Chapter 17: Digestive System

The largest segment of the stomach is the

body

The part of a tooth that projects upward beyond the gum is called the *******

crown

In the small intestine, normal mixing movements are called ______ and normal propelling movements are ______.

segmentation; peristalsis

A salivary gland has two types of cells: ______ cells that produce a watery fluid containing salivary amylase to digest starch and glycogen, and ______ cells that produce a thicker secretion that binds food particles together and lubricates the bolus for swallowing.

serous; mucous

Place the layers of the wall of the digestive tract in order, starting with the innermost (deepest) layer at the top.

1.) mucosa 2.) submucosa 3.) muscularis externa 4.) serosa

What stimulates goblet cells and intestinal glands to secrete their products?

Chyme provides both mechanical and chemical stimulation.

Why are teeth not considered to be part of the skeletal system?

Teeth have a different structure than bones. Teeth contain proteins not found in bones.

What is the main function of the small intestine?

absorption of nutrients

List the substances absorbed from the stomach.

alcohol small volumes of water lipid-soluble drugs

The pancreatic enzyme that digests starch is called pancreatic *******

amylase

Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary ******** which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called ********, which lubricates the food during swallowing.

amylase; mucus

The closed ended, narrow tube containing lymphatic tissue that projects downward from the cecum is called the ********

appendix

The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a solution high in ______.

bicarbonate ions

Hepatic cells produce a yellowish-green liquid called ****** that assists with lipid digestion.

bile

What is normally found in feces?

bile pigments (gives color) unabsorbed nutrients bacteria mucus

Pancreatic amylase breaks ______ down into ______.

carbohydrates; disaccharides

At the beginning of the large intestine is a pouch-like structure, inferior to the ileocecal valve, known as the *****

cecum

Digested material passes from the ileum into the ______.

cecum

The structures forming the lateral walls of the mouth, consisting of outer layers of skin, pads of subcutaneous fat, muscles associated with expression and chewing, and inner linings of moist, stratified squamous epithelium, are the ******

cheeks

The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as ******

chyme

Which are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?

converts noncarbohydrates to glucose breaks down glycogen to glucose polymerizes glucose to glycogen

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that the cells can use is called ______.

digestion

Which structure has no digestive function, but conveys food to the stomach?

esophagus

The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the ______.

gallbladder

Tubular glands that open into gastric pits of the fundus and body of the stomach are called ****** glands.

gastric

Secretions essential to stomach function are regulated in three phases: the ******* phase, the ******* phase, and the ******** phase.

gastric; cephalic; intestinal

Hepatic cells responding to the hormone insulin lower the blood glucose level by polymerizing glucose to form ********

glycogen

The roof of the mouth consists of a bony anterior portion called the ______ and a muscular posterior portion called the ______.

hard palate; soft palate

Before food enters the esophagus, it passes through the lowermost portion of the pharynx, called the ______.

laryngopharynx

The structures surrounding the mouth opening that contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods are the ****

lips

Where is bile produced?

liver

When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ______ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and ______ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose or by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose.

lower; raise

The oral cavity functions in ______.

mastication, speech, and sensory perception

The teeth begin the ______ digestion of food.

mechanical

There are two main components to digestion, ______ digestion and ______ digestion.

mechanical; chemical

The movements of the small intestine include segmentation which ______ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ______ intestinal contents.

mixes; propel

The motor functions of the alimentary canal are ******** movements that combine food with digestive fluids and ********** movements that move materials along the digestive tract.

mixing; propelling

Which part of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration?

mouth

What do goblet cells secrete?

mucus

The three parts of the pharynx are the ********* , ********* , and the *********.

nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

The roof of the mouth, that has a hard and soft component, is called the ********

palate

The insulin-secreting accessory organ of the digestive system that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the

pancreas

Which accessory organ is located posterior to the parietal peritoneum and closely associated with the small intestine?

pancreas

Distension of the intestinal wall stimulates ______ reflexes that trigger the release of small intestine secretions.

parasympathetic

The largest salivary gland, located anterior and inferior to the ear, is the ********* gland.

parotid

The cavity located posterior to the mouth, extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus, is the ______.

pharynx

Where is the pancreas located?

posterior to the stomach and parietal peritoneum

The common hepatic duct is formed by the convergence of which two structures?

right and left hepatic ducts

The hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete an abundant amount of fluid rich in bicarbonate ions when acidic chyme enters the duodenum is

secretin

A tubular organ that connects the stomach to the large intestine is the ***** *****

small intestine

Which organ absorbs the greatest amount of nutrients?

small intestine

Name the J-shaped, pouch-like organ that hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.

stomach

Match the prefixes with their meaning: gastr- hepat-

stomach liver

The alimentary canal is innervated by the ******** and ************* divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

What part of the tooth is the root?

the part of the tooth below the gumline

Describe the primary function of bile salts. They serve ______.

to emulsify fats

Most of swallowing is an autonomic reflex. What part of swallowing is voluntary?

tongue pushing food into the oropharynx

When the stomach lining is irritated significantly, sensory signals are sent to the brainstem, and motor signals return to various structures to cause ______.

vomiting