Chapter 16 Study Guide Final Exam

Systematic Desensitization

form of exposure therapy used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders by exposing a person to the feared object or situation through a stimulus hierarchy

Albert Ellis

founder of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy(RET)

Antipsychotics

- Developed in the 1950s -Used to treat schizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders. - Brand Names: Haldol, Mellaril, Prolixin, Thorazine - Treat positive psychotic symptoms such as auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia by blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine. - Long term use can lead to tardive dyskinesia, involuntary movements of the arms, legs, tongue, and facial muscles, resulting in Parkinson's like tremors.

Atypical Antipsychotics

- Developed in the late 1980s - Used to treat schizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders. - Brand names: Abilify, Risperdal, Clozaril - Treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as withdrawal and apathy, by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors; newer medications may treat both positive and negative symptoms. - Can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness.

Anti- anxiety agents

- Used to treat anxiety and agitation that occur in OCD, PTSD, panic disorder, and social phobia. - Brand names: Xanax, Valium, Ativan. - Depress central nervous system activity. - Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, fatigue, lightheadedness.

Anti- depressants

- Used to treat depression and increasingly for anxiety. - Brand names: Paxil, prozac, zoloft ( selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs), Tofranil and Elavil ( tricyclics). - Alter levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine. - SSRIs: headache, nausea, weight gain, drowsiness, reduced sex drive Tricyclics: dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness, reduced sex drive, increased risk of suicide.

Philippe Pinel

-A French physician -In the late 1700s, argued for more humane treatment of the mentally ill. - Suggested that they be unchained and talked to, and that's just what he did for patients at La Salpetriere in Paris in 1795. Patients benefited from this more humane treatment, and many were able to leave the hospital.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

-19% of U.S. adults experienced mental illness in 2012. -Current estimates suggest that 13% experience mental illness in a given year.

Korean- Americans

-462 older (over the age of 60) many participants reported suffering from depressive symptoms. 71% indicated they thought depression was a sign of personal weakness, and 14% reported that having a mentally ill family member would bring shame to the family. -Attitudes toward mental health services, it was found that there were non speaking mental health professionals where the study was conducted.

Group therapy

-A clinician meets together with several clients with similar problems. -When children are placed in this therapy , it is particularly important to match clients for age and problems. -One benefit of this therapy is that it can help decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem while offering needed support, both from the therapist and other members of the group. -Has some specific limitations. -Members of the group may be afraid to speak in front of other people because sharing secrets and problems with complete strangers can be stressful and overwhelming. -Another benefit is that members can confront each other about their patterns. -For those with some types of problems such as sexual abusers, group therapy is the recommended treatment. -Sessions with children take place in school. They are led by a school counselor, a school psychologist, or a school social worker. -Groups might focus on test anxiety, social isolation, self- esteem, bullying, or school failure. -Groups are held in school or clinician's offices, group therapy has been found to be effective with children facing numerous kinds of challenges.

Token Economy

-A controlled setting where individuals are reinforced for desirable behaviors with tokens, such as a poker chip, that can be exchanged for items or privileges. -Are often used in psychiatric hospitals to increase patient cooperation and activity levels. -Patients are rewarded with tokens when they engage in positive behaviors (making their beds, brushing their teeth, coming to the cafeteria on time, and socializing with other patients). They can later exchange the tokens for extra Tv time, private rooms, visits to the canteen, and so on.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

-A procedure approved by the FDA in 2008 that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve depression symptoms; it is used when other treatments have not worked. -Once a person seeks treatment whether voluntarily or involuntarily, he has intake done to assess his clinical needs.

Behavior Therapy

-A therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, rather than digging deeply into one's unconscious. -Therapists with this orientation believe that dysfunctional behaviors, like phobias and bedwetting, can be changed by teaching clients new, more constructive behaviors. -Employs both classical and operant conditioning techniques to change behavior. -Utilizes classical conditioning techniques.

