
PRIMARY RELATIONSHIPS
Warm, intimate, face-to-face Spontaneous and informal Involve total person Emotional involvement Communication is free and extensive not easily transferable Example: parent and child, two close friends
Nonmaterial culture
Ways of using material objects, as well as customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication.
Discrimination against racial and ethnic minorities
Which aspect of discrimination is the focus of feminist scholar Peggy McIntosh's research?
Differentiation
Which concept does Talcott Parsons use to indicate the increasing complexity of social organization?
Asian American men
What group (ethnicity and gender) has the highest income level?
Hispanic Women
What group (ethnicity and gender) has the lowest income level?
Cultural relativism
What is the term used when one places a priority on understanding other cultures, rather than dismissing them as "strange" or "exotic"?
33%
What percentage of the United States is projected to be Hispanic according to Census estimates by the year 2100?
Racial Group
What term is used by sociologists to describe a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance?
CULTURE BOUND
When a person is unaware, to some extent, of the characteristics of another group or culture
Ralph Ellison
Which Black author wrote: "I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids— and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me?"
African Americans
Which population group represents the largest minority in the U.S.?
Urban amish
Which slang term is used to identify those who resist technological devices that have become part of our daily life?
Functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective argues that when changes occur in one part of a society, there must be adjustments in other parts, and if these adjustments do not occur, the society's equilibrium may be threatened?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective criticizes the functionalist approach to social change for disregarding the crucial significance of change that is needed to correct social injustices and inequalities?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective suggests that censorship is an ever-present danger that society's most powerful groups will use to invade the privacy of the less powerful?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective views race from the macrolevel and purports the economic structure as a central factor in the exploitation of minority groups?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective views transnational migration as having increased the economic gulf between developed and developing nations?
Functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective views transnationals as a way for economies to maximize their use of human labor?
Interactionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would likely be interested in the labels attached to activists associated with a social movements such as a feminist student referred to as a "bra burner"?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would likely stress that social movements should require leaders to sharpen the awareness of the oppressed, who may suffer from false consciousness?
Conflict perspectives
Which sociological perspective would likely suggest that members of new social movements tend to mobilize as they reject statements made by established authority figures, including scientists and technical authorities?
Interactionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely study the new social roles assumed by activists within a social movement?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would suggest that individuals, institutions, and societies will face unprecedented adaptive challenges in adjusting to the technological advances soon to come?
Functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would suggest that the Internet serves the manifest function of facilitating communication?
Manning Nash
Which sociologist has identified three functions that racially prejudiced beliefs have for the dominant group—one being that they provide a moral justification for maintaining an unequal society that routinely deprives a minority group of its rights and privileges
Oliver Cox, Robert Blauner, and Herbert M. Hunter
Which sociologist has used the exploitation theory to explain the basis of racial subordination in the U.S.?
W. E. B. DuBois
Which sociologist noted over 90 years ago that enslaved Blacks were in an even more oppressive situation than other subordinate groups because, by law, they could not own property and they could not pass on the benefits of their labor to their children?
William I. Thomas
Which sociologist observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation or person but also to the meaning that situation or person has for them?
Karl Marx
Which sociologist suggested that interracial coalitions would most likely reduce racial and ethnic stereotyping and prejudice?
Socialist revolution
Which term does Karl Marx use to describe the change that human society will move toward in the development of social change?
Social movements
Which term is used by sociologists to refer to organized collective activities aimed at bringing about fundamental changes in existing society?
nonviolent civil disobedience.Black power
Which term refers to a political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, which supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions?
Evolution theory
Which theory of social change holds that society is moving in a definite direction?
Masked craft workers in England that took extreme measures by mounting nighttime raids on factories and destroyed machinery
Who were the Luddites?
Which of the following conducted observation research on two groups of high school males (the Saints and the Roughnecks) and concluded that social class played an important role in the varying fortunes of the two groups?
William Chambliss
Interactionist perspective
William I. Thomas observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation or person, but also to the meaning that situation or person has for them. This observation reflects which sociological perspective?
full glass ceiling
Women from all groups and men from minority groups sometimes encounter attitudinal or organizational bias that prevents them from reaching their potential
Which of these statements is true
Women in the United States are more likely than men to attend
Gender roles
Women's education tends to suffer in those cultures with traditional
Globalization
Worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.
Born criminal (super-male) hypothesis
XYY's are taller, more aggressive, anti-social, low IQ, severe acne (unsubstantiated)
Exploitation theory
a Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the united states as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism
DIALETICAL CHANGE three components
a THESIS (any idea or group of people), an ANTITHESIS (an opposing idea or group of people), and a SYNTHESIS (both a compromise and a new thesis, which leads to a new antithesis, which leads to a new synthesis, etc.)
Racism
a belief that one race is superior and that all others are innately inferior.
Max Weber argued that in its ideal form
a bureaucracy has five basic characteristics: division of labor, hierarchical authority, written rules and regulations, impersonality, and employment based on technical qualifications.
INTRAGENERATIONAL MOBILITY
a change of status for a specific individual during their own lifetime
GROUP
a collection of people interacting in an orderly way on the basis of shared expectations about each others behavior; they share a sense of belonging to that group (when you walk into the wrong classroom - you know that you don't belong there!). Collections of people that look like groups but aren't include:
Macrosociology FUNCTION
a consequence, result or effect. Think of the parts of the body (they are structures) and they function together in a systematic way that is usually good for the whole. Each part helps to maintain the body's state of balance. However, changes may be dysfunctional (bad) for the body.
On the first day of basic training in the army, a recruit has his civilian clothes replaced by army "greens," has his hair shaved off, loses his privacy, and finds that he must use a communal bathroom. All these humiliating activities are part of becoming
a degradation ceremony.
BUREAUCRACY
a formal organization that is characterized by the rational operation of a hierarchical authority structure and explicit procedural rules.
