Chapter 18: Blood Vessels
13) Which of the following would not promote reabsorption from the venous end of the capillary bed? A) increasing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid B) increasing solute concentration in the plasma of the circulating blood C) decreasing hydrostatic pressure of the blood. D) reducing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid
A
14) Supplies the distal areas of the large intestine. A) Inferior mesenteric artery B) Aorta C) Internal iliac artery D) Common hepatic artery E) Renal artery
A
15) In general it is expected that ________. A) osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed B) osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end C) osmotic pressure will be higher in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end D) hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed
A
16) Which of the following is most likely to occur in the arteriovenous shuts present in the blood vessels of the finger tips and toes? A) Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shunts. B) Warmer temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shunts. C) Exercise will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shunts. D) Colder temperatures will result in vasodilation in the arteriovenous shunts.
A
20) Major supply to the cerebral hemispheres. A) Internal carotid artery B) Radial artery C) Celiac trunk D) Brachiocephalic trunk E) External iliac artery
A
23) Carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. A) Pulmonary trunk B) Axillary artery C) External jugular vein D) Superior vena cava E) Subclavian vein
A
3) During a marathon which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner? A) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) B) epinephrine C) angiotensin II D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A
30) Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. A) Pulmonary vein B) Great saphenous vein C) Brachial artery D) Superior mesenteric artery E) Femoral artery
A
33) Site where exchanges of food and gases are made. A) Capillaries B) Large arteries C) Arterioles D) Large veins E) Large arteries
A
34) Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? A) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure B) hydrostatic pressure only C) blood volume and viscosity D) plasma and formed element concentration
A
36) Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest. A) Capillaries B) Large arteries C) Arterioles D) Large veins E) Large arteries
A
41) Due to inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs. A) Circulatory shock B) Hypovolemic shock C) Vascular shock D) Cardiogenic shock
A
43) Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. A) tunica intima B) tunica media C) tunica externa D) tunica adventitia
A
59) If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so? A) Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance. B) The heart has increased its rate to increase cardiac output. C) The heart has increased its contractile force increasing cardiac output. D) The sympathetic nervous system has increased its nervous impulses.
A
9) In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ________ type of capillaries in red bone marrow. A) sinusoid capillaries B) continuous capillaries C) fenestrated capillaries D) metarterioles
A
4) For each of the following situations, describe the anticipated effect on blood pressure and the physiological basis of the response: (1) a high-salt diet, (2) a blow on the head that damages (disables) the vasomotor center, (3) an attack by a mugger, and (4) a hypothalamic tumor resulting in excess ADH production.
Answer: (1) A high-salt diet causes increased sodium in the blood, which increases total extracellular fluid volume. This leads to increased blood volume and blood pressure. (2) Damage to the vasomotor center will cause a loss of vasomotor tone and a drop in blood pressure because the vasomotor center is the integrating center for blood pressure control. (3) During the mugger attack, blood pressure would increase due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation (the fight-or-flight response) triggered by the hypothalamus. (4) Excess ADH production would cause an increase in blood pressure through increased water retention and therefore increased blood volume. ADH also stimulates vasoconstriction.
8) Describe the forces that determine fluid movements across capillary walls.
Answer: (1) Capillary hydrostatic pressure (equal to capillary blood pressure) tends to force fluid out of capillaries into the interstitial spaces. (2) Osmotic pressure, created by large nondiffusible particles in the blood, tends to draw water into the capillaries. At the arterial end of the capillary bed, hydrostatic forces dominate and fluid moves out, while at the venous end, osmotic forces dominate and the net fluid movement is into the capillaries.
1) Describe the effect of hypovolemic shock on the blood vessels and the heart.
Answer: Hypovolemic shock causes blood vessels to constrict to increase venous return and maintain pressure. Heart rate increases to compensate for loss of blood pressure and to maintain cardiac output. If volume loss continues, pressure eventually drops sharply and the shock becomes irreversible, leading to death.
11) The abdominal aorta divides into three arteries at its terminus; what are they?
Answer: Left and right common iliac arteries and the median sacral artery.
