chapter 16 Review

Arrange the phrases from left to right to create the correct pathway for the neurohormone ADH from synthesis to release. Not all phrases will be used.

1. ADH synthesis in Supraoptic neurons 2. Transport in tract in infundibulum 3. Storage in axon termini in posterior pituitary 4. Action potentials arrive at the axon terminals Release into blood.

Events of Second Messenger Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism

1. Water-soluble hormone binds receptor 2.Receptor activates G protein 3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase 4. adenylate cyclase generate cAMP 5. cAMP activates protein kinases

At which point does the hormone bind to its intracellular receptor? Determine the receptor-hormone complex. Select from letters A-D.

A

Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made? Select from letters A-D

A

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances usually results from deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids?

Addison disease

What is the target organ of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)? Select from letters A-D.

Anterior Pituitary

What is the target organ of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)? Select from letters A-D

C

Autocrines are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood throughout the body.

False

The anatomical effects of acromegaly can usually be reversed by surgically removing the tumor from the anterior pituitary

False

The anterior pituitary is known as the "master endocrine gland" because it controls the hypothalamus.

False

Endocrinology involves the study of the endocrine organs and

Hormones

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells

Which of the following is NOT a purely endocrine organ?

Kidney

Supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus

Nuclei located in a more inferior location that synthesizes mainly the neurohormone ADH

Paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus:

Nuclei located in a more superior location that synthesizes mainly the neurohormone oxytocin

As blood levels of __________ rise, the expulsive contractions of labor gain momentum and finally end in birth.

Oxytocin

In which of the following mechanisms of hormone action do intracellular calcium ions act as a final mediator?

PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism

Axon termini of posterior pituitary:

Stores neurohormones ADH and oxytocin and site of release of nuerohormones into the blood capillary supplied by the inferior hypophyseal artery.

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?

Synergism

Conclusion/Synthesis: Hypothalamus and Pituitary Interactions

Synthesi 1. Hypothalamic neurons secrete hormones, RHs or IHs 2. Hypothalamic hormones move into primary capillary plexus. 3. Hypothalamic hormones flow in blood through portal veins 4. Stimulation or inhibition of hormone secretion by anterior Pituitary. 5. Hormones secreted into secondary plexus Release into blood.

Which of the following occurs within a negative feedback system?

Target organ effects inhibit further hormone release.

Which of the following is NOT a property of endocrine glands?

They have ducts.

Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

True

Major hormones circulate to virtually all tissues.

True

The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the anterior pituitary, which has traditionally been called the "master endocrine gland."

True

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?

adenoid, gland

Which of the following hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What is the primary function of hormones?

alter cell activity The primary function of hormones is to alter cell activity by altering plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential, stimulating synthesis of enzymes or regulating molecules, activating or deactivating enzymes, inducing secretory activity, or stimulating mitosis.

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, the interaction is called

antagonism

What gland secretes growth hormone?

anterior pituitary (lobe)

Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by

binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex

hypophyseal portal veins

blood vessels of hypophyseal portal system that join two capillary beds

At what point does the receptor-hormone complex bind to DNA? Select from letters A-D.

c

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in

cAMP in the cytoplasm

Steroid hormones are synthesized from?

cholesterol

Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones?

enzymatic

Which of the following hormones stimulates gamete (sperm or egg) production?

follicle-stimulating hormone

Which of the following stimulate(s) most body cells to increase in size and divide?

growth hormone

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism (individual in the center of this image)?

growth hormone (GH)

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary (lobe)?

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Which of the following is NOT one of the areas in which thyroid hormone (TH) plays an important role?

helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones?

hormonal stimul

Which of the following conditions, if left untreated, progresses to respiratory paralysis and death?

hypoparathyroidism

Hyperprolactinemia may be caused by

hyposecretion of dopamine

A blow to the head may cause diabetes insipidus by ______.

interfering with the normal transmission of ADH to the posterior pituitary via the axons of hypothalamic neurons

acromegaly

is a disorder in which there is too much growth hormone and the body tissues gradually enlarge. Growth hormone secretion is stimulated by GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone).

Any given hormone will influence the activity of

its target cells

Hypothalamus neurons

location of synthesis of releasing hormones (RH), like GHRH, TRH, CRH, GnRH; or inhibiting hormones (IH) like GHIH, PIH

The cells found within the parathyroid glands that secrete parathyroid hormone are called

parathyroid cells

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of stimuli to trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormones?

permissive stimuli

is the situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present.

permissiveness

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.

phosphodiesterase

Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling?

phosphodiesterase

What is the role of activated protein kinases?

phosphorylate proteins

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances results from hyposecretion of growth hormone?

pituitary dwarfism

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to

plasma membrane receptors

Acromegaly may be caused by all EXCEPT which of the following

positive feedback by GH (growth hormone) on the anterior pituitary

Which of the following hormones mainly serves to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

prolactin (PL)

Primary capillary plexus

site into which releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones are secreted

Secondary capillary plexus

site that receives the blood and hormones from the primary plexus and into which hormones like GH, TSH, and ACTH are secreted

superior hypophyseal artery

supplies the primary plexus

What amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method illustrated in this image?

thyroxine

Tract in infundibulum:

transports neurohormones to termini in posterior pituitary/hypophysis.

Hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands are called

tropins