Exposure Therapy

-A therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it. -This can be done via reality, imagination, or virtual reality. -Was first reported in 1924 by Mary Cover Jones, who is considered the mother of behavior therapy. She worked with a boy named Peter who was afraid of rabbits. Her goal was to replace Peter's fear of rabbits with a conditioned response of relaxation, which is a response that is incompatible with fear.

Medieval Times

-Abnormal behaviors were viewed as a sign that a person was possessed by demons. If someone was considered to be possessed, there were several forms of treatment to release spirits from the individual. -The most common treatment was exorcism, often conducted by priests or other religious figures: Incantations and prayers were said over the person's body, and she may have been given some medicinal drinks. -Another form of treatment for extreme cases of mental illness was trephining: A small hole was made in the afflicted individual's skull to release spirits from the body. Most people treated in this manner died.

Bureau of Justice Statistics ( BJS)

-According to a 2006, approximately 705,600 mentally ill adults were incarcerated in the state prison system, and another 78,800 were incarcerated in the federal prison system. -A further 479,000 were in local jails. -People with mental illnesses are overrepresented in probation and parole populations at estimated rates ranging from two to four times the general population.

ABC Model

-Action ( sometimes called an activating event) -Belief about the event. -Consequences of this belief.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

-Aims to change cognitive distortions and self defeating behaviors. -This approach is designed to change the way people think as well as how they act. -Hundreds of studies have shown effectiveness in the treatment of numerous psychological disorders such as depression, PTSD, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, bipolar disorder, and substance abuse. -Has been found to be effective in decreasing levels of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts in previously suicidal teenagers. -Has also been effective in reducing PTSD in specific populations, such as transit workers. -Aims to change cognitive distortions and self defeating behaviors using techniques like the ABC model. -Examines specific maladaptive and automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

-Aims to change cognitive distortions and self defeating behaviors. -This approach is designed to change the way people think as well as how they act. -Similar to cognitive therapy in that it attempts to make individuals aware of their irrational and negative thoughts and helps people replace them with new, more positive ways of thinking. -Similar to behavior therapies in that this teaches people how to practice and engage in more positive and healthy approaches to daily situations. -Hundreds of studies have shown effectiveness in the treatment of numerous psychological disorders such as depression, PTSD, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, bipolar disorder, and substance abuse. -Has been found to be effective in decreasing levels of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts in previously suicidal teenagers. -Has also been effective in reducing PTSD in specific populations, such as transit workers. -Aims to change cognitive distortions and self defeating behaviors using techniques like the ABC model. -Examines specific maladaptive and automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions.

Multicultural counseling and therapy

-Aims to offer both a helping role and process that uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of clients. -It strives to recognize client identities to include individual, group, and universal dimensions, advocate the use of universal and culture- specific strategies and roles in the healing process, and balances the importance of individualism and collectivism in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of client and client systems.

Psychotropic Medications

-Medications used to treat psychological disorders. -Are prescribed by medical doctors, including psychiatrists. -In Louisiana and New Mexico psychologists are able to prescribe some types of these medications.

Individual Therapy

-Also known as individual psychotherapy or individual counseling. -The client and clinician meet one on one (usually from 45 minutes to 1 hour). -Typically occur weekly or every other week, and sessions are conducted in a confidential and caring environment. -The clinician will work with clients to help them explore their feelings, work through life challenges, identify aspects of themselves and their lives that they wish to change, and set goals to help them work towards these changes. -A client might see a clinician for only a few sessions, or the client may attend sessions for a year or longer. The amount of time spent in therapy depends on the needs of the client as well as her personal goals.

Cognitive Distortions

-Are all or nothing thinking (common type for people suffering from depression, reflects extremes). -Overgeneralization -Jumping to conclusions (assuming that people are thinking negatively about you or reacting negatively to you, even though there is no evidence).

Virtual Reality Exposure

-By using a simulation to help conquer fears. -Has been used effectively to treat numerous anxiety disorders such as fear of public speaking, claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces), aviophobia (fear of flying), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a trauma and stressor- related disorder.

Psychotherapy

-Can help reduce a person's anxiety, depression, and maladaptive behaviors. -Individuals can learn to engage in healthy behaviors designed to help them better express emotions, improve relationships, think more positively, and perform more effectively at work or school. -Individuals can be prescribed biologically based treatments or psychotropic medications that are used to treat mental disorders.

