Chapter 17 - Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health: Fear, The Dark Side of Emotion

"Limbic" means a. "border." b. "thalamus." c. "emotion." d. "emotional structure." e. "emotion circuit."

A

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity. a. the same b. different c. tangential d. inhibitory e. excitatory

A

According to the James-Lange theory, the a. experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of the body's reactions to emotional stimuli. b. cortex is not involved in emotion. c. autonomic nervous system is not involved in emotion. d. experience of emotion triggers the autonomic response to emotional stimuli. e. experience of emotion is not physiological.

A

An important advance in the study of the physiology of stress came with the discovery in the 1990s that stress triggers the release of __________, which play a role in inflammation and fever. a. cytokines b. glucocorticoids c. adrenocorticotropic hormones d. thiamines e. catecholamines

A

An important feature of social aggression that distinguishes it from other forms of aggression in many mammalian species is that it is a. dependent on testosterone. b. similar to defensive attack. c. controlled by the amygdala. d. directed at the tail. e. directed at the head.

A

Because even innocent people undergoing a lie-detector test are likely to be aroused by questions about their guilt or innocence, the a. guilty-knowledge technique should be employed when possible. b. mock-crime procedure is often employed. c. control-question technique is often employed. d. polygraph is often employed. e. group-contingency threat procedure is often employed.

A

Bilateral lesions to either the medial geniculate nucleus or the __________ block auditory fear conditioning. a. amygdala b. septum c. auditory cortex d. hippocampus e. granule cells

A

Body cues, in addition to facial expression, play a particularly important role in signaling a. pride. b. happiness. c. surprise. d. none of the above e. both B and C

A

Evidence suggests that only one part of the amygdala plays a major role in fear conditioning. This part is the a. lateral nucleus. b. preoptic nucleus. c. paraventricular nucleus. d. basolateral nucleus. e. amygdala complex.

A

Fear is assumed to be the main motivating force for a. defensive behaviors. b. social aggression. c. threat. d. target sites. e. aggressive behavior.

A

Fear is the emotional reaction to a. threat. b. target sites. c. alpha males. d. defensive behavior. e. stress.

A

H. pylori has been implicated as a causal factor in a. gastric ulcers. b. heart disease. c. stress. d. immune dysfunction. e. brain tumors.

A

Here is a summary of the two-system view of the stress response. Which label is missing? a. sympathetic nervous system b. parasympathetic nervous system c. limbic system d. amygdala e. medial prefrontal cortex

A

Illustrated here is the a. limbic system. b. Kluver-Bucy system. c. sham rage circuit. d. James-Lange circuit. e. Cannon-Bard circuit.

A

Illustrated here is the limbic system. The indicated structure is the a. cingulate gyrus. b. septum. c. hypothalamus. d. fornix. e. mammillary body.

A

In rats, lateral attack is a component of a. social aggression. b. predatory aggression. c. predatory attack. d. target site attack. e. defensive attack.

A

In the dog, ears back, back down, hair down, and tail down signals a. submission. b. hunger. c. anger. d. aggression. e. threat.

A

In the rat, the target site for social aggression is the a. back, near the base of the tail. b. throat. c. nose. d. hind legs. e. side.

A

Lesions to which brain structure in rats disrupt auditory fear conditioning to complex sounds but not simple sounds? a. auditory cortex b. hypothalamus c. periaqueductal gray d. amygdala e. medial geniculate nucleus

A

Pellis and his colleagues found that giving cats an antianxiety drug tended to increase the efficiency of their a. mouse killing. b. play. c. defensive attack. d. risk assessment. e. social aggression.

A

The James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories make __________ predictions about the effects of feedback from somatic and autonomic activity on emotional experience. a. different b. the same c. similar d. no e. five

A

The belief that putting on a happy face makes one feel happier is an example of the a. facial feedback hypothesis. b. Duchenne hypothesis. c. Ekman hypothesis. d. prosody principle. e. Pinel principle.

A

The first major physiological theory of emotions was independently proposed in 1884 by James and a. Lange. b. Cannon. c. Barnes. d. Bard. e. Ekman.

A

The human amygdala seems to be specifically involved in the a. perception of fear in others. b. experience of fear. c. feelings of fear. d. focus of fear. e. reappraisal of fear paradigms.

A

The most commonly employed physiological measure of stress is the level of circulating a. glucocorticoids. b. adrenocorticotropic hormone. c. norepinephrine. d. epinephrine. e. serotonin.

A

The physiological response to harm or threat is generally referred to as a. the stress response. b. anxiety. c. depression. d. hypertension. e.arousal.

A

The re-experiencing of related patterns of sensory and motor neural activity during the experience of emotion is generally referred to as a. the embodiment of emotions. b. empathy. c. love. d. negative emotions. e. Urbach-Wiethe disease.