SOCIETY
a group of living creates (not necessarily human) functioning in organized relationships of mutual dependence. Characteristics include:
ethnic group
a group that is set apart from others because of its national orgin or distinctive cultural patterns.
Formal organization
a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals
REBEL
a hippie or a revolutionary who rejects society's goals and means, and wants to create new ones.
Once people are labeled as old the designation has
a major impact on how others perceive them, and even on how they view themselves.
Being old is
a master status.
Interactionists pose the contact hypothesis as
a means of reducing prejudice and discrimination.
Some forms of deviance carry
a negative social stigma while other forms are more or less accepted
Some forms of deviance carry
a negative social stigma, while other forms are more or less accepted.
SINGLE PARENT FAMILY
a nuclear family that is missing one of the adult members
With each distinctive status comes
a particular social role, the set of expectations for people who occupy that status.
The AARP is
a powerful lobbying group that backs legislation to benefit senior citizens.
Socialization is
a primary source of conforming and obedient behavior, including obedience to laws.
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
a researcher joins a group that they want to study and they study it as an insider Good for understanding group interactions, but there are problems of objectivity, ethics, and reliability Classic participant observation studies include:
Social institution
a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs
CULTURE LAG
a situation in which some parts of a culture change at a faster rate than other parts of the same culture. The material culture (technology/computers, for example) changes more rapidly that our nonmaterial culture (our beliefs, values, and norms).
4. ANOMIC SUICIDE
a society lacks clear cut norms to govern aspirations and moral conduct. (ANOMIE: loss of patterning in mutual expectations; lack of agreement on norms; loss of predictability;normlessness; CULTURE SHOCK - an individual finds themselves in a new social situation and until they adapt, they are anomic - they don't know what to expect from others or what others expect of them).
IbnKhaldun
a son of the king of Turkeywho was doing highly unethical, but very sociological activities in the 12thcentury.
PUBLICS
a substantial number of people with a shared interest in a significant social issue (people who are pro-choice or pro-life, for or against capital punishment)
CROWD
a temporary collection of people who are in close enough proximity to interact with one another. They are unstable, have little structure, lack goals or plans (scene of an accident or the scene of a burning building, Times Square on New Year's Eve)
Joining the deviant group: change in self-concept
a) it makes the deviant's everyday life much easier to join a deviant group (a gang, a group of drug users). Those people who have been deviants for a while know how to cope with all the problems that someone with that tag is liable to encounter. b) it serves as a source of emotional/social support for the deviant individual
Labeling theory and conflict theory
a) it makes the deviant's everyday life much easier to join a deviant group (a gang, a group of drug users). Those people who have been deviants for a while know how to cope with all the problems that someone with that tag is liable to encounter. b) it serves as a source of emotional/social support for the deviant individual
AUTONOMY - DOUBT
a. 2-3 years old; corresponds with Freud's anal stage b. autonomy depends on motor and mental ability. If parents recognize the young child's needs to do what she/he is capable of doing at her/his own pace and her/his own time than she/he develops a sense that she/he is capable of controlling her/his muscles, he/himself and her/his environment; toilet training c. doubt: arises from parents doing for a child what she/he would be capable of doing for her/himself.
INITIATIVE - GUILT
a. 3-6 years old; corresponds with Freud's phallic stage; child is characterized by curiosity, questioning, rapid growth, exploration, questions Initiative
Integrity
ability to look back on life with satisfaction (a summative stage)
IDENTITY - ROLE CONFUSION
a. adolescence; corresponds with Freud's genital stage b. Identity: brings together all of the things he/she has learned about him/ herself and integrates these different images into a whole that makes sense and that shows continuity with the past while preparing for the future. Developing a stable and realistic self-concept. c. Role confusion: inability to develop a conception of who one is
GENERATIVITY - STAGNATION
a. middle age (40-65)
INTEGRITY - DESPAIR
a. old age (65+)
The final phase of retirement
according to Robert Atchley, is the termination phase: which begins when the person can no longer engage in basic, day-to-day activities such as self-care and housework.
Which of the following theories argues that elderly people have essentially the same need for social interaction as any other group and that those who remain active and socially involved will be best adjusted
activity theory
In the early 1900s, Charles Horton Cooley
advanced the belief that we learn who we are by interacting with others, a phenomenon he called the looking-glass self.
W. E. B. DuBois
advocated for the usefulness of basic research in combating prejudice and fostering racial tolerance and justice.
master statuses
affect one's potential to achieve a certain professional or social status.
Four types of suicide
altruistic, fatalistic egoistic and anomic
Four patterns describe typical intergroup relations in North America and elsewhere
amalgamation, assimilation, segregation, and pluralism.
Intermarriage over several generations, resulting in various groups combining to form a new group, would be an example of
amalgamation.
MOB
an emotionally aroused crowd intent on violent or destructive actions; usually have leaders and limited objectives (inner city rioters)
UNPREJUDICED DISCRIMINATOR
an employer who may have no personal hostility toward members of another group, but may not hire them for fear of offending customers
STEREOTYPE
an exaggerated belief associated with a particular category
Like the family, schools in the United States have
an explicit mandate to socialize people—especially children—into the norms and values of our culture.
significant other
an individual such as a parent, friend, or teacher who is most important in the development of the self.
ANTITHESIS
an opposing idea or group of people
THESIS
any idea or group of people
1. STATUS SYMBOLS
any symbol that indicates your status (e.g., a Mercedes Benz signifies great wealth, a person pushing a grocery cart which holds their life's possessions -- the grocery cart symbolizes poverty and homelessness) Thorsten Veblen:
Global factories
are factories found throughout the developing world that are run by multinational
Peer groups and the mass media, especially television and the Internet
are important agents of socialization for adolescents.
Tchambuli women
are solid, preoccupied with practical matters, and powerful. Every dawn they set out for the lagoons to fish and trap, returning in mid-morning to work on crafts which they exchange with other tribes.
Anthony Oberschall
argued that in order to sustain social protest or resistance, there must be an "organizational base and continuity of leadership" (resource mobilization theory)?
people resist ideas that seem too foreign
as well as those they perceive as threatening to their own values and beliefs.