1963

-Congress passed and John F. Kennedy signed the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Constitution Act, which provided federal support and funding for community mental health centers. This legislation changed how mental health services were delivered in the United States. -It started the process of deinstitutionalization, the closing of large asylums, by providing for people to stay in their communities and be treated locally.

Operant Conditioning Techniques

-Designed to reinforce positive behaviors and punish unwanted behaviors have been an effective tool to help children with autism. This technique is called Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). -In this treatment, child-specific reinforcers ( stickers, praise, candy, bubbles, and extra play time) are used to reward and motivate autistic children when they demonstrate desired behaviors such as sitting on a chair when requested, verbalizing a greeting, or making eye contact. -One popular intervention is called token economy.

Carl Rogers

-Developed a therapeutic orientation known as Rogerian, or client- centered therapy. -Felt that the term patient suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure. This is a form of non directive therapy. -Emphasized the importance of the person taking control of his own life to overcome life's challenges. -Felt that therapists should demonstrate genuineness, empathy, and acceptance toward their clients because this helps people become more accepting of themselves, which results in personal growth.

Sigmund Freud

-Developed psychoanalysis and was the first form of psychotherapy. It was the dominant therapeutic technique in the early 20th century, but it has since waned significantly in popularity. -Believed most of our psychological problems are the result of repressed impulses and trauma experienced in childhood. -Believed psychoanalysis would help uncover long- buried feelings. -In a psychoanalyst's office, you might see a patient lying on a couch speaking of dreams or childhood memories, and the therapist using various Freudian methods such as free association and dream analysis. -Felt that ego would at times try to block, or repress, unacceptable urges or painful conflicts during free association. -Suggested that during psychoanalysis patient- therapist relationship, the patient comes to develop strong feelings for the therapist, maybe positive feelings, maybe negative feelings. He called this transference. -Psychoanalytical perspective had been expanded upon by the developments of subsequent theories and methodologies: the psychodynamic perspective.

Humanistic Psychology/ Therapy

-Focuses on helping people achieve their potential. -The goal of this therapy is to help people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves. -Focus on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts. -Emphasize the patient's present and future, as opposed to exploring the patient's past.

Group Treatment

-For this population is considered to have several benefits; such as it is more economical than individual, couples, or family therapy. -Clients often accept feedback about their behavior more willing from other group members than from therapists. -Clients can practice social skills in group treatment settings.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

-Formerly known by its unscientific name as electroshock therapy. -It involves using an electrical current to induce seizures to help alleviate the effects of severe depression. -It helps alleviate symptoms for people with severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy. -About 85% of people treated with ECT improve.

Strategic Family Therapy

-Goal is to address specific problems within the family that can be dealt with in a relatively short amount of time. -The therapist would guide what happens in the therapy session and design a detailed approach to resolving each member's problem.

Aversive Conditioning

-Has been used effectively for years in the treatment of alcoholism. -One common way this occurs is through a chemically based substance known as Antabuse.

Psychotherapy

-Helps people with psychological disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. -Is a psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth. -In modern practice, it had evolved into what is known as psychodynamic therapy.

Dorothea Dix

-In the 19th century, led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States. -She investigated how those who are mentally ill and poor were cared for. -Discovered an underfunded and unregulated system that perpetuated abuse of this population. -Began lobbying various state legislatures and the U.S. Congress for change. -Her efforts led to the creation of the first mental asylums in the United States.

Couples Therapy

-Involves two people in an intimate relationship who are having difficulties and are trying to resolve them. -The primary therapeutic orientation used in couples may be dating, partnered, engaged, or married. -Meet to discuss conflicts and/or aspects of their relationships that they want to change. -The therapist helps them see how their individual backgrounds, beliefs, and actions are affecting their relationship. -Counseling couples in a high conflict and volatile relationship can be difficult.

