Chapter 16 The Scientific Revolution

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Rousseau

(1712-1778) Believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. Wrote about society's corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it's improvement. He was sponsored by the wealthy and participated in salons but often felt uncomfortable and denounced them. Wrote "The Social Contract."

Galen

Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance (circa 130-200)

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism

Rationalism

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

Law of Inertia

A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.

Frederick II of Prussia

An enlightened ruler who was a musician, patron of the arts, and friend to Voltaire, Frederick the Great was also the architect of Prussia's military success against another great monarch

Public Sphere

An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics.

Andreas Vesalius

a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)

The Encyclopedia

a book or set of books giving information on many subjects or on many aspects of one subject and typically arranged alphabetically. written by Diderot

Enlightened Absolutism

a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Elightenment

movement that spread the idea that reason and science could improve society

Neoclassicism

the revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music.

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

David Hume

Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)

Copernicus

1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

A. Describe how new ideas and methods in astronomy led individuals such as Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton to question the authority of the ancients and religion and to develop a heliocentric view of the cosmos.

Astronomy was one of the most unknown categories in science in those times and new ways to observe it were very intriguing

Isaac Newton

Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.

A. Describe how intellectuals such as Voltaire and Diderot began to apply the principles of the Scientific Revolution to society and human institutions. B. Describe how Locke and Rousseau developed new political models based on the concept of natural rights. C. Describe how despite the principles of equality espoused by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, intellectuals such as Rousseau offered new arguments for the exclusion of women from political life, which did not go unchallenged. D. Describe how a variety of institutions, such as salons, explored and disseminated Enlightenment culture. E. Describe how natural sciences, literature, and popular culture increasingly exposed Europeans to representations of peoples outside Europe.

Diderot and Voltaire worked on creating the encyclopedia that people could open in order to have a better understanding of science Locke and Rousseau based all of their new political models off of inalienable rights that all humans deserved. Men and Women were seen at two totally different species and that one can have certain rights that the other can't Salons and coffeehouses were popular places in society to share ideas and values with the majority. The increasingly literate society led to an increase of knowledgeable people and were able to learn about different areas outside of where they lived.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)

William Harvey

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood

Philosophe

French for "philosopher"; applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment

Kepler

German astronomer and mathematician of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, known as the founder of celestial mechanics

Salons

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

F. Describe how political theories, such as John Locke's, conceived of society as composed of individuals driven by self-interest and argued that the state originated in the consent of the governed (i.e., a social contract) rather than in divine right or tradition. G. Describe how during the Enlightenment, the rational analysis of religious practices led to natural religion and the demand for religious toleration. H. Describe how intellectuals, including Voltaire and Diderot, developed new philosophies of deism, skepticism, and atheism. I. Describe how artistic movements and literature also reflected the outlook and values of commercial and bourgeois society as well as new Enlightenment ideals of political power and citizenship.

John Locke believed people consented to the government out of a social contract instead of a divine right or tradition because religion held no protection over the rights of the people During the Enlightenment more religions were popping up as people started to learn new things and thus demanded the toleration Intellectuals developed new philosophies by observing how their former philosophies affected society Commercial society used literature and artwork to better display their establishment to the outside world

Madame du Chatelet

Madame Chatelet (1706-1749) was an intellectually gifted woman from a high aristocracy with a passion for science. She became Voltaire's longtime companion, Madame du Chatelet studied physics and mathematics and published science articles and translations. She was the finest example of an elite French woman, Madame du Chatelet suffered because of her gender. She was excluded from the Royal Academy of Sciences. She later became uncertain of her ability to make important scientific discoveries.

Diderot

Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.

A. Describe how religion was viewed increasingly as a matter of private rather than public concern. B. Describe how by 1800, most governments had extended toleration to Christian minorities and, in some states, civil equality to Jews. C. Describe how in the 18th century, a number of states in eastern and central Europe experimented with enlightened absolutism.

Religion was viewed as a private matter rather than a public concern because of the new religions that some were not tolerable of Governments extended toleration of Christian minorities by allowing them to meet in their own private areas Different states in Eastern and Central Europe experimented with enlightened absolutism by giving their peasants and lower people more rights and decreasing some older practices

Experimental Method

The approach, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculation.

Copernican hypothesis

The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.

Joseph II of Austria

The most radical royal reformer; son and successor of Maria Theresa; introduced legal reforms & freedom of press; supported freedom of worship; abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash

Reading Revolution

The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse.

Coffeehouses

These came to be known as new popular institutions of European social life during the 18th century Age of Enlightenment. Commonly, business, science, religion, and politics were all mentioned in caffeine fueled discussions in these places.

Maria Theresa

This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs

Rococo

Very elaborate and ornate (in decorating or metaphorically, as in speech and writing); relating to a highly ornate style of art and architecture in 18th-century France

A. Describe how anatomical and medical discoveries by physicians, including William Harvey, presented the body as an integrated system, challenging the traditional humoral theory of the body and of disease espoused by Galen. B. Describe how Francis Bacon and René Descartes defined inductive and deductive reasoning and promoted experimentation and the use of mathematics, which would ultimately shape the scientific method. C. Describe how alchemy and astrology continued to appeal to elites and some natural philosophers, in part because they shared with the new science the notion of a predictable and knowable universe.

William Harvey was able to give a reason to why people are the way they are, when at that time not many people understand how the human body worked Bacon and Descartes defined inductive and deductive reasoning as the most proper way to explore science and promoted experimentation by doing experiments set up by their findings. After the recent plagues and unfortunate events, it was welcoming to know what and why certain things happened.

Paracelsus

rejected the work of Aristotle and Galen and attacked universities. He followed a chemical philosophy that a human was a small replica of the larger world. He used chemical remedies that went for each sickness, He is associated with diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Empiricism

the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

Universal Law of Gravitation

the gravitational force between objects depends on their masses and decreases rapidly as the distance between the objects increase