Alphonso D'Abruzzo changed his name to Alan Alda. His action is an example of
assimilation.
Class biased
assumes that one's major life goals have been achieved by middle age and that the individual is now assisting others to achieve their goals. However, it is unlikely that poor people have achieved their goals by middle age -- nevertheless, they may be very generative.
achieved status is
attained largely through one's own effort
Other interactionists deviance
attribute increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions, such as the family, school, church, and local government ( social disorganization theory ).
Conflict theorists regard older people as
being victimized by social structure, with their social roles relatively unchanged but devalued.
Carefully constructed bureaucratic policies can
be either undermined or redefined by an organization's informal structure.
Socialization in the workplace
begins with part-time employment while we are in school and continues as we work full-time and change jobs throughout our lives.
b. ACTUAL ROLE
behavior is always subject to a particular social setting and to the personality of the actor
DEVIANCE
behavior that violates the standards or expectations of a group or society.
Isolation
being alone without anyone to share or care for; defense mechanism so as not to get hurt
Interactionists see older people as
being involved in new networks of people and in changing social roles.
RELATIVE POVERTY
being poor in relation to the standards of living of one's society
Labeling the deviant
being publicly labeled as a deviant is probably the most significant step in the deviant career. As soon as a person is thus labeled, his entire set of social relationships undergoes a change. He is no longer treated as a student, plumber, etc. He/she is now treated as a deviant -- a shoplifter, which becomes that person's MASTER STATUS. a) When a person is labeled as a deviant, he/she is typically rejected and isolated by society b) the more clearly he/she sees himself as a deviant, the more he/she is treated as a deviant
Functionalists portray the elderly as
being socially isolated with reduced social roles
Continuum of BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM (nature)
believes that the major factor in shaping our personalities is our biological heritage (instincts, genes, drives), and CULTURAL DETERMINISM (nurture): believes that the major factor in shaping our personalities is our environment.
Continuum of BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM (nature)
believes that the major factor in shaping our personalities is our biological heritage (instincts, genes, drives), and CULTURAL DETERMINISM(nurture): believes that the major factor in shaping our personalities is our environment.
George Herbert Mead
best known for his theory of the self, proposed that as people mature, their selves begin to reflect their concern about reactions from others, both generalized others and significant others.
Sociologists distinguish
between norms in two ways, classifying them as formal or informal and as mores or folkways.
CONSANGUINE RELATIONSHIPS
biological/genetic relationships
a. Neo-Freudian
biology is important, but the emphasis is on the interaction that takes place in the process of fulfilling the drives
TRUST - MISTRUST
birth - 18 months; corresponds with Freud's oral stage b. focuses on quality of child care; lengthy dependency of human infant
Conservative theory
blames the victim (they are the cause of their own poverty)
SYNTHESIS
both a compromise and a new thesis, which leads to a new antithesis, which leads to a new synthesis, etc.
RITUALIST
bureaucrat who is obsessed with petty rules and loses sight of organizational objectives: a librarian who insists on extreme quiet in the library thereby alienating potential library users
A racial group is set apart from others by physical difference an ethnic group is set apart primarily
by national origin or cultural patterns.
dependency
byproduct of welfare system
helplessness
byproduct of welfare system
lack of achievement motivation helplessness
byproduct of welfare system
dependency
byproduct of welfare system inferiority: looking glass self-
VERTICAL MOBILITY
change of social position, and change of social rank AND, horizontal mobility
HORIZONTAL MOBILITY
change of social position, but no change of rank (college professor-middle class, becoming a therapist-middle class)
INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY
changes of status between different generations, which is caused by: structural mobility differences between parents and children in ability, ambition, etc. population change: birth rates, death rates, age structure -- relate to the downward mobility of the baby boomers and/or generation X
THE IMITATIVE STAGE
child copies specific actions of the parents (role models, significant others)
Stagnation
childish pleasures dominate; personal needs and comforts are major concern
Genetic theory
chromosomal abnormality
The sense of sisterhood that became evident during the rise of the contemporary feminist movement resembled the Marxist concept of
class consciousness.
Max Weber identified three analytically distinct components of stratification
class, status group, and power
Sociologists distinguish between norms in two ways
classifying them as formal or informal and as mores or folkways.
The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period is referred to as
colonialism
Amalgamation
combining a majority group and a minority group through intermarriage to form a new group
Which of the following is an aspect of culture?
comic book patriotic attachment to the flag of the United States slang words
Which of the following terms describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
consensus
Human culture is
constantly expanding through the process of innovation, which includes both discovery and invention.
Sociologists have developed classification systems that help
contrast complex modern societies with simpler forms of social structure.
Negative stereotypes of the elderly
contribute to their position as a minority group subject to discrimination.
Homophobia
contributes significantly to rigid gender-role socialization, since many people stereotypically associate male homosexuality with femininity and lesbianism with masculinity.
Which sociological theory suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms?
control theory
Tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants are all forms of
corporate welfare
Randall Collins
correctly predicted the collapse of the Soviet Union based on that country's twentieth-century expansionism and overextension of resources.
Terrorist groups are examples of
countercultures
The feminist perspective emphasizes
cultural attitudes and differential economic relationships to help explain gender differences in deviance and crime.
Which of the following is not one of those five basic properties of a minority group
cultural bias
Research by anthropologist Margaret Mead has shown that
cultural conditioning is the most important factor in determining the social roles of males and females.
FOLKWAYS
customs that are considered right because people are used to them: dress codes, etiquette.
As societies become larger and more complex,
daily life is increasingly dominated by large formal organizations.
Wallerstein's world systems analysis is the most widely used version of
dependency theory.
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild has used the phrase second shift to
describe the double burden that many women face and few men share equitable work outside the home followed by child care and housework.
Language both
describes culture and shapes it.
Cognitive psychologist Jean Piaget
developed the theory of development.