3) A woman in her early 50s appeared at a walk-in clinic, complaining of aching pain in her right leg following a fall. Visual examination revealed that the medial aspect of that leg was red and swollen. A diagnosis of phlebitis was made. What is phlebitis, and what more serious condition may result if proper healing does not occur?
Answer: Phlebitis is an inflammation of a vein accompanied by painful throbbing and redness of the skin over the inflamed vessel. Thrombophlebitis (inflammation of a vein caused by clot formation) can result if proper healing does not occur. The danger in thrombophlebitis is the possibility that a clot could detach and form an embolus.
2) Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease of blood vessels that is responsible for millions of deaths each year. Describe the disease process, noting the involvement of specific cell/tissue types and molecules.
Answer: The disease process involves several stages and usually affects the aorta and coronary arteries. The initial event involves damage to the tunica intima caused by bloodborne chemicals or physical factors such as a mechanical stress from hypertension or infection. Injured endothelial cells release chemicals that increase the uptake by the endothelium of fats, LDLs, and cholesterol. This eventually attracts macrophages that ingest the oxidized fats and, along with smooth muscle cells from the tunica media, transform into foam cells. Foam cells become fatty streaks, which, along with collagen and elastin fibers secreted by smooth muscle cells, form atherosclerotic plaques. These protrude into the lumen and narrow the blood vessels.
5) List the major factors that are linked to essential hypertension and note which ones are controllable by the patient.
Answer: The factors are heredity, diet, obesity, age, diabetes mellitus, stress, and smoking. All of these factors are controllable by the patient except for heredity and age.
12) The mesenteric arteries branch off the abdominal aorta, but the mesenteric veins do not connect directly to the vena cava. Why?
Answer: The mesenteric veins merge into the hepatic portal vein before entering the liver. The liver dumps into the vena cava.
7) A pregnant patient comes into a clinic and asks about a small painless dark compressible bulge that is becoming more apparent on her leg. What is it and what caused it?
Answer: The patient is getting a varicose vein. Due to the growing fetus putting downward pressure on the vessels of the groin and restricting the return of blood to the heart, the valves in the peripheral veins begin to fail. This causes blood pooling, which enlarges these veins and puts additional strain on other peripheral vein valves down the line.
6) Mr. Wilson is a 45-year-old stockbroker with essential hypertension. He is African American, obese, and he smokes 2-3 packs of cigarettes daily. What risk factors for hypertension are typified by Mr. Wilson? What steps should be taken to treat Mr. Wilson, and what lifestyle changes should he make? What complications are likely if corrective steps are not taken?
Answer: The risk factors are obesity, race, a high-stress job, and smoking. Mr. Wilson should lose weight, reduce salt intake, quit smoking, and try to reduce his stress level, perhaps by relaxation training. Medical intervention could include treatment with diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Complications could include atherosclerosis, heart failure, renal failure, and stroke.
10) Consider the diameter of one 4-mm blood vessel and two 2-mm blood vessels. Would the two 2-mm vessels carry more, less, or the same amount of fluid, given that pressure is a constant? Why?
Answer: The two 2-mm vessels would deliver considerably less (8 times less) fluid for two reasons: (1) the resistance in the smaller vessels is much greater and (2) the volume of the 4-mm vessel is greater than that of two 2-mm vessels. Draw a 4-inch circle; then put two 2-inch circles in it and notice the volume difference. Alternatively, consider the effect of the fourth power of the radius, if the radius halves, the flow decreases 16 times, and even 2 smaller vessels would only reduce the difference to an 8-fold decrease.
8) At the battle of Shiloh in the American Civil War, Confederate General A. S. Johnston was killed when he was shot in the thigh. Witnesses reported that he bled to death almost before he realized that he was wounded. Which blood vessel was most likely to have been injured? Why is a tourniquet usually ineffective in stopping the bleeding from this wound?
Answer: The wound severed his femoral artery, the largest artery serving the lower limb. A tourniquet may be ineffective because it is a high-pressure, deep artery with a large diameter. It is therefore difficult to exert enough pressure through the thigh muscles to stop the bleeding.
