Chapter 16

In arguing for the continuation of slavery after 1830, southerners A) placed themselves in opposition to much of the rest of the Western world. B) were in opposition to the North but on the side of the Western world. C) failed to compare slaves with the northern factory worker. D) allowed considerable dissent in the South. E) aligned themselves with leading European intellectuals.

A

Perhaps the slave's greatest psychological horror, and the theme of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, was A) the enforced separation of slave families. B) slaveowners' frequent use of the whip. C) the breeding of slaves. D) having to do the most dangerous work on the plantation. E) forcible sexual assault by slaveowners.

A

The plantation system of the Cotton South was A) increasingly monopolistic. B) efficient at utilizing natural resources. C) financially stable. D) attractive to European immigrants. E) unable to expand westward.

A

The profitable southern slave system A) hobbled the economic development of the region as a whole. B) saw many slaves moving to the upper South. C) led to the textile industry's development in the South first. D) relied almost totally on importing slaves to meet the unquenchable demand for labor. E) enabled the South to afford economic and educational progress.

A

Those in the North who opposed the abolitionists believed that these opponents of slavery A) were creating disorder in America. B) were defending the American way of life. C) deserved the right to speak freely. D) had turned their backs on religion. E) were undermining fundamental American beliefs.

A

MULTIPLE ANSWERS After 1830, the abolitionist movement took a new, more energetic tone, encouraged by the a. success of the British abolitionists in having slavery abolished in the British West Indies. b. religious spirit of the Second Great Awakening. c. success of the American Colonization Society. d. success of several southern slave insurrections. e. widespread support for antislavery action in the North.

A B

MULTIPLE ANSWERS Even those who did not own slaves in the pre-Civil War South supported that institution because they a. dreamed of one day owning slaves themselves. b. presumed themselves racially superior to black slaves. c. were always economically better off than slaves. d. were closely related to people who did own slaves. e. benefited from the economic growth of the region.

A B

MULTIPLE ANSWERS Slaves were a. regarded primarily as financial investments by their owners. b. the primary form of wealth in the South. c. profitable for their owners. d. often bred like cattle. e. denied any kind of family life.

A B C

MULTIPLE ANSWERS The pre-Civil War South was characterized by a. a well-developed martial spirit. b. the lack of free, tax-supported public education. c. a widening gap between rich and poor. d. a ruling planter aristocracy. e. a growing hostility to free speech and a free press.

A B C D E

Arrange the following in chronological order: the founding of the (A) American Colonization Society, (B) American Anti-Slavery Society, (C) Liberty party.

A, B, C

Match each abolitionist below with his role in the movement. A. Wendell Phillips 1. abolitionist martyr B. Frederick Douglass 2. black abolitionist C. Elijah P. Lovejoy 3. abolitionist golden trumpet D. William Lloyd Garrison 4. abolitionist newspaper publisher

A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4

By 1860, slaves were concentrated in the "black belt" located in the A) border states of Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland. B) Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. C) old South states of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. D) new Southwest states of Texas, Arkansas, and Indian Territory. E) mountain regions of Tennessee, West Virginia, and Kentucky.

B

Members of the planter aristocracy A) produced fewer front-rank statesmen than the North. B) dominated society and politics in the South. C) provided democratic rule in the South. D) promoted tax-supported public education. E) kept up with developments in modern thought.

B

Most slaves were raised A) without the benefit of a stable home life. B) in stable two-parent households. C) never knowing anything about their relatives. D) not to display their African cultural roots. E) without religion.

B

Regarding work assignments, slaves were A) given some of the most dangerous jobs. B) generally spared dangerous work. C) given the same jobs as Irish laborers. D) usually given skilled rather than menial jobs. E) generally supervised in small groups.

B

Slaves fought the system of slavery in all of the following ways except by A) slowing down the work pace. B) refusing to get an education. C) sabotaging expensive equipment. D) pilfering goods that their labor had produced. E) running away when possible.

B

The majority of southern whites owned no slaves because A) they opposed slavery. B) they could not afford the purchase price. C) their urban location did not require them. D) their racism would not allow them to work alongside African Americans. E) they feared the possibility of slave revolts.

B

MULTIPLE ANSWERS Before the Civil War, free blacks a. were far more numerous in the North than in the South. b. were often the mulatto offspring of white fathers and black mothers. c. were often forbidden basic civil rights. d. found their greatest friends and sympathizers in poor Irish immigrants. e. were disliked in the North as well as the South.

