Chapter 16 Western Civilization Test

Kristallnacht:

"Night of Broken Glass", began November 9th Nazis storm trooper began attacking Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues across Germany murdering close to one hundred Jews. The streets were shattered with plate glass, for this reason it is known as the "Night of Broken Glass". The marked a major step in the Nazi policy of Jewish persecution.

Battle of Britain

-After the take over of Paris, Hitler began his sights on Britain - Used Radar and Enigma (helped figure German codes), to help the British -Royal Air Force fliers quickly launched attacks on the Germans -Hitler then moved instead to focus on the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe

Stalingrad

-Battle of Stalingrad would turn into the Soviets favor, but Hitler still yet to surrender. -Feb 1943 Germany would surrender

Lightening War

-Invasion of Poland was Hitler's newest strategy, "Blitzkrieg" -Hitler then made a surprise attack on Norway and Denmark

Germany Sparking the War

-Secret part in the nonaggression pact that Hitler and Stalin agreed to divide Poland between them. -September 1939, Hitler invaded Poland -France and Great Britain declared war, but it being to late, Poland was already taken.

Mediterranean and Eastern Front

-Set on North Africa -Mussolini moved into Egypt but the British were beating the Italian -British made the Axis forces move back. -Hitler and the Germans were active in the balkans -Soviets were not prepared for the attack.

The Holocaust

:Systematic mass slaughter of Jews and other groups judged inferior to the Nazis - By the end of 1939, many Jews left Germany. -1941, Germany constructed camps for the purpose of genocide. -Some 6 million Jews were killed.

Charles de Gaulle:

A French general that set up a government in-exile in London. This man was determined to reconquering the part of France that was lost because of the invasion of Germany. Later on created and organized the Free French military forces that would battle with the Nazi party until France was liberated.

Atlantic Charter:

A joint declaration between Roosevelt and Churchill. The two met secretly when issuing this joint declaration. The Charter upheld free trade among nations and the right of people of choose their own government. Later on the charter served as the Allies peace plan to end the Second World War.

Demilitarization:

A peace process that MacArthur thought would prevail disbanding the Japanese armed forces. MacArthur did this very quickly, leaving the Japanese with a small police force. He took precaution to make sure that there would be peace after the war.

Nonaggression pact:

A peace treaty that was signed by soviet dictator Joseph Stalin and German dictator Adolf Hitler. This pact was in tack for ten years. After this act, the countries decided to take Poland together and spilt it equally.

Dwight D. Eisenhower:

Americans General that fled the force of more than 100,000 troops into Moroccos and Algeria. On November 8th Eisenhower led an Allie force that consisted mostly of Americans that crushed the Afrika Korps in May of 1943

Battle of Stalingrad:

Battle that began on August 23rd, 1942. The Luftwaffe went on nightly bombing raids that set much of the city in a blaze. The city then looked desperate although Stalin had already told his commanders to defend the city name after his death.

Why was capturing the Suez Canal of Egypt so important?

Capturing the Suez Canal of Egypt was so important to the Axis powers because it was the key to reaching the oil fields that were in the Middle East. Mussolini, ordered his army to attack the British controlled Egypt. Within a week, Italian troops had pushed 60 miles inside of Egypt forcing Britain further back waiting for them to attack.

Why were consumer good rationed during the war?

Consumer goods were rationed during the war because they were meant to sent to military that was fighting the war at the time. People in the countries that began rationing, began loosing weight quickly. Propaganda campaigns also began to inspire their people of greater efforts to work and help the men at war.

Why was Egypt of strategic importance in World War II?

Egypt was involved in the strategic importance of World War II because Mussolini knew that he had to take action after Hitler conquered France. Mussolini took action by ordering his army to attack the British-controlled Egypt. Italian troops pushed 60 miles inside of Egypt forcing British units back.

Why did Europeans leave their homes following the war?

Europeans left their homes following the war because they believed it was not safe for them to stay in those countries. Instead of staying, they began walking across Europe hoping to find their families or to find a safe place to live. People during the war were left with no water, no electricity, and very little food; eventually leaving to find more of those things somewhere in Europe.

Erwin Rommel

General of Afrika Korps that was attacked in late March of 1941. After the British took Tobruk, Rommel wanted to take it back. He responded by regrouping and pushing back across the desert seizing Tobruk. After Rommel's success in North Africa, he had earned the nickname "Desert Fox".