6) What are the sounds of Korotkoff?
Answer: They are thumping sounds heard as an inflated blood pressure cuff is deflated on the arm. They represent blood spurting through the constricted artery and continue until the vessel is no longer constricted.
5) Mrs. Gray, a 50-year-old mother of seven children, is complaining of dull, aching pains in her legs. She reports that they have been getting progressively worse since the birth of her last child. During her physical examination, numerous varicosities are seen in both legs. How are varicosities recognized? What veins are most likely involved? What pathologic changes have occurred in these veins, and what is the most likely cause in this patient's case?
Answer: Varicosities are recognized by the enlargement of the veins. Superficial veins are most likely involved because they have little support from surrounding tissues. The veins have become tortuous and dilated because of incompetent valves that allow the blood to pool, stretching the vein walls. The likely cause in this patient's case is her pregnancies, because the enlarged uterus exerts downward pressure on groin vessels, restricting return blood flow to the heart.
9) Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation. What is the mechanism of regulation?
Answer: Vasoconstriction is a reduction in the lumen diameter of a blood vessel due to smooth muscle contraction. Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle relaxation. Both are regulated by vasomotor nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and by local metabolic substances.
7) Which type of blood vessels contain valves and what is their function?
Answer: Veins contain valves to prevent blood from flowing backward. This is necessary because the venous vessels are a low-pressure system and the blood must sometimes flow against gravity, particularly in the limbs.
9) A patient lost a lot of blood during surgery and his blood pressure dropped from 120/80 to 90/50. Describe how the kidneys respond to this change in blood pressure.
Answer: When arterial blood pressure declines, special cells in the kidneys release the enzyme renin into the blood. Renin triggers a series of enzymatic reactions that produce angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin causes an increase in systemic blood pressure, and increases the rate of blood delivery to the kidneys and renal perfusion. It also stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone, a hormone that enhances renal reabsorption of sodium, and prods the posterior pituitary to release ADH, which promotes more water reabsorption. As sodium moves into the bloodstream, water follows; thus both blood volume and blood pressure rise.
10) A patient has an 80% blockage of his left anterior descending coronary artery. Describe what occurs in terms of myocardial oxygen supply and demand if his sympathetic nervous system is stimulated.
Answer: When the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated there is increased myocardial contractility, which increases cardiac output and blood flow to active muscles. This increases the demand for oxygen to the cells. The coronary artery is a major blood vessel of the heart. When the demand for myocardial oxygen exceeds the ability of the coronary arteries to supply it, death of myocardial tissue can occur.
1) Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________. A) increasing hydrostatic pressure and edema will occur B) decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur C) increasing hydrostatic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases D) decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases
B
11) Largest artery of the body. A) Inferior mesenteric artery B) Aorta C) Internal iliac artery D) Common hepatic artery E) Renal artery
B
14) In general it is expected that ________. A) hydrostatic pressure will rise as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed B) hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed C) hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed D) osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end
B
17) Which of the following best describes the benefit of the vasomotion process? A) It allows for rapid increase in blood flow to vital organs during fight or flight response. B) It provides a balance between adequate perfusion to all of the tissues while maintaining blood's pressure. C) It lowers blood's pressure by reducing the distribution of blood flow to all of the tissues in the capillary bed. D) It decreases hydrostatic pressure while also increasing osmotic pressure to enhance reabsorption.
B
19) Common site to take the pulse. A) Internal carotid artery B) Radial artery C) Celiac trunk D) Brachiocephalic trunk E) External iliac artery
B
21) Which statement best describes arteries? A) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. B) All carry blood away from the heart. C) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. D) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.
B
24) The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________. A) elastic arteries B) muscular arteries C) arterioles D) capillaries
B
25) Runs through the armpit area, giving off branches to the axillae, chest wall, and shoulder girdle. A) Pulmonary trunk B) Axillary artery C) External jugular vein D) Superior vena cava E) Subclavian vein
B
26) The pulse pressure is ________. A) systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure B) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure C) systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure D) diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)
B
29) Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? A) Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. B) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter. C) They distribute blood to various parts of the body. D) They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue.