From a functionalist point of view:
deviance and its consequences help to define the limits of proper behavior
A wide range of behavior may be classified as
deviant
Cesare Lombroso (1875)
deviant behavior is inherited and criminals are throwbacks to apes
A wide range of behavior may be classified
deviant, and everyone violates social norms in some situations.
True division of income in Brazil
difference between the races in the top income bracket and difference between the races in the bottom income brackets
Role conflict
difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles
The appearance of Starbucks coffeehouses in China is a sign of what aspect of culture?
diffusion
What term do sociologists use to refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society?
diffusion
Prejudice often but not always leads
discrimination.
Suppose that a White employer refuses to hire a qualified Vietnamese American but hires an inferior White applicant This decision is an act of
discrimination.
Sociologist Max Weber noted five basic characteristics of bureaucracy,all of which are evident in the vast majority of schools, whether at the elementary, secondary, or even college level
division of labor written rules and regulations impersonality Not level of five basic characteristics of bureaucracy: shared decision making
A significant component of the conflict approach to gender stratification
draws on feminist theory.
Tchambuli men
drift about the fringes of the women's circle, hoping for an approving word, an invitation, a gift.
RETREATIST
drug addict; alcoholic, skid row bum -- has dropped out of society and rejects society's goals and means
d. Building block theory
each stage represents new levels and types of social interaction
Most recent research on ability grouping raises questions about its
effectiveness, especially for lower-achieving students
Karl Marx
emphasized the importance of the economy and social conflict
The feminist perspective deviance
emphasizes cultural attitudes and differential economic relationships to help explain gender differences in deviance and crime.
A society uses social control to
encourage the acceptance of basic norms.
Daniel Bell describes the process during which leadership of organized crime was transferred from Irish Americans to Jewish Americans and later to Italian Americans and others as
ethnic succession
RITES OF PASSAGE
events that mark the transition from one stage in a life cycle to another: weddings, funerals, graduation, first communion, bar mitzvahs.
role behavior is influenced by (2)
expectations of others and the self is a critic or role behavior
The term gender role refers to
expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.
Advocates of Marxist class theory argue that the basis for racial subordination in the United States lies within the capitalist economic system. Another representation of this point of view is reflected in which of the following theories
exploitation
Conflict theorists explain racial subordination through
exploitation theory.
An ascribed status is , whereas an
generally assigned to a person at birth
Which field of study was originally developed in the 1930s as an increasing number of social scientists became aware of the plight of the elderly
gerontology
Stanley Milgram defined conformity as
going along with one's peers; obedience is compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
Stanley Milgram used the word conformity to mean
going along with peers
XENOCENTRISM
group inferiority complex; opposite of ethnocentrism. It is the belief that another groups way of life or some aspect of another group is better than your own.
ACCOMMODATION
groups are permitted to maintain their identities; they permit others to maintain their identities; they treat each other as equals; this is an ideal types that doesn't exist -- groups always have a ranking system (they don't view each other as equals and they view some groups as being better than others)
INTEREST GROUPS
groups of people who share a common point of view about a particular social issue Social issues are any matters of public concern that interest groups have differing views about
RACIAL GROUP
groups with distinctive physical characteristics
ETHNIC GROUP
groups with distinctive social and cultural characteristics
children who are raised using repressive socialization are likely to develop
guilt, have academic difficulties, and be prepared for the same types of working class jobs that their parents have.
Which of the following goals of the Millennium Project has already been reached
halve extreme poverty worldwide Which of the following approaches to the delivery of aid to developing countries has been successful in Uganda: direct selling Which sociological perspective argues that multinational corporations can actually help the developing nations of the world: the functionalist perspective Which of the following terms is used by contemporary social scientists to describe the far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies: modernization Which of the following statements about the division of income in Brazil is not true: Income is distributed more evenly across the population in Brazil than in the United States
4. Homeschooling
has become a viable alternative to traditional public and private schools. In some countries homeschooling is illegal.
Ralf Dahrendorf
has noted that the functionalist perspective's emphasis on stability and the conflict perspective's focus on change reflect the contradictory nature of society.
According to Durkheim, societies with minimal division of labor
have a collective consciousness called mechanical solidarity.
Interactionist researchers
have noted that groups allow coalitions to form and serve as links to social networks and their vast resources.
STATUS INCONSISTENCY
having relatively dissimilar amount of power, privilege, and prestige most people are status consistent: Bill Gates has a lot of power, privilege, and prestige. A homeless person has very little of each component. A priest has a lot of prestige, some power, and (theoretically) not much privilege.
STATUS CONSISTENCY
having relatively similar amounts of power, privilege, and prestige
From a functionalist point of view deviance and its consequences
help to define the limits of proper behavior.
VALUES:
help us to distinguish between good and bad, right and wrong, important and unimportant. They help us to establish priorities (I'll get to the most important things first!) 1. Which comes first - values or norms? a. Did our nation's founders create their norms (rules and regulations) first, or b. Did our nation's founders create their values (decide what is important to them) first?
twins raised apart suggest
heredity and environment influence human development.
An important element in traditional views of proper "masculine" and "feminine" behavior is fear of homosexuality. This fear, along with accompanying prejudice, is referred to as
homophobia.
Personality
in everyday speech is used to refer to a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics and behavior.
We perform most of our everyday activities with the assumption that
in general, others share our definitions of routine social situations
Much of our social behavior takes place
in groups
Gender differences
in mobility exist in both developed and developing societies.
everyone violates social norms
in some situations.
People tend to see the world
in terms of in-groups and out-groups, a perception often fostered by the very groups to which they belong.
Heredity and environmental factors interact in
influencing the socialization process.
Biological Explanations for Deviance
inherited, somatotypes, chromosomal abnormality
Children who are raised using participatory socialization are likely to develop
initiative, succeed in school, and be prepared for the same types of middle class jobs that their parents have.
the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture.
innovation
Suppose a clerk tries to appear busier than he or she actually is when a supervisor happens to be watching. Erving Goffman would study this behavior from what approach
interactionist
perspective emphasize that language and symbols offer a powerful way for a subculture to maintain its identity
interactionist
Which sociological perspective is most likely to emphasize the important role of social networks in providing life satisfaction for elderly people
interactionist perspective
Activity theory is associated with the
interactionist perspective.
Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach, which postulates that people present certain aspects of their personalities while obscuring other aspects, is a derivative of what major theoretical perspective?
internationalist perspective
The bow and arrow, the automobile, and the television are all examples of
inventions
Some ascribed statuses, such as race and gender, can function as
master statuses
Technology
is "cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires."
A charter school
is an experimental school that is developed and managed outside the public school system
Deviant behavior
is behavior that violates social norms.
CHILD NEGLECT
is more passive, negative treatment that is characterized by a parent or custodian's lack of care and interest and includes not feeding, clothing, not looking after, not nurturing.
The fastest-growing age group in the United States
is people over age 100 .
CHILD ABUSE
is the deliberate and willful injury of a child by a caretaker -- hitting; beating with a belt, cord or other implement; slamming against a wall; burning with a cigarette; scalding with hot water; locking in a dungeon; hog-tying; even killing. It involves active, hostile, aggressive physical treatment.
CONFORMIST
is the non-devaint -- follows society's goals (wants a new computer); follows society's means (works hard, saves money, goes to store and buys computer)
Tracking
is the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria
labeling theory
is the recognition that some people are viewed as deviant, while others who engage in the same behavior are not.
SOCIOLOGY
is the scientific study of human interaction and social groups.
Gerontology
is the scientific study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of
the dominant ideology of a culture
is the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.
Socialization
is the term used by sociologists in referring to the lifelong process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture.
Bakke decision also ruled that
it is not necessary to hire less qualified people, if you can prove that you have a set of guidelines, and job requirements are really necessary for the job, and job requirements are not discriminatory against an entire category of individuals (e.g., Hispanics), and that you have made a concerted effort to find qualified minority group candidates: AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
The human ecology perspective suggests that the environment serves three basic functions
it provides essential resources, serves as a waste repository, and houses our species
Gerhard Lenski thinks that a society's social structure changes as
its culture and technology become more sophisticated, a process he calls sociocultural evolution
PREJUDICE
judging people, things or situations on the basis of preconceived stereotypes or generalizations; may be positive or negative; an attitude
SEGREGATION
keeping groups apart socially and culturally; enforced by attitudes and informal mechanisms of social control
CONJUGAL RELATIONSHIPS
kinship that is determined by marriage
This module discusses the major elements that all cultures share
language, norms, and values.
13. Some norms are considered so important by a society that they are formalized into
laws
From the conflict perspective deviance
laws and punishments are a reflection of the interests of the powerful.
From the conflict perspective:
laws and punishments are a reflection of the interests of the powerful.
DE JURE SEGREGATION
laws that segregate (e.g., Jim Crow Laws); really partitioning.
INNOVATOR
most common form of deviance -- follows society's goals (wants a new computer); rejects society's means (steals computer, or steals money for computer)
The Industrial revolution
led to the emergence of Luddites.
inferiority
looking glass self-see Charles Horton Cooley
Despair
looks back on life and sees missed opportunities and directions
functionalist sociologists
maintain that gender differentiation has contributed to overall social stability.
Some interactionists
maintain that people learn criminal behavior by interacting with others ( cultural transmission ). To them, deviance results from exposure to attitudes that are favorable to criminal acts ( differential association )
Some interactionists deviance
maintain that people learn criminal behavior by interacting with others ( cultural transmission )
6. The term sexism is generally used to refer to
male prejudice and discrimination against women.
The university's role in certifying academic competence and excellence is an example of a
manifest
Merton distinguishes between
manifest and latent functions
MONOGAMY
marriage of one person to one other person
Functions of language
means of communicating: sharing thoughts and feelings main vehicle of problem solving 3) extends and enlarges experiences in time, enabling man to remember, to imagine, to foresee 4) it names and classifies things and people in terms of their significance for behavior; treat father, priest, enemy differently; food eater or avoided 5) language transcends the world of concrete experiences 6) a common language binds a social group together and creates outsiders 7) enables man to transmit and preserve a culture
There are four basic types of government
monarchy, oligarchy, dictatorship, and democracy
POLYGAMY
more than two marital partners at the same time
EXTENDED FAMILY
nuclear family plus one or more other relatives living in the same household
INTERNALIZATION:
occurs when an individual accepts the norms of the social group and integrates her/his own personality
Initiative
occurs when children are allowed to pursue purposeful activities on their own; mental and physical development are stressed and encouraged; emphasis on creativity and curiosity; questions are answered, curiosity is encouraged.
Guilt
occurs when children are led to believe that motor and mental activities are bad or a nuisance -- "go out side and play," "leave me alone," "stop asking so many questions," "put that down, don't touch it."
CLASS CONFLICT
occurs when the Proletariat (thesis) rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie (antithesis)
OBJECTIVATION
occurs when these externalized products appear to take on a reality of their own, becoming independent of the people who created them
CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS
occurs when those who share a common social position (the workers, for example) realize that they share a common social position (when workers of different ethnic, racial, and gender backgrounds realize that they are all being exploited by the bourgeoisie).
INTERNALIZATION
occurs when through the socialization process, people learn the supposedly objective reality, making them part of their own subjective "internal" consciousness.
EXTERNALIZATION
occurs when through their social interactions people produce cultural products: symbols, beliefs, laws, knowledge, definitions of reality. When those products have been created, they become in a sense "external" to those who have produced them. They are associated with the author of the cultural product.
Émile Durkheim thought that social structure depends
on the division of labor in a society.
POLYGYNY
one man, two or more women. What is the function of polygyny?
MAJORITY GROUP
one or more groups who actively discriminate against minority groups
ROLE STRAIN
one social position. The roles that belong to that position conflict with one another. For example, a student has to study for two exams that are given on the same day. The social position is a student. The student has a role or a set of behaviors for each class that they are taking.