Aryan:

German people that were declared as the master race while Nazis were in power. Non-Aryans, who were most Jewish people, were inferior and were not considered to be citizens

Final Solution:

Hitler's final plan while waiting for Jews to die from starvation and disease. Hitler felt the need to not wait any longer and decided to bring upon a serious of mass killings, genocide.

Why did Japan try to win support fro other Asian countries?

Japan tried to win support from other Asian countries during this time of the attacks on the U.S. by thinking of the anticolonialist idea of "East Asia for the Asiatics". Pretty much, the Japanese was bombing countries that were owned or colonized by European countries to try and save it for the better. This was not the case after Japan had become extreme conquerors treating the people of their new colonies with extreme cruelty.

Kamikazes:

Japanese suicide pilots. They would sink the Allies ships by crash-diving their bomb filed planes into them. This was the only thing that stood between the Allies and the Japanese.

Winston Churchill:

New British prime minister that declared Britain would never give into Nazis. Churchill is an important figure during this time period because he made sure that Britain would never back down and would keep fighting, as long as the Nazis are prevented from taking over Britain

What was Operation Overlord?

Operation Overlord was the invasion of Normandy. It was the largest land and sea attack in history. The Invasion began on June 6,1944—known as D-Day. On that day, British, American and French fought their way into a 60-mile stretch of beach ready for German machine guns, rocket launchers and cannons.

Why did President Franklin Roosevelt want to offer help to the Allies?

President Franklin Roosevelt wanted to offer help to the Allies because he knew that if the Allies fell, the United States would have to be drawn into the War. Roosevelt then asked Congress to pass the Lend-Lease Act that allowed the president to lend or lease arms and other supplies any country vital to the U.S.

Ghettos:

Segregated Jewish areas that were set up by the Nazis. Ghettos were sealed off with barbed wire and stonewall. Nazis that kept the Jews locked up inside the ghettos hoped that they would starve to death or die from disease. The herd of overcrowded Jews was important because the Germans showed how they did not care at all how these "non-Aryans" lived.

Why did Stalin want the United States and Britain to launch a second front in the west?

Stalin wanted the United States and Britain to launch a second front in the west because, Soviet Union now became the major attack of the Germans. By November 1942, Germans controlled 90 percent of the ruined city. Stalingrad's defense caused the Soviet over one million soldiers, leaving the Germans on the defense side.

What event might have been considered to be a turning point for the Allies?

The Allies stranded at Dunkirk may be considered a turning point for the allies because of the events that occurred during this time. One heroic acts of the war, that was acted on by Great Britain was to rescue the army. Britain sent out about 850 ships across the English Channel to Dunkirk. Bats that survived under heavy fire from the German bombers sailed back and fourth from Britain to Dunkirk, saving around 338,000 battle-weary soldiers back to safety. After this, the Germans took over Paris leaving France in trouble. Charles de Gaulle was able to save the French military forces that battled against the Nazis until they were liberated in 1944.

How did the Allies try to conceal the true location for the D-Day landings?

The Allies tried to conceal the true location for the D-Day landings by setting up a huge dummy army with its own headquarters and equipment making Hitler think it would come from that way when it was made-believe and appeared to be preparing to attack the French Seaport of Calais.

Which battle do you think was most important in turning the war in favor the Allies? Why?

The Battle I think was most important in turning the war in favor of the Allies was the Battle of El Alamein. This Battle began October 23rd. The roar of close to 1,000 British guns too the Axis soldiers by surprise. The Axis soldiers fought back fiercely and holding ground for several days, but by November 4th, Rommel's army had been beaten out of Egypt, leaving his forces to fall back.

What brought about the surrender of the Japanese?

The Japanese had surrendered after the United States dropped two atomic bombs, one being on Hiroshima killed nearly 80,000 thousand people and the second on Nagasaki, killing 70,000 thousand people. The Japanese finally surrendered to General Douglas MacArthur on September 2nd. Now that the Japanese surrendered, the war was finally over.

D-Day:

The coded-name Operation overland of Normandy that began on June 6th, 1944. This invasion was the largest land and sea attack in history. The day that the invasion began was known as D-Day. At dawn the British, French, American, and Canadian troops fought their way into a 60-mile stretch of beach in Normandy. The Germans had dug it with machine guns, rocket launches and cannons. The Allies then took the causalities.