B
31) Vessel commonly used as a coronary bypass vessel. A) Pulmonary vein B) Great saphenous vein C) Brachial artery D) Superior mesenteric artery E) Femoral artery
B
33) Blood flow to the skin ________. A) is controlled mainly by decreasing pH B) increases when environmental temperature rises C) increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze D) is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells
B
35) Site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest. A) Capillaries B) Large arteries C) Arterioles D) Large veins E) Large arteries
B
36) Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? A) tunica intima B) tunica media C) tunica externa D) tunica adventitia
B
37) The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________. A) the only factor that influences resistance B) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius C) significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter D) insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary
B
4) If a person stands up suddenly from the prone (lying) position they may feel a sudden dizzy or lightheadedness. Which of the following is the least likely physiological response to this situation? A) increasing peripheral resistance due to vasoconstriction B) increased parasympathetic nerve impulses to the heart C) increased sympathetic output to the heart D) faster heart rate and greater heart contractility
B
43) Due to large-scale blood loss. A) Circulatory shock B) Hypovolemic shock C) Vascular shock D) Cardiogenic shock
B
46) These capillaries may be lined with phagocytes that can extend their process into the plasma to catch "prey." A) fenestrations B) sinusoids C) thoroughfare channels D) anastomoses
B
50) Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________. A) nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers B) the dural sinus reflex C) renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction D) chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide
B
56) The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? A) reflex arcs involving baroreceptors B) altering blood volume C) reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers D) chemoreceptors
B
58) Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation? A) kidney B) lungs C) liver D) heart
B
62) The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? A) a decrease in carbon dioxide B) changes in arterial pressure C) a decrease in oxygen levels D) an increase in oxygen levels
B
8) In the brain the fluid that filters out of capillaries is highly regulated. You would expect to see ________ feeding the brain. A) sinusoid capillaries, with incomplete basement membrane B) continuous capillaries, with no intercellular clefts C) fenestrated capillaries, with thin diaphragms made of extracellular glycoproteins D) metarterioles leading directly to thoroughfare cannels
B
10) The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which of the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta? A) The aorta's tunica media is thick with dense regular connective tissue to withstand the blood's pressure. B) Smooth muscle is relatively thin in the aorta to increase lumen size and systemic blood flow. C) Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart. D) The tunica external of the aorta is nearly absent compared to other vessels.
C
12) Which of the following would not promote filtration from the arteriole end of the capillary bed? A) increasing blood pressure B) relaxing precapillary sphincters C) increasing plasma protein concentration D) reducing hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial fluid
C
15) Supplies pelvic structures. A) Inferior mesenteric artery B) Aorta C) Internal iliac artery D) Common hepatic artery E) Renal artery
C
19) Which of the following would have the least influence on blood pressure? A) cardiac output B) peripheral resistance C) white blood cell count D) blood volume
C
2) If a person were to have substantial blood loss you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to except one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss. A) increasing vasomotor tone B) increases peripheral resistance C) decreased heart rate D) a weak, thread pulse
C
20) Which of the following chemicals affects blood pressure for both the short and long term? A) aldosterone B) atrial natriuretic peptide C) angiotensin II D) nitric acid
C
21) Large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen. A) Internal carotid artery B) Radial artery C) Celiac trunk D) Brachiocephalic trunk E) External iliac artery
C
24) Drains the scalp. A) Pulmonary trunk B) Axillary artery C) External jugular vein D) Superior vena cava E) Subclavian vein
C
27) Artery usually ausculated to take the blood pressure. A) Pulmonary vein B) Great saphenous vein C) Brachial artery D) Superior mesenteric artery E) Femoral artery
C
28) Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? A) Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. B) The skin will be cold and clammy. C) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. D) Blood flow to the kidneys increases.