Cognitive Therapy

-Is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person's thoughts lead to feelings of distress. -The idea behind this therapy is how you think determines how you feel and act. -These therapists help their clients change dysfunctional thoughts in order to relieve distress. -They help a client see how they misinterpret a situation (cognitive distortion). -Was developed by psychiatrist Aaron Beck in the 1960s. -His focus was on depression and how a client's self- defeating attitude served to maintain a depression despite positive factors in her life. -These therapists focus much more on present issues than on a patient's childhood or past, as in other forms of psychotherapy. -One of the first forms of this therapy was rational emotive therapy (RET), which was founded by Albert Ellis and grew out of his dislike of Freudian psychoanalysis. -Helps clients examine how their thoughts affect their behavior.

Family Therapy

-Is a special form of group therapy, consisting of one or more families. -One of the most predominant is the systems approach. -Family is viewed as an organized system, and each individual within the family is a contributing member who creates and maintains processes within the system that shape behavior. -Goal of this approach is to enhance the growth of each family member as well as that of the family as a whole. -Work with the whole family unit to heal the family.

Psychoanalysis

-Is a therapy approach that typically takes years. -Over the course of time, the patient reveals a great deal about himself to the therapist -Help their patients look into their past to uncover repressed feelings.

Play Therapy

-Is often used with children since they are not likely to sit on a couch and recall their dreams or engage in traditional talk therapy. -Uses a therapeutic process of play to " help clients prevent or resolve psychosocial difficulties and achieve optimal growth. -The idea is that children play out their hopes, fantasies, and traumas while using dolls, stuffed animals, and sandbox figurines. -Can also be used to help a therapist make a diagnosis. -Can be non directive or directive.

Intake

-Is the therapist's first meeting with the client. -The therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs, such as the presenting problem, the client's support system, and insurance status. -The therapist informs the client about confidentiality, fees, and what to expect in treatment. -The therapist and client will work together to discuss treatment goals. Then a treatment plan will be formulated, usually with specific measurable objectives. -The therapist and client will discuss how treatment success will be measured and the estimated length of treatment.

Substance related treatment

-Is to help an addicted person stop compulsive drug- seeking behaviors. This means an addicted person will need long-term treatment, similar to a person battling a chronic physical disease such as hypertension or diabetes. -Usually includes behavioral therapy and/or medication, depending on the individual. Specialized therapies have also been developed for specific types of substance- related disorders, including alcohol, cocaine, and opioids. -Is considered much more cost-effective than incarceration or not treating those with addictions. -Substance abusers are twice as likely to have a mood or anxiety disorder.

Hispanic and African American Women

-It was found that the prevalence rate of anorexia was similar across different races, but that bulimia nervosa was more prevalent. -With these disorders tend to seek and engage in treatment far less than Caucasian women. -Studies suggest ethnic disparities in access to care, as well as clinical and referral practices that may prevent these women from receiving care, which could include lack of bilingual treatment, stigma, fear of not being understood, family privacy, and lack of education about eating disorders. -Study at King's College, London, found many complex reasons why people do not seek treatment: self sufficiency and not seeing the need for help, not seeing therapy as effective, concerns about confidentiality, and many effects of stigma and shame. -Another study, exhibiting depression, was less willing to seek treatment due to fear of possible psychiatric hospitalization as well as fear of the treatment itself. Instead of mental health treatment, many prefer to be self-reliant or use spiritual practices. -People belonging to ethnic groups that already report concerns about prejudice and discrimination are less likely to seek services for a mental illness because they view it as an additional stigma.

Willard Psychiatric Center

-Located at upstate New York -One treatment was to submerge patients in cold baths for long periods of time. -In 1943, Willard administered 1,443 shock treatments. -Willard's doors were not closed until 1995.

Community Mental Health Centers

-Many across the nation. -Located in neighborhoods near the homes of clients. -Provide large numbers of people with mental health services of various kinds and for many kinds of problems. -Centers were underfunded, staff was not trained to handle severe illnesses such as schizophrenia. -There was high staff burnout and no provision was made for the other services people needed, such as housing, food, and job training. Without these supports, those people released under deinstitutionalization often ended up homeless. -Even today, a large portion of the homeless population is considered to be mentally ill. Statistics show that 26% of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness.

