Chapter 17: Integrating Network Devices

Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)

A 2 bit field that notifies next-hop devices that a link is experiencing congestion and packet loss is imminent at the current transmission rates.

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

A VoIP signaling protocol used to set up, maintain, and tear down VoIP phone calls. Uses TCP or UDP 5060 and 5061

Video Teleconferencing (VTC)

A business process of using video signals to carry audio and visual signals between separate locations, thus allowing participants to meet via a virtual meeting instead of traveling to a physical location.

MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol)

A complete VoIP or video presentation connection and session controller. Uses TCP 2427 and 2727

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

A computer that controls a machine according to a set of ordered steps.

Controller

A computer that knows enough to manage the process

VoIP PBX

A dedicated telephone switch or a virtual switching device that connects and manages calls within a private organization, and manages call connections that exit the network through a VoIP gateway.

VoIP Gateway

A device that converts signals from a campus's analog phone equipment into IP data that can travel over the Internet, or that converts VoIP data from an internal IP network to travel over a phone company's analog telephone lines.

physical access control device

A device used to enforce the security of the physical resources that make up a network and infrastructure

network segmentation

A network arrangement in which some portions of the network have been separated from the rest of the network in order to protect some resources while granting access to other resources.

Medianet

A network of far-flung routers and servers that provides sufficient bandwidth for video teleconferencing (VTC) via quality of service (QoS) and other tools.

multifunction devices (MFD)

A printer with a built-in scanner and sometimes fax capabilities Can be used as a copier

Class of Service (CoS)

A prioritization value used to apply to services, ports, or whatever a quality of service (QoS) device might use.

Z-Wave

A proprietary wireless communications protocol used with IoT devices. Support 232 devices on the 908 or 916MHz band.

Distributed Control System (DCS)

A small controller added directly to a machine used to distribute the computing load.

VoIP endpoints

An end user device or application that gives the user access to VoIP services on a network.

ICS components

I/O Functions A controller An interface for the operator

Hardening IoT devices

Keeping the devices current (software and firmware), use physical security precautions, and apply internal security options

SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition)

Large scale, distributed, measurement and control systems used to monitor or to control chemical, physical, or transport processes

sensors

Monitors things

UC gateway

One of three components of a UC network, it is an edge device used to add extra services to an edge router.

UC Server

One of three components of a UC network, it is typically a dedicated box that supports any UC-provided service.

UC Device

One of three components of a UC network, it is used to handle voice, video, and more.

Zigbee

Open source wireless communications protocol used with IoT devices. Supports over 64,000 devices at either the 2.4GHz or 915-MHz band.

Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)

Protocol that defines the type of packets used on the Internet to move voice or data from a server to clients. The vast majority of VoIP solutions available today use this. Uses UDP ports 6970 to 6999.

Remote terminal units (RTU)

Replaces controllers in a SCADA systems. Has a degree of autonomy incase connection is lost and operates using a form of long-distance communication, like fiber or cellular.

Reasons for network segmentation

Security, performance optimization, load balancing, and compliance.

Industrial Control Systems (ICS)

Systems that collect, monitor, and process real-time data to control machines locally or at remote sites.

unified communications (UC)

Technology that integrates multiple communications channels and applications into a single interface, which is accessible from many different devices.

ICS server

The central controller that each Local Controller of a DCS connects to.

differentiated services code point (DSCP)

The first 6 bits of the 8-bit DiffServ field in an IPv4 packet. indicates to network routers how the data stream should be forwarded.

Human Machine Interface (HMI)

The hardware or software through which an operator interacts with a controller. Can range from a physical control panel with buttons and indicator lights to an industrial PC with a color graphics display running dedicated software.

Internet of Things (IoT)

The idea that objects are becoming connected to the Internet so they can interact with other devices, applications, or services.

H.323

The most commonly used video presentation protocol (codec) TCP 1720

differentiated services (DiffServ)

The underlying architecture that makes all the QoS stuff work.

real-time services (RTS)

Time-sensitive services provided over a network, such as telephone conversations and videoconferences, where data is transferred as it is created.

Wi-Fi with IoT

Typically, a base station will connect to this while the IoT device will use Zigbee or Z-Wave mesh. Wi-Fi 6 is designed with IoT in mind.

IoT Home automation

Various electronic objects at home such as air conditioner, lights, refrigerators, security cameras, kitchen stoves can be connected to the Internet with the help of sensors.

Unified voice services

VoIP when used in cloud-based PBX systems. Skype is an example.

computer telephony integration (CTI)

When a company's telephone system meets its computer system. Here, special PBXs that used to control phones as a separate entity can now be controlled by servers with powerful software.

Bluetooth

Wireless PAN technology that transmits signals over short distances between cell phones, computers, and other devices

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)

a wireless protocol designed for reduced power consumption and periodic exchange of small amounts of data. Used with IoT devices.

Bluetooth security

devices must be manually get to discovery mode. A PIN that is generated by the device being connected to must be inputted on the other device. Some device don't use a PIN, however.

real-time video

enables bidirectional communication via unicast messages. Offers both audio and video to communicate

actuators

make changes based on the sensors

IoT access considerations

managing and securing access to Internet of Things (IoT) devices to prevent unauthorized access and attacks

Presence information services

tech that enable users to show they are present for some form of communication

UCaaS (Unified Communications as a Service)

Bundles up most of an organization's communication needs in a single service that is accessed through an app on a computer or smartphone. Zoom and Teams are examples.

DiffServ pieces

DSCP and ECN