C
31) Peripheral resistance ________. A) decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel B) increases as blood vessel diameter increases C) increases as blood viscosity increases D) is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals
C
32) Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. A) is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level B) causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure C) is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist D) is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons
C
32) Site where resistance to blood flow is greatest. A) Capillaries B) Large arteries C) Arterioles D) Large veins E) Large arteries
C
35) Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? A) hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume B) cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels C) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone D) circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant
C
38) The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. A) the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis B) any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally C) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea D) always fatal
C
39) Site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance. A) Capillaries B) Large arteries C) Arterioles D) Large veins E) Large arteries
C
39) Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? A) blood viscosity B) total blood vessel length C) blood vessel diameter D) blood vessels type
C
40) Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable? A) Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them. B) Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute-containing fluid out of the bloodstream. C) Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure. D) Low capillary pressure reduces the load of drainage the lymphatic drainage must handle.
C
42) Normal blood volume but poor circulation due to extreme vasodilation. A) Circulatory shock B) Hypovolemic shock C) Vascular shock D) Cardiogenic shock
C
44) Due to the branching of arteries, the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be ________. A) muscular arteries B) elastic arteries C) arterioles D) pulmonary arteries
C
48) Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? A) 120/80 B) 140/90 C) 170/96 D) 110/60
C
5) A drug that restricts the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) would like result in all of the following physiologic changes but one. Which of the following is the least likely to result from a drug blocking ACE activity? A) decreased peripheral resistance due to decreases vasomotor tone B) increased urine output due to reduction in circulating antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C) increased thirst and higher blood volume D) lower levels of circulating aldosterone and lowered sodium reabsorption
C
54) Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________. A) skin temperature B) ADH C) intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms D) the hypothalamic "thermostat"
C
57) Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________. A) obesity B) stress C) kidney disease D) smoking
C
7) A person suddenly gaining significant amounts of adipose tissue can expect all of the following physiological changes except one. Which of the following is least likely to occur with a sudden and significant gain in adipose tissue? A) increased angiogenesis and higher peripheral resistance B) higher peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure C) lower heart rate and reduced blood flow D) increased risk of developing atherosclerosis
C
11) Which of the following statements is not true of the precapillary sphincters? A) They allow blood to bypass the true capillaries that are fed by the metarteriole. B) They regulate the flow of blood to tissues served by the true capillaries. C) They increase or decrease rates of perfusion to the tissues served by the true capillaries. D) They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel.
D
13) Supplies the duodenum and stomach. A) Inferior mesenteric artery B) Aorta C) Internal iliac artery D) Common hepatic artery E) Renal artery
D
17) Gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery. A) Internal carotid artery B) Radial artery C) Celiac trunk D) Brachiocephalic trunk E) External iliac artery
D
18) The velocity and pressure of blood is slowest and lowest in the capillary beds. Which of the following is not an accurate description of the benefits of slow, low pressure blood in the capillary beds? A) Lower pressure reduces the chance of injury to delicate capillary vessels. B) Slower blood flow through capillaries allows more time for diffusion to take place in the capillary bed. C) Lower pressure on the venous end of the capillary bed allows for greater reabsorption of fluid back to the plasma. D) Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation.
D
22) Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. A) arterioles B) arteries C) veins D) capillaries
D
22) Receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall. A) Pulmonary trunk B) Axillary artery C) External jugular vein D) Superior vena cava E) Subclavian vein
D
23) Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false? A) It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing. B) Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins. C) It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together. D) It branches off of the inferior vena cava.
D
25) Each of the following describes the action of aldosterone except one. Which of the following does not describe the activity of aldosterone hormone? A) It promotes an increase in blood pressure. B) It promotes an increase in sodium reabsorption from the kidney to the blood. C) It will reduce urine output. D) It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine.