A

The specific areas of the cortex that are involved in emotion seem to a. vary substantially from emotion to emotion and person to person. b. be clustered almost entirely in the prefrontal lobes. c. be clustered almost entirely in the temporal lobes. d. be clustered almost entirely in the right hemisphere. e. be clustered in the limbic system.

A

The structure in which the emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the a. amygdala. b. hypothalamus. c. septum. d. hippocampus. e. medial geniculate.

A

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome? a. aggression b. sexual activity directed at inappropriate objects c. lack of fear d. consumption of almost anything that is edible e. a tendency to investigate objects with the mouth

A

Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman and Friesen's primary emotional expressions? a. lust b. fear c. happiness d. disgust e. sadness

A

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are a. causally related. b. parallel processes. c. dependent processes. d. serial processes. e. adaptive processes.

B

According to the James-Lange theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity. a. the same b. different c. tangential d. similar e. inhibitory

B

Blanchard and Blanchard derived rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggression and defense by using a. specially trained boxing rats. b. the colony intruder model of aggression and defense. c. the S-R approach. d. all of the above e. both A and B

B

Decorticate cats display a. orchidectomy rage. b. sham rage. c. species-typical rage. d. species-common rage. e. offensive rage.

B

During a sequence of predatory attacks on a frog or a mouse, a rat's target site is almost always the a. back, near the base of the tail. b. back of the neck. c. throat. d. nose. e. hind legs.

B

Each amygdala is a. a single nucleus. b. a cluster of many nuclei. c. actually two distinct structures. d. actually three distinct structures. e. composed of a medulla and a cortex.

B

Each facial expression __________ on the left side of the face. a. develops later b. develops sooner c. is of less magnitude d. both A and C e. both B and C

B

In most mammalian species, social aggression usually occurs between a. immature conspecifics. b. male conspecifics. c. female conspecifics. d. pregnant females. e. threatened conspecifics.

B

In rats, boxing is a. a form of lateral attack. b. defensive. c. predatory. d. social aggression. e. an alpha attack.

B

Modern neuropsychological and cognitive neuroscientific research has emphasized the roles of two brain structures in emotion: the a. hypothalamus and amygdala. b. medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. c. hippocampus and PAG. d. hypothalamus and hippocampus. e. hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

B

Papez attributed emotion to activity in what became known as the a. autonomic nervous system. b. limbic system. c. hypothalamus. d. hippocampus. e. basal ganglion.

B

Phineas Gage had damage to his medial a. diencephalon. b. prefrontal lobes. c. temporal lobes. d. parietal lobes. e. hippocampus.

B

Studies of the septal aggression phenomenon in rats suggest that it would be more appropriate to refer to it as a. hypothalamic aggression. b. septal defensiveness. c. hippocampal aggression. d. septal predatory aggression. e. septal social aggression.

B

Subordination stress is most readily investigated in species that form a. attack teams. b. stable dominance hierarchies. c. social aggression groups. d. permanent mating bonds. e. social bonds.

B

The Duchenne smile a. is a false smile. b. involves the orbicularis oculi. c. does not involve the orbicularis oculi. d. both A and B e. both A and C

B

The idea that opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures is called the principle of a. opposition. b. antithesis. c. conspecifics. d. parsimony. e. anti-expression.

B

The pattern of behavior that is observed in monkeys after their anterior temporal lobes have been removed is called a. sham rage. b. the Kluver-Bucy syndrome. c. hippocampal rage. d. septal rage. e. temporal-lobe rage.

B

The polygraph does not detect lies, it detects a. criminals. b. arousal. c. guilty knowledge. d. guilt. e. psychopathy.

B

Urbach-Wiethe disease is associated with a. an inability to experience happiness. b. bilateral calcification of the amygdala. c. degeneration of the hippocampus. d. neurogenesis in the hippocampus. e. unilateral calcification of the amygdala.

B

Which of the following psychologists is well known for his research on facial expression? a. Darwin b. Ekman c. Ax d. Cannon e. Lykken

B

Bard's 1929 research on sham rage led him to conclude that the a. Cannon-Bard theory is basically correct. b. James-Lange theory is basically correct. c. hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression. d. entire limbic system plays a critical role in the expression of emotion. e. neocortex plays a critical role in the expression of emotion.

C

Because it is usually difficult to determine for certain whether a person who has been accused of breaking the law is innocent or guilty, many studies of lie detection use the a. guilty-knowledge technique. b. control-question technique. c. mock-crime procedure. d. all of the above e. both A and B

C

Bilateral lesions to which of the following structures produces the Kluver-Bucy syndrome? a. medial prefrontal lobe b. hippocampus c. anterior temporal lobe d. lateral prefrontal lobe e. medial temporal lobe

C

Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because a. social aggression occurs only in males. b. the effects of estradial cannot be ruled out. c. aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels. d. humans and rats differ in their sex hormones. e. aggressive behavior is controlled by the amygdala.