Comorbid Disorders

-Means the individual has two or more diagnoses. -Can often be a substance-related diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis, such as depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia. These individuals fall into the category of mentally ill and chemically addicted (MICA) their problems are often chronic and expensive to treat, with limited success.

approximately how many people receive mental health treatment per year

13.4% of adults received treatment for a mental health issue.

Treatment/ Therapy

-Most people suffering from mental illnesses are not hospitalized. -If someone is feeling very depressed, complains of hearing voices, or feels anxious all the time, he or she might seek psychological treatment. -Some people seek treatment because they are involved with the state's child protective services, that is, their children have been removed from their care due to abuse or neglect. -The parent or parents who are heavily addicted to drugs and refuse to enter treatment, the goal of therapy might be to help the children adjust to foster care or adoption. -Some people seek therapy because the criminal justice system referred them or required them to go. -Over 85% of the 1.699 federally designated mental health professional shortage areas are rural; often primary care physicians and law enforcement are the first-line mental health providers. -Approximately two- thirds of those with symptoms receive no care at all.

Children and adolescents

-Receive mental health services. -The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) found that approximately half (50.6%) of children with mental disorders had received treatment for their disorder within the past year.

Joseph Wolpe

-Refined Jones's techniques, giving us the behavior therapy technique of exposure therapy that is used today. -A popular form of exposure therapy is systematic desensitization, wherein a calm and pleasant state is gradually associated with increasing levels of anxiety- inducing stimuli. -The idea is that you can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time. -Influenced Ellis's therapeutic approach.

Antipsychotic medications

-Started in 1954 and gained popularity in the 1960s. -Proved a tremendous help in controlling the symptoms of certain psychological disorders, such as psychosis.

All types of hospitals

-The emphasis is on short-term stays, with the average length of stay being less than two weeks and often only several days. This is partly due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, which can be about $800-$1000 per night. -Therefore, insurance coverage often limits the length of time a person can be hospitalized for treatment. -Usually, individuals are hospitalized only if they are an imminent threat to themselves or others.

Group Session

-The focus is always on making sure that everyone benefits and participates in the group and that no one person is the focus of the entire session.

Transference

-The patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient's other relationships to the psychoanalyst. -Ex: Crystal is seeing a psychoanalyst. During the years of therapy, she comes to see her therapist as a father figure. She transfers her feelings about her father onto her therapist, perhaps in an effort to gain love and attention she did not receive from her own father.

Client Centered Therapy

-The therapist uses the technique of active listening. -The therapist acknowledges, restates, and clarifies what the client expresses. -Practice what Rogers called unconditional positive regard.

Classical conditioning techniques

-Therapists using these techniques believe that dysfunctional behaviors are conditioned responses. Applying the conditioning principles developed by Ivan Pavlov. -These therapists seek to recondition their clients and thus change their behavior. -Ex: Emmie is eight years old, and frequently wets her bed at night. She's been invited to several sleepovers, but she won't go because of her problem. Using a type of conditioning therapy, Emmie begins to sleep on a liquid- sensitive bed pad that is hooked to an alarm. When the moisture touches the pad, it sets off the alarm, waking up Emmie. When this process is repeated enough times, Emmie develops an association between urinary relaxation and waking up, and this stops the bedwetting. Emmie had now gone three weeks without wetting her bed and is looking forward to her first sleepover this weekend. -One commonly used classical conditioning therapeutic technique is counterconditioning. -Two counterconditioning techniques are aversive conditioning and exposure therapy.

Electroshock

-Treatment was administered to often back patients' backs. -Now called " electroconvulsive treatment and the therapy is still used, but with safeguards and under anesthesia. -A brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. -Many of the wards and rooms were so cold that a glass of water would be frozen by morning. Conditions like these remained commonplace until well into the 20th century.

Stimulants

-Used to treat ADHD -Brand names :Adderall, Ritalin - Improve ability to focus on a task and maintain attention - Decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, headache

Mood Stabilizers

-Used to treat bipolar disorder - Brand names: Lithium, Depakote, Lamictal, Tegretol - Treat episodes of mania as well as depression. - Excessive thirst, irregular heartbeat, itching/rash, swelling ( face, mouth, and extremities), nausea, loss of appetite.