POLYANDRY
one woman, two or more men
Those with greater division of labor show an interdependence called
organic solidarity
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and opened Pandora's box (how do you give everyone the same opportunity to use the same facilities, when there is a limited number of spaces?).
The most crucial agents of socialization in teaching gender roles in the United States are
parents.
Resocialization
particularly effective when it occurs within total institution.
ROLES
patterns of behavior associated with a distinctive status (social position)
PETER PRINCIPLE
people rise to their level of incompetence
Baumrind is a critic of
permissive socialization because it doesn't teach society's rules and regulations and/or the consequences of following or not following them and repressive socialization because it doesn't teach children to stand on their own feet and make decisions of their own; only teaches them to respond to an authority figure who makes decisions for them.
PHYSICAL SYMBOL
physical objects (flag, cross, wedding ring) that represent something else
Segregation
physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events
Charles Darwin
pioneering work in biological evolution contributed to nineteenth-century theories of social change. According to his approach, there has been a continuing progression of successive life forms.
As the primary agents of socialization parents
play a critical role in guiding children into those gender roles deemed appropriate in a society.
THE PLAY STAGE
playing the role of others; imitates entire role; doesn't recognize responsibilities and obligations
Ogburn
pointed out that one cannot devise methods for controlling and utilizing new technology before the introduction of a technique, and that nonmaterial culture typically must respond to changes in material culture.
Sociologist Robin Williams
points out that better-educated people tend to have greater access to information, to hold more diverse opinions, and to possess the ability to make subtle distinctions in analysis
Socialization
process through which people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate for members of a particular culture.
The meaning people attach to the physical differences between races gives social significance to race
producing stereotypes.
Contemporary feminists recognize the differential treatment of some women not only because of their gender, but also because of their
race ethnicity socioeconomic status.
Racial profiling is any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on
race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior.
Types of minorities
racial national (ethnic) age religious sex (male/female) sexual orientation (heterosexual/homosexual) language (BILINGUALISM)
Forms of ethnocentrism
racism, sexism, ageism, nationalism, etc.
Social change comes from
redefining or reconstructing social reality.
prejudice
refers to a negative attitude toward an entire category of people
hidden curriculum
refers to standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools For example, children must not speak until the teacher calls on them and must regulate their activities according to the clock or the bell
Relative deprivation
refers to the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities?
SOCIALIZATION
refers to the learning of expectations, habits, skills, values, beliefs, and other requirements for effective participation in social groups; refers to the learning of culture.
Cultural lag
refers to the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions.
Resource mobilization
refers to the ways in which a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel?
Social interaction
refers to the ways in which people respond to one another.
Ageism
reflects a deep uneasiness about growing old on the part of younger people.
FATALISTIC SUICIDE
related to the powerlessness that people feel when their lives are regulated to an intolerable extent. (TOTAL INSTITUTIONS: A term coined by Erving Goffman to refer to institutions which regulate all aspects of a person's life under a single authority, such as prisons, mental hospitals, and senior citizens' nursing homes). Once again, excessive integration.
interactionists deviance
results from exposure to attitudes that are favorable to criminal acts (differential association ).
the human relations approach emphasizes
role of people, communications, and participation
In what he called the play stage of socialization, George Herbert Mead asserted that people mentally assume the perspectives of others, thereby enabling them to respond from that imagined viewpoint. This process is referred to as
role taking.
EXOGAMY
rules that dictate that one must get married outside of certain specified groups (e.g., getting married outside of one's sexual group and one's family); enforced by social custo and, frequently, law.
ENDOGAMY
rules that dictate that one must get married within certain specified groups (e.g., getting married within one's race, religion, ethnic background, socioeconomic status-SES, neighborhood, etc); enforced by family and friends; not by law.
Conflict theory question
s Who has the power? 2) How did they get the power? 3) How do they maintain the power? 4) Who benefits from this power? 5) Who is harmed by the power? c. Societies are settings within which the conflicts of life are carried out Societies are in a constant state of social change Conflict implies tension, hostility, competition, and disagreement over goals and values
If we fail to respect and obey social norms, we may face punishment through informal or formal
sanctions
lack of achievement motivation
see Erik Erikson
The feminist perspective, which is often allied with the conflict perspective
sees inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization.
DE FACTO SEGREGATION
segregation that is based on residential segregation; if a community is segregated than institutions, such as schools, that only serve that community will also be segregated.
Religion and the state
shape the socialization process by regulating the life course and influencing our views of appropriate behaviors at particular ages.
In the culture of the United States
significant events such as marriage and parenthood serve to change a person's status.
ENDOMORPHS
skinny, nervous, introverted (Olive Oyl)
MODIFIED EXTENDED FAMILY
social and emotional and financial ties without geographic proximity William Goode
Melvin Kohn
social class and child rearing; what is the difference between social classes -- how are they defined? Sociologists use SES (Socioeconomic Status): an individual's social status is determined by how much money they have and numerous social characteristics (i.e., where did they go to school -- ivy league or state college -- and how much did they complete, where do they go on vacation, what kind of car do they drive, in what restaurants do they eat, where do they buy what kinds of clothes, etc.)
Society brings about acceptance of basic norms through techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior. This process is termed
social control
Which of the following theories contends that criminal victimization increases when communal relationships and social institutions break down?
social disorganization theory
CULTURE
social heritage; the way of life of a group of people, the totality of learned behavior, the complex of beliefs, rituals, customs, laws, and knowledge passed on from one generation to the next.
. According to Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of Development
social interaction is the key to psychological development.
ASCRIBED STATUS
social position is assigned -- usually at birth (however, an ascribed status is assigned to people who are old -- therefore, focus on "assigned" and not "birth")
ACHIEVED STATUS
social position is earned ascribed status at birth
the primary source of conformity and obedience, including obedience to law.
socialization
Labeling theory is also called
societal reaction
MECHANICAL SOCIETY
societies that are held together by their shared knowledge, experience, and lifestyles (small societies, or sub-sets, such as the Amish).
