Chapter 17 Chem
Positive
Hydrogen acquires a slightly ___ charge
Surface
Hydrogen bonding is also responsible for the high ___ retention of water
Spherical
Liquids tend to minimize their surface area and form ___ droplets because of their surface tension
Negative
Oxygen acquires a slightly ___ charge
Polar
Since the H-O-H bond angle is 105• the water molecule as a whole is ___
Low high
This bonding accounts for many properties of water, such as its ___ vapor pressure and ___ boiling point
Hydrogen
Water molecules are attracted to each other as a result of intermolecular ___ bonds
emulsions
___ are colloidal dispersions of liquids in liquids
colloids tyndall effect
___ are good at scattering light, as are suspensions, as evidenced by the ___ ___
ice dense
___ floats in liquid water because it is less ___ than water
strong
a solute that is completely ionized in solution is a ___ electrolyte
conduct non electrolyte
a solution of an electrolyte will ___ an electric current, whereas a solution of a ___ is nonconducting
partially
a weak electrolyte is only ___ ionized
surfactant
a wetting agent
homogeneous
aqueous solutions are ___ mixtures of ions or molecules in water
at
carbon tetrafluoride is a non electrolyte (at, st, nt)
brownian motion
chaotic movement of colloidal particles
brownian
colloidal dispersions also exhibit ___ motion
st
colloids are dispersions of liquids in liquids (at, st, nt)
electrolyte
compounds that conduct electric current in aqueous solution
nonelectrolytes
compounds that do not conduct electric current in aqueous solution
st
covalent solutes are very soluble in water (at, st, nt)
at
detergents lower the surface tension of water by interfering with the formation of hydrogen bonds (at, st, nt)
emulsions
dispersions of liquids in liquids
desiccants
drying agents
Polar
each O-H bond in a water molecule is highly ___
st
emulsifying agents are essential to forming and maintaining emulsions (at, st, nt)
stability colloidal dispersions
emulsifying agents maintain the ___ of an emulsion and allow the formation of ___ ___ for liquids that do not ordinarily mix
filtration
gravity or ___ will separate the suspended particles from a suspension
st
heterogeneous aqueous systems can be separated by filtration (at, st, nt)
colloids
heterogeneous mixtures containing particles intermediate in size between those of suspensions and solutions
at
hydrates are crystals that contain a fixed quantity of water with their structure (at, st, nt)
at
hydrogen bonding accounts for waters high boiling point (at, st, nt)
nt
hydrogen bonding is responsible for the polar nature of the water molecule (at, st, nt)
hydrogen bonding
ice has a rigid open structure which is also due to ___ ___
nt
ice is more dense than water (at, st, nt)
effloresce
in the process called ___, the water of hydration is lost from a hydrate that is exposed to the air
hydrogen bond
intermolecular attraction between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom such as oxygen, on an adjacent molecule
surface tension
inward force that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid
hydrate
many crystals are ___; they contain water of hydration
suspensions
mixtures from which particles settle on standing
st
molecular compounds of low molar mass are gases at normal atmospheric pressure (at, st, nt)
gases
molecular compounds with molar masses similar to water are usually ___ or low boiling liquids
st
polar molecules are attracted to one another by dipole interactions (at, st, nt)
solvation
process that occurs when a solute dissolves
tyndall effect
scattering of visible light by colloidal particles
at
solutions are always homogeneous (at, st, nt)
higher
state whether the boiling point of water is higher or lower than compounds of similar size and molecular mass
higher
state whether the heat of vaporization of water is higher or lower than compounds of similar size and molecular mass
higher
state whether the specific heat capacity of water is higher or lower than compounds of similar size and molecular mass
higher
state whether the surface tension of water is higher or lower than compounds of similar size and molecular mass
lower
state whether the vapor pressure of water is higher or lower than compounds of similar size and molecular mass
emulsifying agent
substance necessary to the formation and stability of an emulsion
electrolytes
substances that dissolve as ions are known as ___
specific heat capacity
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius
larger
the component particles of a suspension are much ___ than those of a solution
solute
the dissolved particles in a solution
equal
the heat of condensation of a substance is ___ to its heat of vaporization
energy
the heat of vaporization is the amount of ___ needed to convert 1g of a substance from a liquid to a gas at the boiling point
molecules
the large amount of heat is necessary to break the hydrogen bonds that hold the ___ of liquids together
molecules ions
the particles in solutions are small ___ or ___
nt
the random motion of particles is known as the tyndall effect (at, st, nt)
condensation
the reverse of vaporization is ___
nt
the scattering of light by colloidal particles is called brownian motion (at, st, nt)
like dissolves like
the solubility of a solute depends on solute to solvent interactions, and a good rule to remember is "___ ___ ___"
surfactant
the surface tension of water can be reduced by adding a ___
nt
the water molecule is a straight molecule (at, st, nt)
hydrogen bonding
water absorbs a large amount of heat as it evaporates because of ___ ___
st
water becomes more dense as it cools (at, st, nt)
water of hydration
water contained in the crystal structure of a compound
heat temperatures
water has a high ___ capacity, which helps to moderate the air ___ around large bodies of water
solvents
water is a polar liquid and an excellent ___ for many substances
exception
water is an important ___
aqueous solutions
water samples containing dissolved substances
hydrogen bonding
waters high boiling point is due to ___ ___
