Chapter 17: Industrial Supremacy

Louisa May Alcott authored enormously popular novels that helped give voice to the often unstated ambitions of many

women.

Uriah S. Stephens founded the Knights of Labor to advocate for ______.

workers

The needs of the American steel industry directly contributed to the further development of which of the following?

the oil industry larger and heavier freighters steam engine technology the Pennsylvania railroad

Who created the moving assembly line and introduced it to his manufacturing plants in 1914?

Henry Ford

What effect did the moving assembly line have on factories?

It required workers to specialize.

Fluctuations in the economy beginning in 1873 made Americans begin to question ______.

the power of monopoly

According to the ideas expressed by Andrew Carnegie in The Gospel of Wealth, ______.

the rich should use their wealth to advance social progress

What brought about the collapse of the Pullman strike?

the use of federal troops and the jailing of union leaders

What helped corporations weaken labor unions?

the use of troops to "preserve order" support from local, state, and federal authorities

Who was the banker that bought Andrew Carnegie's interests and merged them with others to create the United States Steel Corporation, which controlled almost two-thirds of the nation's steel production at the turn of the twentieth century?

J. P. Morgan

Who began to develop an oil empire by taking control of competing oil companies in Ohio?

John D. Rockefeller

Which union suffered most in the aftermath of the Haymarket bombing?

Knights of Labor

Which statements are true regarding industrial workers at the turn of the century?

Many had trouble adjusting to the strict routines and repetitive tasks of modern industrial labor. Many former artisans found the new system impersonal and demeaning.

What were among the reasons that new immigrants came to America in the late nineteenth century?

to escape oppression to find new economic opportunities to escape poverty

Under a trust agreement, individual stockholders ______.

transfer corporate stocks in exchange for shares in the trust

Which group would most likely be rejected by the AFL?

unskilled workers

Carnegie Steel came to control the mines, railroads, and other enterprises that it relied on for its steel production. This is an example of ______.

vertical integration

Nicolaus August Otto Gottfried Daimler Henry Ford Charles and Frank Duryea

designed a gasoline-powered four-stroke engine created a portable internal combustion engine completed the first of many cars in 1896 made the first gasoline-powered American automobile

Baptist minister Russell H. Conwell believed that great wealth was available to ______.

everyone

The Pullman strike temporarily stopped railroad travel from ______ to the Pacific Coast.

Chicago

What contributed to the development of the first automobiles?

gasoline internal combustion engine

Middle-class Americans were troubled by tactics of the Molly Maguires in part because they were ______.

violent

The great wave of immigrants from abroad was primarily from ______.

Europe

Industrial growth in the late nineteenth century was hampered by a shortage of skilled workers.

False

The first gas-driven motor vehicle was built by Henry Ford in 1893.

False

Which events occurred during the Homestead strike of 1892?

Henry Frick shut down the plant in an attempt to destroy the Amalgamated union. The entire Pennsylvania National Guard was ordered to protect strikebreakers. Hundred of guards hired by Homestead were defeated in a deadly battle with strikers. One radical made a failed attempt to assassinate Henry Clay Frick.

Which statement best describes the effect that immigrant workers had on labor unions?

Immigrant workers resisted organizing, thereby weakening unions.

How did limited liability entice investors to purchase stock?

It excused investors from debts beyond the money they invested.

What effect did the boom-and-bust cycle have on industrial workers?

It made their wages highly unstable.

Which statement is true of Taylorism?

It organized industrial production into many simple tasks.

Which city became the center of the steel world?

Pittsburgh

Which of the following were sources of industrial growth in American industry in the late nineteenth century?

surge in technological innovation abundant raw materials large and growing labor supply

Daniel De Leon, an immigrant from the West Indies, led the ______ for numerous years.

Socialist Labor Party

Which group was most instrumental in quashing the Homestead Strike?

the National Guard

What was one of the tenets of the gospel of wealth?

The rich should make philanthropic donations to good causes.

Which statement best describes the relationship between the railroad and steel industries in the United States?

They both purchased from and sold to each other.

Which statement best describes the wages of industrial workers in the late nineteenth century?

They could be sharply cut at any moment.

How were Louisa May Alcott's works similar to Horatio Alger's rags-to-riches stories?

They featured characters with ambition and determination.

What was a key criticism of monopolies?

They overpriced goods and services.

Why did the modern corporation become popular among railroad magnates and other industrialists after the Civil War?

They realized that their ventures could not be financed by a single person. They liked the idea of being able to undertake big projects with manageable financial risk.

Subsidies from federal, state, and local governments contributed to the expansion of the railroad system across the United States.

True

The assembly line was so efficient that Ford was able to raise wages, reduce hours, and cut the base price of the Model T.

True

Which statement best explains the growth in the iron and steel industries after the U.S. Civil War?

U.S. railroads rapidly expanded, requiring massive amounts of the metals.

Which statement is true regarding female employment in industry at the turn of the century?

Women worked in all areas of industry, but the textile industry remained their largest employer.

What was the "Molly Maguires"?

a coal workers' militant labor organization

One of the first objectives of the AFL was ______.

a national eight-hour workday

What did Americans begin to fear as a result of the Haymarket bombing?

anarchism

The business structure of Standard Oil was a good example of ______.

both vertical and horizontal organization

More children were hired to perform industrial labor because ______.

children could do jobs that required little skill children were paid less than adult men

Some of the most important new technologies that contributed to late-nineteenth-century industrial growth were in the field of ______.

communication

Which type of union was popular before the Civil War?

craft

In which form of corporate consolidation is a group of businesses that do the same thing consolidated?

horizontal integration

What did Lester Frank Ward believe controlled society?

human intellect

In the late nineteenth century there was a massive migration into industrial cities. Where did these people come from?

immigration from Europe rural America migration within North America

What did industrialists outwardly celebrate but secretly dislike?

intense competition

What factor contributed to industrial growth in the late nineteenth century?

invention of new technologies

What natural resources did western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio have that most encouraged the emergence of the steel industry there?

iron ore and coal

The Knights of Labor were most interested in ______.

long-range economic reform

The rapidly expanding railroad industry in the United States especially benefited from major advances in the ______ industry in the late nineteenth century.

metals

What are the primary goals of Taylorism?

minimize worker errors make workers more interchangeable speed up the production process

Employers often encouraged the immigration of unskilled laborers with the assistance of foreign-born labor brokers, such as the Greek and Italian ________ who recruited work gangs of their fellow nationals.

padrones

Expansion of steel manufacturing helped to create which industry?

petroleum

Informal agreements among various companies to stabilize rates and divide markets were known as ______.

pool arrangements

The theory of Social Darwinism ______.

promoted the idea that capitalism offered all people a chance for great wealth

The principal agent of industrial development in the late nineteenth century was ______.

railroad expansion

During the late nineteenth century, child labor in the United States was ______.

regulated in factories, but standards were often ignored

Many industrial workers faced ten-hour days, ______ days a week.

six

The stories of Horatio Alger are important because they supported Americans' belief that ______.

social mobility is possible

Andrew Carnegie Issac Singer Gustavus Swift John D. Rockefeller

steel sewing machine manufacturing meatpacking oil

New managerial techniques adopted in the late nineteenth century included which of the following?

strict cost-accounting procedures a systematic division of responsibilities a hierarchy of control