Civilization and its Discontents
society and individual are at conflict with one another. We want to fulfill our basic drives but society frustrates us by establishing rules and regulations that inhibit our behavior
ENDOMORPHS
soft, fat, round, extroverted (Santa Claus)
Language includes
speech, written characters, numerals, and symbols, as well as gestures and other forms of nonverbal communication
Freud Focus on PHALLIC STAGE (Third State of his theory -- preceded by oral and anal stages);
stage is from 3-6 years of age
PRESTIGE
status groups are people who share a similar social identity based on similar lifestyle patterns of consumption (denotes the possession of attributes that are regarded as admirable and perhaps enviable by people in a specific social setting.
five basic elements of social structure:
statuses, social roles, groups, social networks, and social institutions.
Role strain
strain The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations.
The value-added model outlines six determinants of collective behavior
structural conduciveness, structural strain, generalized belief, a precipitating factor, mobilization of participants for action, and the operation of social control
STATUS
structural term denoting an individuals position in society
Robert Merton contributions to sociology include
successfully combining theory and research. producing a theory that is one of the most frequently cited explanations of deviant behavior. an attempt to bring macro-level and micro-level analyses together.
Schools perform a variety of latent functions
such as transmitting culture, promoting social and political integration, and maintaining social control
ALTRUISTIC SUICIDE
suicide that develops from an excessive amount of group integration; willingness to sacrifice one's life for the good of the group or cause to which they belong. Too much integration may be as bad as too little integration.
THEORY OF DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION or the CULTURAL TRANSMISSION THEORY
symbolic interactionist theory, criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other people in a process of communication in intimate groups Differential associations may vary in frequency: how often duration: how long priority: early childhood behavior tends to persist Intensity: meaningfulness d. Manchild in the Promised Land by Claude Brown, and Makes Me Wanna Holler by Nathan McCall 1) Good examples of how deviance is learned through interaction with one's peer group
are gestures, objects, and/or words that form the basis of human communication.
symbols
While the findings of sociologists may at times seem like common sense, they differ because they rest on
systematic analysis of facts
Much of our social behavior
takes place in groups
Charter schools / experimental schools
that are developed and managed by individuals, groups of parents, or an educational management organization—are one of several recent attempts to reform the public school system in the United States. Although charter schools are popular with parents, research shows that about a third of them do worse than the public schools they replaced.
Conflict theorists argue
that both the disengagement and the activity perspectives often ignore the impact of social class in the lives of elderly people.
Erving Goffman has shown
that in many of our daily activities, we try to convey distinct impressions of who we are, a process he called impression management.
The conflict perspective assumes
that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups.
Some norms are so important to a society
that they are formalized into laws.
Deviance Behavior
that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
the "separate but equal" decision; permitted de jure segregation; if a community provided schools for both White and Black students those schools could be separate and segregated; that was considered "equal treatment under the law".
Social Power
the ability to make decisions that effect other people's lives
Personal Power
the ability to make decisions that effect the course of one's life
Intimacy
the ability to share with and care about others without the fear of losing oneself in the process
the I
the acting self; represents the self insofar as it is free; has initiative, novelty, and uniqueness; spontaneous; creative; because of our different social experiences
SOCIAL CONTROL
the application of sanctions (rewards and/or punishments) to ensure that members abide by the group norms b. perform required roles in a prescribed manner c. coordinate their activities in such a way that group goals can be achieved d. external pressures on individuals to conform: 1) informal social control mechanisms: primary groups (family, teachers, boss) 2) formal social control mechanisms: secondary groups (police, judges, prison guards, lawyers)
Betty Friedan
the author of the pioneering argument for women's rights, The Feminine Mystique
Patterns of ASSIMILATION
the blending together of groups
Ferdinand Tönnies distinguished
the close-knit community of Gemeinschaft from the impersonal mass society known as Gesellschaft.
Viewed from functionalist
the combination of skilled technology and management provided by multinationals and the relatively cheap labor available in developing nations is ideal for a global enterprise.
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that schools in the United States foster competition through built-in systems of reward and Punishment
the conflict perspective
Working together as computer programmers for an electronics firm, a Hispanic woman an a Jewish man overcome their initial prejudices and come to appreciate each other's strengths and talents. This scenario is an example of
the contact hypothesis.
As more and more mothers of young children have entered the labor market
the demand for child care has increased dramatically, posing policy questions for many nations around the world.
ROLE THEORY
the descriptive analysis of the forms, content, and function of roles in our society
In the 20th century
the discipline of sociology was indebted to the U.S. sociologists Charles Horton Cooley and Robert Merton, as well as to the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu.
Which social institution is considered to be the most important agent of socialization in the United States, especially for children
the family
Important agents of socialization include
the family, schools, peer groups, the mass media, the workplace, religious institutions, and the state.
Generativity
the feeling that one is making a significant contribution, that one is guiding new generations either directly or indirectly; a parent, working for a better society, or a mentor
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that the common identity and social integration fostered by education contribute to overall societal stability and consensus
the functionalist perspective
symptomatic of institutional
the government, the armed forces, large corporations, the media, universities, and the medical establishment—are controlled by men.
The formal norms of a culture will carry
the heaviest sanctions; informal norms will carry light sanctions.
With the Industrial Revolution, a new form of social structure emerged
the industrial society
Symbolic interactionism is
the interaction that takes place between people through the use of a system of commonly shared symbols
The teacher-expectancy effect is most closely associated with
the interactionist perspective
REALITY
the interpretation that we place on evidence of our senses. People in different cultures may interpret that reality very differently; Reality is what we think it is. It is created and modified through human experience.
the ME
the part of the self that is an organization of the internalized attitudes of others; social control is present to the extent that the "Me" controls the "I"
According to child psychologist Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development, children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas during which stage in the development of the thought process
the preoperational stage
trust will depend on
the quality of care the child receives in meeting their human needs -- the better the care the more trusting, the worse the care the more mistrusting
labeling theory is
the recognition that some people are viewed as deviant, while others who engage in the same behavior are not.