C

In order to employ the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher needs to a. also question a control suspect. b. ask pointed questions. c. have a piece of information about the crime that is known by the guilty party but not by any of the other suspects. d. have a piece of information that is known by all the suspects but nobody else. e. record basal skin conductance levels.

C

In the short-term, stressors produce physiological changes that a. are maladaptive. b. disrupt the ability to deal effectively with the stressor. c. increase the ability to deal effectively with the stressor. d. both A and B e. both A and C

C

LeDoux and his colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the __________ blocked auditory fear conditioning but that bilateral lesions to the __________ did not. a. septum; lateral geniculate nucleus b. frontal lobe; cingulate c. medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex d. hypothalamus; septum e. hippocampus; medial geniculate nucleus

C

Lesions to which structure specifically block the conditioning of fear to a context? a. lateral geniculate nucleus b. auditory cortex c. hippocampus d. amygdala e. PAG

C

Papez believed that emotional states were expressed through the action of the other limbic structures on the a. amygdala. b. autonomic nervous system. c. hypothalamus. d. hippocampus. e. neocortex.

C

Patients with bilateral amygdalar damage tend to have particular difficulty a. experiencing fear. b. expressing fear prosody. c. recognizing facial expressions of fear. d. with contextual fear conditioning. e. with auditory fear conditioning.

C

Polygraphy is commonly referred to as a. EEG recording. b. ANS recording. c. lie detection. d. polygraph interrogation. e. many measurements.

C

Research on the lateralization of emotion in humans using functional brain imaging suggests that the degree to which it is lateralized to the right hemisphere depends on a. the degree of speech development. b. the emotionality of the person. c. the particular brain structure under investigation. d. cultural factors. e. prosody.

C

The Kluver-Bucy syndrome appears to result, to a large degree, from bilateral damage to the a. hippocampus. b. hypothalamus. c. amygdala. d. septum. e. cortex.

C

The concept of a generalized stress response was developed by a. Doreen Kimura. b. D. O. Hebb. c. Hans Selye. d. Roger Clemens. e. Steven Barnes.

C

The muscle that pulls up the lip corners during a smile is the a. orbicularis major. b. orbicularis oculi. c. zygomaticus major. d. zygomaticus oculi. e. gluteus maximus.

C

The relation among chronic fear, stress, and ill health is apparent in animals undergoing a. predation. b. attack. c. subordination stress. d. social defense. e. alpha hazing.

C

The results of Ekman and Friesen's (1971) study of an isolated New Guinea tribe suggested to them that a. there are six primary emotions. b. facial expressions are learned. c. the facial expressions that are associated with particular human emotions are the same in all cultures. d. Darwin's assumption of the universality of emotional expression is wrong. e. New Guineans are happier than New Yorkers.

C

The results of a study by Pellis and his colleagues suggest that cats that appear to be playing with mice are, in fact, a. on drugs. b. playing with mice. c. vacillating between attack and defense. d. vacillating between predatory and social aggression. e. vacillating between lateral attack and boxing.

C

The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the a. emotion feedback hypothesis. b. induced-emotion hypothesis. c. facial feedback hypothesis. d. Duchenne hypothesis. e. Ekman hypothesis.

C

The true expressions that momentarily break through false expressions are called a. flash expressions. b. insidious expressions. c. microexpressions. d. give-away expressions. e. pseudoexpressions.

C

The true smile, which involves the orbicularis oculi, has been termed the a. orbicularis smile. b. Ekman smile. c. Duchenne smile. d. legitimate smile. e. Barnes smirk.

C

Which of the following is testosterone dependent in mice and many other mammalian species? a. defensive attack b. predatory aggression c. social aggression d. freezing e. flight

C

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression a. are parallel processes. b. have no direct causal relation. c. are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli. d. all of the above e. none of the above

D

Adrenocorticotropic hormone a. is released by the anterior pituitary. b. activates the adrenal cortex. c. increases circulating levels of glucocorticoids. d. all of the above e. none of the above

D

Darwin believed that a. expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next. b. expressions of emotion evolve in ways that enhance their communicative function and that their original function may be lost. c. opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures. d. all of the above e. none of the above

D

Gastric ulcers a. are lesions to the lining of the stomach and duodenum. b. are more common in people living in stressful situations. c. have been produced in experimental animals by exposure to stress. d. all of the above e. both A and B

D

Gulls signal aggression by pointing their beaks at one another and submission by a. head bobbing. b. head nodding. c. wing flapping. d. pointing their beaks away from one another. e. none of the above

D

In rats, boxing is a. a defensive behavior. b. directed at attacking conspecifics. c. an aggressive behavior. d. both A and B e. none of the above