D
27) Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? A) cold, clammy skin B) increased heart rate C) rapid, thready pulse D) rapidly falling blood pressure
D
29) Supplies the small intestine. A) Pulmonary vein B) Great saphenous vein C) Brachial artery D) Superior mesenteric artery E) Femoral artery
D
30) Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? A) neural controls B) baroreceptor-initiated reflexes C) chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes D) renal regulation
D
34) Site where blood pressure is lowest. A) Capillaries B) Large arteries C) Arterioles D) Large veins E) Large arteries
D
37) Site where the blood volume is greatest. A) Capillaries B) Large arteries C) Arterioles D) Large veins E) Large arteries
D
40) Results from heart inability to sustain adequate circulation due to myocardial damage. A) Circulatory shock B) Hypovolemic shock C) Vascular shock D) Cardiogenic shock
D
41) The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer the does not affect a pulse rate reading. A) activity B) postural changes C) emotions D) the vessel selected to palpate
D
42) Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation? A) right ventricle B) pulmonary arteries and veins C) left atrium D) superior vena cava
D
45) Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries? A) Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food. B) Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine orgas allow hormones rapid entry into the blood. C) Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney. D) Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier.
D
47) Factors that aid venous return include all except ________. A) activity of skeletal muscles B) pressure changes in the thorax C) venous valves D) urinary output
D
49) Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. A) An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery. B) Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas. C) Excess albumen transport protein production would decrease blood pressure. D) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
D
51) The velocity of blood flow is ________. A) in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels B) slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter C) slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter D) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
D
52) Select the correct statement about blood flow. A) It is relatively constant through all body organs. B) It is measured in mm Hg. C) It is greatest where resistance is highest. D) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is proportional to cardiac output.
D
53) A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________. A) left side of the head and neck B) myocardium of the heart C) left upper arm D) right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
D
55) A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________. A) increased work of the left ventricle B) increased incidence of coronary artery disease C) increased damage to blood vessel endothelium D) decreased size of the heart muscle
D
6) Which of the following would not be expected from taking a diuretic drug? A) lower plasma volume B) increased urine output C) decreased blood pressure D) greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion
D
60) Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? A) a decrease in local tissue oxygen content B) an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide C) a local increase in histamine D) a local increase in pH
D
61) Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? A) increasing stroke volume B) increasing heart rate C) rising blood volume D) falling blood volume E) all of these
D
12) Supplies the kidney. A) Inferior mesenteric artery B) Aorta C) Internal iliac artery D) Common hepatic artery E) Renal artery
E
16) Artery that does not anastomose. A) Inferior mesenteric artery B) Aorta C) Internal iliac artery D) Common hepatic artery E) Renal artery
E
18) Supplies a lower limb. A) Internal carotid artery B) Radial artery C) Celiac trunk D) Brachiocephalic trunk E) External iliac artery
E
26) Drains an upper extremity, a deep vein. A) Pulmonary trunk B) Axillary artery C) External jugular vein D) Superior vena cava E) Subclavian vein
E
28) Major artery of the thigh. A) Pulmonary vein B) Great saphenous vein C) Brachial artery D) Superior mesenteric artery E) Femoral artery
E
38) Site where the blood pressure is greatest. A) Capillaries B) Large arteries C) Arterioles D) Large veins E) Large arteries
E
2) Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart. T/F
F
3) Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane. T/F
F
Describe what a capillary found in endocrine organs that allows hormones to gain rapid entry into the blood looks like
Medium sized holes
Describe what a capillary found where active capillary absorption of filtrate occurs looks like
Medium sized holes
Describe what a capillary with intercellular clefts found in the skin and muscles looks like
No holes
Where is the splenic vein?
Runs behind the middle of the stomach
1) The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation. T/F
T
10) Whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid, bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid. T/F
T
4) The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis. T/F
T
5) The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole. T/F
T
6) The pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues. T/F
T
7) An obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head and neck to the heart. T/F
T
8) Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses. T/F
T
9) An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance. T/F
T
Describe what a capillary that have a discontinuous, incomplete basement membrane looks like
Very large holes
Describe what a sinusoid capillary looks like
Very large holes
2) Arterial ________ provide alternate pathways for blood to get to an organ.
anastomoses
3) The ________ in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch detect increases in blood pressure.
baroreceptors
4) The internal carotid arteries supply the ________ with blood.
brain
1) A family of peptides called ________ are released by the endothelium and are among the most potent vasoconstrictors known.
endothelins