B C E

MULTIPLE ANSWERS Cotton became important to the prosperity of the North as well as the South because a. about two-thirds of the southern cotton crop was sold to New England textile mills. b. northern merchants handled the shipping of southern cotton. c. cotton accounted for about half the value of all United States exports after 1840. d. northern farmers profited from selling their foodstuffs to feed southern slaves. e. northern investors controlled the cotton futures markets.

B,C

As a result of the introduction of the cotton gin, A) fewer slaves were needed on the plantations. B) short-staple cotton lost popularity. C) slavery was reinvigorated. D) Thomas Jefferson predicted the gradual death of slavery. E) the African slave trade was legalized.

C

As their main crop, southern subsistence farmers raised A) cotton. B) tobacco. C) corn. D) rice. E) sugar cane.

C

By the mid-nineteenth century, A) most southerners owned slaves. B) the smaller slaveholders owned a majority of the slaves. C) most slaves lived on large plantations. D) slavery was a dying institution. E) southerners were growing defensive about slavery.

C

Forced separation of spouses, parents, and children was most common A) in the Deep South. B) on the large plantations. C) on small plantations and in the upper South. D) in the decade before the Civil War. E) as a punishment for running away.

C

The great increase of the slave population in the first half of the nineteenth century was largely due to A) the reopening of the African slave trade in 1808. B) larger imports of slaves from the West Indies. C) natural reproduction. D) re-enslavement of free blacks. E) the deliberate "breeding" of slaves by plantation owners.

C

The voice of white southern abolitionism fell silent at the beginning of the A) 1790s. B) 1820s. C) 1830s. D) 1840s. E) 1850s.

C

Which one of the following has least in common with the other four? A) Nat Turner B) David Walker C) John Quincy Adams D) Denmark Vesey E) Gabriel

C

__________ said the following quote, "I think we must get rid of slavery or we must get rid of freedom." A) Jefferson Davis B) John C. Calhoun C) Ralph Waldo Emerson D) Abraham Lincoln E) Andrew Johnson

C

In the pre-Civil War South, the most uncommon and least successful form of slave resistance was A) feigned laziness. B) sabotage of plantation equipment. C) running away. D) armed insurrection. E) stealing food and other goods.

D

Many abolitionists turned to political action in 1840 when they backed the presidential candidate of the A) Free Soil party. B) Republican party. C) Know-Nothing party. D) Liberty party. E) Anti-Mason party.

D

Plantation mistresses A) had little contact with slaves. B) primarily controlled male slaves. C) frequently supported abolitionism. D) commanded a sizable household staff of mostly female slaves. E) were almost universally loved by their slaves.

D

Some southern slaves gained their freedom as a result of A) the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade after 1807. B) purchase by northern abolitionists. C) fleeing to mountain hideaways. D) purchasing their way out of slavery. E) the objection to slaveholding by some white women.

D

All of the following were weaknesses of the slave plantation system except that A) it relied on a one-crop economy. B) it repelled a large-scale European immigration. C) it stimulated racism among poor whites. D) it created an aristocratic political elite. E) its land continued to remain in the hands of the small farmers.

E

As a result of white southerners' brutal treatment of their slaves and their fear of potential slave rebellions, the South A) formed alliances with white imperialists in Africa. B) adopted British attitudes toward the "peculiar institution." C) emancipated many slaves. D) shed its image as a reactionary backwater. E) developed a theory of biological racial superiority.

E

By 1860, life for slaves was most difficult in the A) Atlantic states of North and South Carolina. B) Deep South states of Georgia and Florida. C) territories of Kansas, Nebraska, and New Mexico. D) upper South states of Virginia and Maryland. E) newer states of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

E

For free blacks living in the North, A) living conditions were nearly equal to those for whites. B) voting rights were widespread. C) good jobs were plentiful. D) education opened the door to economic opportunity. E) discrimination was common.

E

Most white southerners were A) planter aristocrats. B) small slaveowners. C) merchants and artisans. D) "poor white trash." E) subsistence farmers.

E

Northern attitudes toward free blacks can best be described as A) supporting their right to full citizenship. B) disliking the race but liking individual blacks. C) advocating black movement into the new territories. D) politically sympathetic but socially segregationist. E) disliking the individuals but liking the race.