D

On the basis of existing evidence, the following conclusion about ANS emotional specificity is warranted: a. The ANS does not respond in the same way to all emotional stimuli. b. There is not enough evidence to conclude that there is a different pattern of ANS activity associated with each emotional state. c. The ANS responds in approximately the same way to all emotional stimuli. d. both A and B e. both B and C

D

Overall, research has found the effects of testosterone on the aggressive behavior of humans to be inconsistent. The text suggests that this inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that a. hormones may have less effect on human aggression than they do on aggression in other species. b. the tests that have been used to study testosterone and aggression in humans are markedly different from those used in other species. c. testosterone can be synthesized and act locally in particular brain structures, but studies of testosterone and human aggression have been based on general blood levels of testosterone. d. all of the above e. both A and B

D

Ronda was assaulted by a robber so she kicked him. Her response is an example of a. social aggression. b. a lateral attack. c. alpha aggression. d. a defensive attack. e. predatory aggression.

D

The Kluver-Bucy syndrome a. was first demonstrated by Kluver and Bucy. b. was first demonstrated in monkeys. c. has been observed in humans. d. all of the above e. none of the above

D

The adrenal cortex was identified by Selye as important in the stress response; today's theories also acknowledge the important contribution of the a. pituitary. b. anterior pituitary. c. parasympathetic nervous system. d. sympathetic nervous system. e. thymus.

D

The defensive and aggressive behaviors of rats have been assigned to various categories on the basis of a. their topography. b. the situations in which they occur. c. their apparent function. d. all of the above e. both B and C

D

The emotional experiences of patients with broken necks a. indicate that somatic and autonomic feedback from the body is not necessary for the experience of emotion. b. are inconsistent with the James-Lange theory. c. are inconsistent with the Cannon-Bard theory. d. both A and B e. both B and C

D

The fact that social aggression in many mammalian species (e.g., mice) occurs more frequently between males than between females is often attributed to the a. organizational effects of testosterone. b. activational effects of testosterone. c. high levels of defensive attack by females. d. both A and B e. both A and C

D

The first major book on the biopsychology of emotions a. was published in 1872. b. was The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. c. introduced Darwin's theory of the evolution of emotional expression. d. all of the above e. both A and C

D

A major difference in the physiological reaction to physical versus psychological stressors is that only physical stressors a. activate the adrenal medulla. b. activate the adrenal cortex. c. increase blood pressure. d. increase epinephrine levels. e. none of the above

E

Disorders whose symptoms are primarily physical but whose development is greatly influenced by psychological factors are called a. psychological disorders. b. mental disorders. c. psychiatric disorders. d. stress disorders. e. psychosomatic disorders.

E

Ekman and Friesen (1975) analyzed hundreds of films and photographs of people experiencing various emotions. On the basis of their analysis, they concluded that a. there are six primary facial expressions of emotion. b. many facial expressions of emotion are mixtures of the six primary expressions. c. facial expressions of emotion are too numerous and varied to categorize. d. shame, desire, and excitement are three of the primary emotions. e. both A and B

E

Functional brain imaging studies of the role of human medial prefrontal cortex in emotion have often employed a. suppression paradigms. b. passive avoidance paradigms. c. reappraisal paradigms. d. all of the above e. both A and C

E

Glucocorticoids are released from the a. anterior pituitary. b. adrenal medulla. c. thymus. d. both A and B e. none of the above

E

Sham rage is displayed by a. decorticate cats. b. cats whose entire cerebral hemispheres, including the hypothalamus, have been removed. c. cats whose cerebral hemispheres, excluding the hypothalamus, have been removed. d. both A and B e. both A and C

E

Stressors produce major increases in the release of a. norepinephrine from the adrenal cortex. b. epinephrine from the adrenal cortex. c. glucocorticoids from the adrenal medulla. d. all of the above e. none of the above

E

The amygdala is thought to activate the appropriate sympathetic responses to threat via the __________ and the appropriate behavioral responses to threat via the ___________. a. auditory cortex; medial geniculate nucleus b. PAG; septum c. medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex d. thalamus; cortex e. hypothalamus; PAG

E

The dominant male rat of a colony a. is the alpha male. b. usually moves sideways toward a male intruder. c. usually directs lateral attacks at male intruders. d. usually directs bites at the back of a male intruder. e. all of the above

E

The limbic system rings the a. hypothalamus. b. cingulate. c. cerebellum. d. amygdala. e. thalamus.

E

Which of the following is a major finding of cognitive neuroscientific research on emotion? a. The brain activity associated with each emotion is localized to a small area of cortex. b. There is usually activity in sensory and motor cortex when a person experiences an emotion. c. Similar patterns of brain activity occur when a person experiences an emotion or empathizes with someone experiencing the same emotion. d. all of the above e. both B and C

E

Which of the following structures is considered to be part of the limbic system? a. amygdala b. cingulate cortex c. septum d. mammillary body

E