Why were the early months of World War II referred to as the "phony war"?

The early months of World War II were referred to as the "phony war", because when the French and British mobilized their armies and stationing their troops along he Maginot Line. The two waited for the Germans to attack but after waiting, nothing happened. Germans eventually called it the "sitting war" after waiting for a long time with nothing happening.

What was the event that finally unleashed the Second World War?

The event that finally unleashed the Second World War was the blitzkrieg, or the "lightening war". This beginning was the German invasion of Poland, the first test of Germany's newest military strategy. This war involved Germany using fast-moving airplanes and tanks, followed by a massive infantry forces, to take enemy defenders by surprise.

Blitzkrieg:

The first of Germany's newest military strategy, involving fast moving airplanes and tanks, followed by infantry forces to take the enemy defends by surprises and overwhelm them. Important because this was the kick-start to Germany taking over the country of Poland.

Democratization:

The process of creating a government elected by the people. In 1946, MacArthur and the American political advisers created a new constitution that would keep Japan's empire into a constitutional monarch like the one of Great Britain. This constitution went into effect May 3rd, 1947.

Battle of the Bulge:

The push into Allied lines. On December 16th, the German tanks that broke through weak American defenses along a 75-mile front in the Ardennes. Nearly caught off guard, the Allies eventually pushed the Germans, giving them no choice but to retreat since there were no reinforcements available.

Genocide:

The systematic killing of an entire people. Hitler created some genocide by killing Inferior---sub humans. They included Romans, Poles, Russians, Homosexuals, the insane, the disables and the incurably ill, most focusing on Jews. Hitler used gas chambers in Auschwitz that could kill as many as 6,000 people each day in the extermination camps. Later, after all the people were dead, the Nazis would clean out the chamber, putting the bodies in installed crematoriums, or ovens.

Holocaust:

The systematic mass slaughter of Jews and other groups judges inferior by the Nazis. Adolf Hitler, mastermind behind the mass killings in Europe, began the Holocaust on the night of November 9th, rushing Nazi storm troopers attacking Jewish owned places.

What tactics did Hitler use during the "Final Solution"?

The tactics that Hitler used during the "Final Solution" were, to gather up men, women, children and babies and take them to isolated spots. Some "sub humans", were killed because they had no help to the Nazis. The prisoners that stayed alive and could work worked seven days a week. Guards severely beat or killed their prisoners for not working fast enough. Finally Hitler built extermination camps were he would gas people and mostly save the doctors and stronger men.

Nuremberg Trials:

Trails that were held against 22 of the 23 Nazi leaders. These leaders were charged with waging a war of aggression, also committing crimes against humanity-killing 11 million people. Some people killed them selves without having to survive the punishment of life in prison while ten others were hanged on October 16th 1946.

What were two of the most important steps that MacArthur took in Japan following the war?

Two of the most important steps that MacArthur took in Japan following the war were beginning the processes of demilitarization and democratization. Demilitarization was disbanding the Japanese forces, leaving them with only a small police force. Apart of this, MacArthur also began bringing in war criminals to trial, leaving seven men from Japanese war dead. The second step he did was starting the process of democratization, allowing him and his American political advisers create a new constitution to a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain's. This new government went into effect May 3rd, 1947.

What two tactics did Hitler use to get rid of the Jews before creating his "Final Solution"?

Two tactics that Hitler used to rid Germany of the Jews before creating his "Final Solution", was first to get rid of all the Jews to counties, making them leave to countries such as France, Britain, and the United States. After this plan of not being able to get rid of the Jews, he order all the Jews in countries be designated to move to cities where there was the ghettos, hoping where people would starve to death or die from disease.

Battle of Britain:

War Between Hitler and his German government again Churchill and the Britain army. This war continued on until May 10, 1941. After Hitler decided to call of the attacks on the Brits, it showed the Allies that Hitler's attacks could be blocked.

What was Yamamoto's objective at Pearl Harbor?

Yamamoto's objective at Pearl Harbor was to make sure that it was destroyed, calling it a threat to Japan's country. He called an attack on the U.S. fleet in Hawaii. The Japanese destroyed 19 ships, including 8 battleships killing more than 2,300 Americans and over 1,100 wounded.