E

Plantation agriculture was wasteful largely because A) it relied mainly on artificial means to fertilize the soil. B) it required leaving cropland fallow every other year. C) excessive water was used for irrigation. D) it was too diversified, thus taking essential nutrients from the soil. E) its excessive cultivation of cotton despoiled good land.

E

The idea of recolonizing blacks back to Africa was A) proposed by William Lloyd Garrison. B) proposed as part of the 14th Amendment. C) advocated by Frederick Douglass. D) suggested by the African nation of Liberia. E) supported by the black leader Martin Delaney.

E

The most pro-Union of the white southerners were A) plantation owners. B) mountain whites. C) small slaveowners. D) nonslaveowning subsistence farmers. E) people with northern economic interests.

E

William Lloyd Garrison pledged his dedication to A) shipping freed blacks back to Africa. B) outlawing the slave trade. C) preventing the expansion of slavery beyond the South. D) forming an antislavery political party. E) the immediate abolition of slavery in the South.

E

All told, only about _____ of white southerners owned slaves or belonged to a slaveholding family. A) 1/4 B) 1/3 C) 1/2 D) 2/3 E) 3/4

A

German and Irish immigration to the South was discouraged by A) competition with slave labor. B) southern anti-Catholicism. C) Irish antislavery groups. D) immigration barriers enacted by southern states. E) their inability to tolerate the hot climate.

A

MULTIPLE ANSWERS The South's "positive good" argument for slavery claimed that a. slavery was supported by the authority of both the Bible and the Constitution. b. slavery was good for the barbarous Africans because enslavement introduced them to Christianity. c. slaves benefited from receiving education and job training. d. slaves were usually treated as members of the family. e. slaves were better off than most northern wage earners.

A B D E

MULTIPLE ANSWERS After 1830, most people in the North a. held that the Constitution sanctioned slavery. b. were generally indifferent toward slavery or its expansion. c. were alarmed by the radicalism of abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison. d. quickly rallied to the support of proponents of immediate abolition. e. believed that Christianity and slavery were incompatible.

A C

MULTIPLE ANSWERS The South became the Cotton Kingdom in the early nineteenth century because of a. Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin. b. the new profitability of short-staple cotton. c. the opening of rich river bottomlands in the Gulf Coast states. d. the stabilization of the South's economy through crop diversification. e. the growth of textile production in the region.

A,B,C

Match each abolitionist below with his publication. A. William Lloyd Garrison 1. the Appeal B. Theodore Dwight Weld 2. The Liberator C. Frederick Douglass 3. Narration of the Life of... D. David Walker 4. American Slavery as It Is

A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1

Most slaves in the South were owned by A) industrialists. B) mountain whites. C) plantation owners. D) small farmers. E) subsistence farmers.

C

Plantation agriculture A) led to a slow return on investments. B) remained diverse until the Civil War. C) was economically unstable and wasteful. D) discouraged immigration to the West. E) encouraged southern democracy.

C

MULTIPLE ANSWERS The slave culture was characterized by a. the breakdown of black family life. b. frequent intermarriage between slaves who were close relatives. c. a hybrid religion of Christian and African elements. d. widespread illiteracy among slaves. e. subtle forms of resistance to slavery

C D E

All the following were true of the American economy under Cotton Kingdom except A) cotton accounted for half the value of all American exports after 1840. B) the South produced more than half the entire world's supply of cotton. C) 75% of the British supply of cotton came from the South. D) quick profits from cotton drew planters to its economic enterprise. E) the South reaped all the profits from the cotton trade.

D

As a substitute for the wage-incentive system, slaveowners most often used the A) promise of eventual freedom. B) reward of some legal rights. C) right to hold private property. D) whip as a motivator. E) threat of death.

D

"Varying Viewpoints" notes that Ulrich B. Phillips made certain claims about slavery that have been challenged in recent years. Which of the following is not one of his conclusions? A) Slaves were racially inferior. B) Slavery was a dying economic institution. C) Planters treated their slaves with kindly paternalism. D) Slaves were passive by nature and did not abhor slavery. E) Slavery was comparable to the Nazi concentration camps.

E

All of the following were true of slavery in the South except that A) slave life on the frontier was harder than that of life in the more settled areas. B) a distinctive African American slave culture developed. C) a typical planter had too much of his own prosperity riding on the backs of his slaves to beat them on a regular basis. D) by 1860 most slaves were concentrated in the "black belt" of the Deep South. E) most slaves were raised in single unstable parent households.

E