This module examines
the relationship between conformity and mechanisms of social control.
a. IDEAL ROLE
the rights and obligations belonging to a social position
The dominant ideology of a culture is
the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.
MELTING POT THEORY (AMALGAMATION)
the social, cultural, and biological merging of groups to create a new race ("Americans")
Diffusion
the spread of cultural items from one place to another
NORMS:
the standards by which specific human acts are approved or condemned
Which of the following statements about values is correct?
the values of a culture may change, but most remain relatively stable during any one person's lifetime.
Social structure refers to
the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
PROLETARIAT
the workers, poor, exploited by bourgeoisie
The electra complex is resolved when
the young woman finds a man who's penis she can possess. She is then either physically complete or she has the power (symbolically) that she was missing.
is a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior
theory
Based on false stereotypes of certain racial and ethnic groups
thepractice is not an effective way to fight crime.
Sampling Techniques (Nielsen surveys, consumer surveys at shopping malls, and election surveys
they vary tremendously in accuracy, purpose, and methodology)
SIGNIFICANT OTHERS
those people with whom you have close personal relationships
Socialization proceeds
throughout the life course
INTEGRATION
to blend fully the culture and social organization of the incoming group and the dominant society; give and take process (both groups change)
INCORPORATION
to blend fully the culture and social organization of the incoming group and the dominant society; one-sided; minority group must give up their way of life and accept the majority group's way of life
Sometimes, through color-blind racism, prejudiced people try to use the principle of racial neutrality
to defend a racially unequal status quo.
Physician Robert Butler coined the term ageism
to refer to prejudice and discrimination based on a person's age.
Other interactionists attribute increases in crime and deviance
to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions, such as the family, school, church, and local government ( social disorganization theory ).
Elliot Liebow solution
to the poverty problem is not to change the values of the poor, but the conditions of neglect, exploitation, and racism that create poverty.
Max Weber identified three ideal types of authority
traditional, rational-legal, and charismatic
The most basic manifest function of education is
transmitting knowledge
Mechanical societies do four things
try to stay in equilibrium - highly protective of all those things that they share in common value conformity Deviance is quickly and sharply repressed members of the group are interdependent because of the common bonds and habits that they all share
NUCLEAR FAMILY
two adults and their children (heterosexual or homosexual) 7% of all nuclear families have the mother home and the father working
GROUP MARRIAGE
two or more men who are married to two or more women at the same time. Usually occurs on communes. The Oneida Community was an example from 1840-1880.
ROLE CONFLICT
two or more social positions. the roles for one position conflict with the roles for one or more other positions. A man may have a position or status in their family, at work, and at school, where they are a student. They may miss class because they have to stay late at work, or because they have an important family function to attend.
GEMEINSCHAFT
types of relationships found in villages; close, intimate, overlapping and stable; communal society; people born into it; feel they belong together because they are of the same kind
GESELLSCHAFT
types of relationships in cities; pursuit of self-interest; impersonal attachments, efficiency, progress, associational society; all the major social bonds are voluntary and are based upon the rational pursuit of self-interest; weakening of traditional bonds.
Sociologists have identified five basic properties of a minority group
unequal treatment and physical traits ascribed status
DISCRIMINATION
unfair or unequal treatment that is accorded to people or groups; an action
Function of ethnocentrism
unites groups of people; self-esteem;
c. Adult socialization
unlike Freud, he believed that adult experiences could modify the human personality, but not too much
stereotype
unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group
Marx believed that the middle class would
vanish (an error) the middle class became the largest class and gave workers the hope that they could realistically climbed the socio-economic ladder.
Émile Durkheim's research on suicide suggested that
verstehen
Feminists contend that prostitution and some forms of pornography are not
victimless crimes
matrix of domination
was coined by feminist theorist Patricia Hill Collins to describe the convergence of social forces that contributes to the subordinate status of poor, non-White women.
ROLE MODELS
we pattern our behavior on individuals who we have seen successfully filling a role that we wish to take. For example, your parents and teachers may be role models for you.
The thinkers who founded the discipline of sociology and developed it in the 19th and 20th centuries
were reacting to the social world in which they lived.
People shape their social reality based on
what they learn through social interactions.
3. EGOISTIC SUICIDE
when an individual is only weakly attached to the social order; has few or weak rules and regulations, but is aware of those rules and regulations. In other words, an individual is a member of a group that gives them more freedom and less rules and regulations than members of another group.
FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS
when the downtrodden masses (proletariat) believes the negative statements made about them by the bourgeoisie
1) Oedipal complex is resolved
when the young man finds a woman a love object other than his mother, as the result of dating. He is now no longer in competition with his father for the love and affection of his mother and he therefore no longer fears castration.
Consumer fraud, bribery, and income tax evasion are considered
white collar
Nineteenth-century thinkers
who contributed sociological insights included Auguste Comte, a French philosopher; Harriet Martineau, an English sociologist; and Herbert Spencer, an English scholar.
Émile Durkheim
who pioneered work on suicide
primary group
who we find ourselves identifying closely with a group
The formal norms of a culture
will carry the heaviest sanctions; informal norms will carry light sanctions.
The interactionist perspective is concerned primarily
with fundamental or everyday forms of interaction including symbols and other types of nonverbal communication.
Through the rise of contemporary feminism
women are developing a greater sense of group solidarity.
Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales contend that
women take the expressive emotionally supportive role in the family and that men take instrumental practical role, with the two complementing each other.
PARKINSON'S LAW
work expands to fill the time that is available
The scientific management approach to management considers
workers to be economic resources.
countercultures are typical in people who have the least investment in the existing culture.
young
simple to more complex forms of social organization.
Émile Durkheim contended that societies progressed from
SUICIDE
Émile Durkheim developed four different types of suicide that are based on group, not individual characteristics. An individual's chances of committing suicide are related to social integration, which provides or does not provide a support network.