Psychosis

-Was a common diagnosis of individuals in mental hospitals. -Was often evidenced by symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, indicating a loss of contact with reality.

Asylums

-Were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders, but the focus was ostracizing them from society rather than treating their disorders. Often these people were kept in windowless dungeons, beaten, chained to their beds, and had little to no contact with caregivers. -Today, instead of asylums, there are psychiatric hospitals run by state governments and local community hospitals focused on short-term care.

Antabuse

-When a person takes this and then consumes alcohol, uncomfortable side effects result including nausea, vomiting, increases heart rate, heart palpitations, severe headache, and shortness of breath. -Repeatedly paired with alcohol until the client associates alcohol with unpleasant feelings, which decreases the client's desire to consume alcohol. -Creates a conditioned aversion to alcohol because it replaces the original pleasure response with an unpleasant one.

Counter conditioning

A client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior.

From the late 1400s to the late 1600s

A common belief perpetuated by some religious organizations was that some people made pacts with the devil and committed horrible acts, such as eating babies. These people were considered to be witches and were tried and condemned by courts, they were often burned at the stake. Worldwide, it is estimated that tens of thousands of mentally ill people were killed after being accused of being witches or under the influence of witchcraft.

Non Directive Therapy

A therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person to identify conflicts and understand feelings.

Dream Analysis

A therapist interprets the underlying meaning of dreams.

Psychodynamic Perspective

Approach to therapy remains centered on the role of people's internal drives and forces, but treatment is less intensive than Freud's original model.

Biomedical Therapy

Are often used in combination with psychotherapy, they also are taken by individuals not in therapy.

Drug Abuse

Can cause symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders and the reverse is also true, people with debilitating symptoms of a psychiatric disorder may self-medicate and abuse substances.

Sociocultural Therapy

Can include individual, group, family, and couples treatment modalities.

Non Directive Play

Children are encouraged to work through their problems by playing freely while the therapist observes.

It was believed that mental illness was caused by

Demonic possession, witchcraft, or an angry god.

Ivan Palvov

Developed classical conditioning

Aaron Beck

Developed cognitive-behavior therapy focused on depression and how a client's self-defeating attitude served to maintain a depression despite the positive factors in her life.

Peter Pearson and Ellyn Bader

Founded the Couples Institute in Palo Alto, California, have compared the experience of the clinician in couples' therapy to be like "piloting a helicopter in a hurricane".

Psycho- educational groups

Groups that have a strong educational component.

Portia Nelson

In 1993, wrote Autobiography in Five Short Chapters.

Several different modalities of treatment

Individual therapy, family therapy, couples therapy, and group therapy are the most common.

Biomedical Therapy

Involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Involves not judging clients and simply accepting them for who they are.

Voluntary Treatment

Means the person chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from symptoms.

Mary Cover Jones

Mother of behavioir therapy

40%-60%

Of individuals relapse, which means they return to abusing drugs and/or alcohol after a period of improvement.

1994

Percentage of the population, there were 92% fewer hospitalized individuals.

Involuntary Treatment

Refers to therapy that is not the individual's choice.

The Treatment Advocacy Center

Reported that the growing number of mentally ill inmates has placed a burden on the correctional system.

Free Association

The patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment.

Confidentiality

The therapist cannot disclose confidential communication to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so.

Structural Family Therapy

The therapist examines and discusses the boundaries and structure of the family: who makes the rules, who sleeps in the bed with whom, how decisions are made, and what are the boundaries within the family.

Directive play

The therapist provides structure and guidance in the play session by suggesting topics, asking questions, and even playing with the child.

1955

There were 558,239 severely mentally ill patients institutionalized at public hospitals.

Rogerian (client centered therapy)

non-directive form of humanistic psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes unconditional positive regard and self-acceptance

Deinstitutionalization

process of closing large asylums and integrating people back into the community where they can be treated locally

Cultural competence

therapist's understanding and attention to issues of race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment