Chapter 18, Chapter 17, Chapter 20 (EXAM II)
19. Elliot thought that his peptic ulcers were caused by his nagging parents, and was surprised when the doctor handed him a prescription for medication to treat A. a bacterial infection. B. a viral infection. C. a too high pH. D. excess bile.
A. a bacterial infection.
5. Peristalsis occurs in the digestive tract A. from the pharynx to the anus. B. in the stomach and small intestine only. C. in the small and large intestines only. D. in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
A. from the pharynx to the anus.
5. A renal corpuscle includes the A. glomerulus and glomerular capsule. B. glomerulus and renal tubule. C. glomerular capsule and renal tubule. D. renal tubule and collecting tubule.
A. glomerulus and glomerular capsule.
43. The relative concentration of potassium is A. higher in urine than plasma or glomerular filtrate. B. higher in plasma and glomerular filtrate than in urine. C. about equal in plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine. D. lower in urine than plasma or glomerular filtrate.
A. higher in urine than plasma or glomerular filtrate.
7. The teeth that are best adapted for biting off hunks of food are the A. incisors. B. canines. C. bicuspids. D. molars
A. incisors.
34. A decrease in the glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure will _____ the rate of glomerular filtration. A. increase B. decrease C. not change D. have a variable effect on
A. increase
2. Sarah eats only dairy, and no meat or eggs. She is a(n) A. lacto-vegetarian. B. ovo-vegetarian. C. vegan. D. pesco-vegetarian.
A. lacto-vegetarian
45. Autoregulation refers to A. maintaining constant GFR. B. secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide at a constant rate. C. secretion of renin at a constant rate. D. actions of the parasympathetic nervous system.
A. maintaining constant GFR.
9. The mechanical breakup of food particles in the mouth is called A. mastication. B. salivation. C. peristalsis. D. absorption.
A. mastication.
48. Receptor-mediated endocytosis removes _______ molecules from plasma, delivering cholesterol to the tissues. A. VLDL B. LDL C. HDL D. triglycerides
B. LDL
35. David has sustained severe damage to his liver in a car accident. Digestion of which nutrient will be most affected? A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Vitamins
B. Lipids
47. VLDL molecules are produced in which organ? A. Pancreas B. Liver C. Kidneys D. Stomach
B. Liver
26. Excess intake of which vitamin could possibly lead to irreversible renal damage? A. Vitamin C B. Vitamin B12 C. Vitamin B1 D. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin D
11. Lipids include A. fats. B. oils. C. cholesterol. D. all of the above
D. all of the above
15. In the swallowing reflex A. muscles pull the pharynx upward toward the food. B. the epiglottis closes off the top of the trachea. C. the tongue presses against the uvula and soft palate. D. all of the above.
D. all of the above.
18. Factors that affect BMR are A. body size. B. body temperature. C. the level of endocrine activity. D. all of the above.
D. all of the above.
30. The B vitamins are A. essential for normal cellular metabolism. B. involved in the oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. C. grouped because they are in the same foods. D. all of the above.
D. all of the above.
31. Functions of the liver include A. maintaining blood glucose concentration. B. formation of urea. C. secretion of bile. D. all of the above.
D. all of the above.
47. Medical conditions that affect the ability to obtain adequate nutrition include A. tooth decay. B. depression. C. periodontal disease. D. all of the above.
D. all of the above.
53. Dietary supplements include dietary ingredients such as A. a vitamin. B. an herb. C. an amino acid. D. all of the above.
D. all of the above.
53. Feces contain A. electrolytes. B. undigested food. C. bacteria. D. all of the above.
D. all of the above.
57. Factors that may affect the rate of absorption of certain medications with age include A. slowing of the exit of chyme from the stomach. B. slowing peristalsis. C. thinning of the stomach lining. D. all of the above.
D. all of the above.
61. Hepatitis B can be transmitted by means of A. sexual activity. B. hypodermic needles. C. saliva. D. all of the above.
D. all of the above.
8. The root canal of a tooth contains A. dentin. B. cementum. C. gingiva. D. blood vessels and nerves
D. blood vessels and nerves
20. The main part of the stomach is called the A. fundus. B. pylorus. C. cardia. D. body.
D. body.
73. The pyloric sphincter serves as a valve that controls the movement of food between the esophagus and stomach. True False
False
74. Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in water, are very sensitive to the effects of heat, and are easily destroyed by cooking or food processing. True False
False
74. Sympathetic nerve impulses usually cause proportional degrees of vasodilation in the afferent and efferent arterioles. True False
False
75. Provitamins are special vitamins that elite athletes take. True False
False
75. The enterogastric reflex begins in the stomach and ends in the small intestine. True False
False
76. Vitamins directly provide energy. True False
False
77. The hepatic duct connects the gallbladder to the bile duct. True False
False
78. Bile is composed of HCl, pepsin, mucus, and intrinsic factor. True False
False
78. Vitamin D deficiency in children produces scurvy. True False
False
79. When the concentration of water in body fluids increases, the secretion of ADH increases. True False
False
80. Bile salts function as digestive enzymes to break down fatty acids. True False
False
80. Glomerular filtration produces about 18 liters of fluid formed in twenty-four hours. True False
False
80. The B vitamins are water insoluble. True False
False
81. Active transport mechanisms have limited transport capacities because the renal tubule is not very permeable to molecules. True False
False
81. Cyanocobalamin is found exclusively in plants. True False
False
82. Many hydrogen ions are secreted between the plasma in the peritubular capillaries and the filtrate in the nephron loop. True False
False
83. An increase in sodium reabsorption increases water reabsorption by actively transporting water into the blood. True False
False
83. Dietary minerals are organic molecules. True False
False
84. The cecum is located at the inferior end of the descending colon. True False
False
84. The most abundant major minerals are potassium and sodium. True False
False
87. Malnutrition due to diet alone is called secondary malnutrition. True False
False
88. Kwashiorkor tends to affect adolescent girls from well-to-do families who perceive themselves as being too fat. True False
False
88. The urinary bladder is superior to the parietal peritoneum. True False
False
74. Fatty foods stay in the stomach longer than protein or carbohydrate foods. True False
True
75. At rest, the kidneys receive about a quarter of the blood coming from the heart. True False
True
76. Glomerular filtrate is similar to tissue fluid in composition. True False
True
76. Pancreatic acinar cells secrete pancreatic juice. True False
True
77. If the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma is decreased, the glomerular filtration rate is increased. True False
True
77. Vitamin A is an antioxidant. True False
True
78. The glomerular filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule is isotonic to the plasma of the peritubular capillary. True False
True
79. Cholecystokinin, a hormone released from intestinal mucosa as a result of stimulation by the presence of fats in the small intestine, stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum. True False
True
79. Vitamin E is primarily stored in adipose tissue and muscle. True False
True
81. Lymph transports fat molecules with longer chains of carbon atoms away from the intestine. True False
True
82. About 75% of the minerals in the body are in bones and teeth as calcium and phosphorus, and homeostatic mechanisms regulate their concentrations. True False
True
82. From the stomach, food passes into the duodenum, then the jejunum, and then the ileum. True False
True
83. The movement of chyme through the small intestine is increased by parasympathetic impulses and is inhibited by sympathetic impulses. True False
True
84. ADH increases reabsorption of water from urine into blood by increasing the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts. True False
True
85. Inulin clearance measures the rate of glomerular filtration. True False
True
85. Magnesium affects ATP production and is therefore important in providing energy. True False
True
86. Copper is essential for producing melanin and myelin. True False
True
86. Inulin and para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) can be used to determine glomerular filtration rate and the rate of blood flow through the kidneys, respectively. True False
True
87. Peristaltic waves force urine along the length of the ureter. True False
True
89. A group of girls at a middle school are all suffering from anorexia nervosa. One girl's counselor tells her that it is a serious illness, from which 15 to 21 percent of sufferers die. The counselor is correct. True False
True
90. Vitamin D deficiency, especially in older people, results from lack of exposure to the sun. True False
True
100.Riboflavin is carried in the blood combined with the blood protein called ______. ________________________________________
albumin
95. Cholesterol removed from the blood is excreted as a component of ______. ________________________________________
bile
98. The instrument that measures the caloric content of a food sample is a(n) ______ ______. ________________________________________
bomb calorimeter
91. Nutrients necessary for health that human cells cannot synthesize are called ______. ________________________________________
essential
94. The most common dietary lipids are fats called ______. ________________________________________
triglycerides
101.Niacin can be synthesized in human cells from the essential amino acid ______. ________________________________________
tryptophan
63. Kidney cells die as early as age A. 20. B. 30. C. 40. D. 50.
A. 20.
22. Deficiency of vitamin ___ causes night blindness. A. A B. C C. D D. K
A. A
33. Which constituent of bile has a digestive function? A. Bile salts B. Bile pigments C. Cholesterol D. Electrolytes
A. Bile salts
28. _______ is a protein-digesting enzyme in pancreatic juice. A. Trypsin B. Pancrease C. Amylase D. Nuclease
A. Trypsin
72. The stomach is C-shaped and extends from the duodenum to the spleen. True False
False
14. Which of the following provide(s) a source of complete proteins? A. Eggs B. Corn C. Rice D. Wheat
A. Eggs
41. Which trace element and function is correctly matched? A. Iron-part of hemoglobin molecule B. Iodine-constituent of several enzymes involved in digestion C. Zinc-needed in blood clotting process D. Manganese-essential component for synthesis of thyroid hormones
A. Iron-part of hemoglobin molecule
13. Which of the following is a monounsaturated fat? A. Olive oil B. Butter C. Palm oil D. Coconut oil
A. Olive oil
44. A protein deficiency may be accompanied by edema because of A. a decrease in plasma proteins and therefore a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure. B. an increase in blood pressure. C. vasodilation of capillaries throughout the body. D. lack of sufficient water in the diet
A. a decrease in plasma proteins and therefore a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure.
7. A nephron consists of A. a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. B. an afferent and efferent arteriole. C. a cortex and a medulla. D. a bladder and a ureter.
A. a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
66. The story of Balkan endemic nephropathy indicated that A. a toxin in food can damage kidneys and cause cancer in the urinary tract. B. kidney disease only affects people in Croatia. C. drinking too much alcohol can strain the kidneys. D. a terrorist can poison peoples' urinary systems by putting bacteria in the water supply.
A. a toxin in food can damage kidneys and cause cancer in the urinary tract.
28. Fat-soluble vitamins are A. absorbed more readily in the presence of bile salts. B. excreted rapidly by the kidneys. C. easily destroyed by heat during cooking. D. not stored in tissues.
A. absorbed more readily in the presence of bile salts.
68. Hemodialysis involves A. an artificial kidney. B. an artificial liver. C. a kidney transplant. D. a bone marrow transplant
A. an artificial kidney.
42. The epithelial cells that form the inner lining of the small intestine A. are replaced every few days. B. are not able to reproduce. C. are cube-shaped. D. remain where they are first formed.
A. are replaced every few days.
37. Gallstones may form if A. bile is too concentrated. B. hepatic cells secrete too much HCl. C. the pH of the gallbladder becomes too alkaline. D. the liver is lacerated
A. bile is too concentrated.
57. Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron? A. calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra B. renal pelvis, calyx, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra C. calyx, renal pelvis, urethra, ureter, urinary bladder D. renal pelvis, calyx, urinary bladder, ureter, urethra
A. calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
12. Salivary amylase digests A. carbohydrates. B. proteins. C. fats. D. vitamins.
A. carbohydrates.
64. An X-rays series of the bile ducts is called a A. cholangiogram. B. cholecystogram. C. cholecystectomy. D. cholelithiasis.
A. cholangiogram.
10. A renal corpuscle is a _____, whereas a renal tubule is a _____. A. cluster of blood capillaries and glomerular capsule; highly coiled tubule exiting the glomerular capsule B. special blood cell in the kidneys; tubule that leads from the kidneys to the bladder C. storage area for urine; tubule that carries urine from the urinary bladder outside D. glandular structure that regulates blood pressure; blood vessel that regulates the flow of blood into the glomerulus
A. cluster of blood capillaries and glomerular capsule; highly coiled tubule exiting the glomerular capsule
36. The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct unite to form the A. common bile duct. B. hepatic duct. C. hepatopancreatic duct. D. pancreatic duct
A. common bile duct.
26. The countercurrent mechanism in the nephron A. creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water. B. is a method to move sodium to control its concentration. C. keeps the volume of water lost in the urine relatively constant. D. keeps interstitial fluid hydrated to maintain blood pressure.
A. creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water.
16. A major step in extracting energy from proteins is A. deamination. B. glycogenolysis. C. glycolysis. D. beta oxidation.
A. deamination.
37. Excess calcium in the diet causes A. deposition of calcium in soft tissue. B. brittle teeth. C. cracked fingernails. D. stunted growth.
A. deposition of calcium in soft tissue.
51. During the defecation reflex, the A. diaphragm is lowered. B. glottis is opened. C. abdominal wall muscles relax. D. internal abdominal pressure is decreased
A. diaphragm is lowered.
18. The hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the wall(s) of the A. distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. B. proximal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. C. ascending limb of the nephron loop. D. descending limb of the nephron loop.
A. distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
39. Bile salts function like detergents in that they ___________ fat globules. A. emulsify B. coagulate C. digest D. liquefy
A. emulsify
12. The first capillary bed associated with the nephron A. filters. B. reabsorbs nutrients. C. adjusts pH. D. reverses the flow of blood.
A. filters.
34. The liver A. forms glucose from noncarbohydrates. B. stores vitamin C. C. produces red blood cells. D. secretes chymotrypsin.
A. forms glucose from noncarbohydrates.
47. At the renal plasma threshold A. more glucose is in the filtrate than active transport can handle. B. blood volume is so great that nephrons cannot keep up. C. the urine has too little glucose. D. more glucose is in the blood, limiting the amount of glucose that can be reabsorbed
A. more glucose is in the filtrate than active transport can handle.
4. The _______ is the layer of the alimentary canal that absorbs nutrients. A. mucosa B. submucosa C. muscular layer D. serosa
A. mucosa
31. The condition associated with lack of intrinsic factor and decreased absorption of cyanobalamin is A. pernicious anemia. B. pellagra. C. megaloblastic anemia. D. scurvy.
A. pernicious anemia.
53. The micturition reflex center is in the A. sacral segments of the spinal cord. B. medulla oblongata. C. pons. D. hypothalamus.
A. sacral segments of the spinal cord.
61. Females are at higher risk of contracting a urinary tract infection because A. the female urethra is shorter than the male's. B. the female urethra is longer than the male's. C. women sit down to urinate. D. women use toilet paper when they urinate.
A. the female urethra is shorter than the male's.
14. The parotid glands are A. the largest salivary glands. B. the smallest salivary glands. C. under the tongue. D. in the lower jaw.
A. the largest salivary glands.
41. The greater omentum is composed of A. the peritoneal membrane. B. the pericardial membrane. C. the pleural membrane. D. the hiatal membrane.
A. the peritoneal membrane.
24. Barbara has the disease gout. The inflammation and pain in her joints is due to excess _____________ in her plasma, which leads to crystal deposits in her great toe joint. A. uric acid B. urea C. calcium ions D. amino acids
A. uric acid
41. A product of the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases is A. uric acid. B. urea. C. ammonia. D. water
A. uric acid.
20. BMI measures A. weight in proportion to height. B. the amount of body fat. C. volume in proportion to area. D. the basal metabolic rate.
A. weight in proportion to height.
2. The digestive system A.ingests food, propels food, mechanically and chemically breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and defecates the remainder. B. mechanically and chemically assembles food from absorbed nutrients. C. sends cellular debris to lysosomes. D. absorbs nutrients in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and stomach, and releases nutrients in the intestines
A.ingests food, propels food, mechanically and chemically breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and defecates the remainder.
21. A large calorie (kilocalorie) equals the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water by ___ degree Celsius. A. 0.1 B. 1 C. 10 D. 100
B. 1
44. Which of the following is the correct sequence for the digestion and absorption of lipids? 1. Formation of chylomicrons 2. Emulsification by bile 3. Dissolved in the epithelial cell membrane 4. Hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase 5. Movement into lacteal ducts A. 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 B. 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 C. 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 D. 3, 2, 4, 5, 1
B. 2, 4, 3, 1, 5
54. Good general dietary advice for athletes is to eat A. about equal amounts of the three macronutrients. B. 60% or more carbohydrates, mostly from grains and vegetables. C. only two large meals a day, with no snacks. D. much more protein than non-athletes.
B. 60% or more carbohydrates, mostly from grains and vegetables.
71. The new parents are stunned at the state of their newborn's soiled diaper - it is blue! What might be the cause of the odd diaper stain? A. ADH deficiency B. A defect in transport of the amino acid tryptophan in the small intestine C. A buildup of uric acid in the blood D. E. coli poisoning
B. A defect in transport of the amino acid tryptophan in the small intestine
51. Britney is 5'2" and weighs 130 pounds. Christina is 5'8" and weighs 140 pounds, Madonna is 5'6" and weighs 150, Rihanna is 5'10" and weighs 150, and Beyonce is 5'0" and weighs 120 pounds. Which woman has the lowest BMI? A. Britney B. Christina. C. Madonna D. Rihanna
B. Christina.
3. Athletes might abuse which of the following chemicals made in the urinary system to improve performance by increasing red blood cell production? A. ADH B. Erythropoietin (EPO) C. Glomerular filtrate D. Urea
B. Erythropoietin (EPO)
5. Inhibition of which hormone may help in weight loss? A. Leptin B. Ghrelin C. Cholecystokinin D. Adiponectin
B. Ghrelin
20. Which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration? A. Decreased blood pressure B. Increased blood pressure C. A constricted afferent arteriole D. A dilated efferent arteriole
B. Increased blood pressure
4. Which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys? A. The right kidney is usually higher than the left one. B. They are located behind the parietal peritoneum. C. Their upper borders are about at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. D. They are against the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity.
B. They are located behind the parietal peritoneum.
35. Which of the following vitamins is necessary for producing collagen? A. Vitamin D B. Vitamin C C. Thiamine D. Biotin
B. Vitamin C
4. Adiponectin is A. a nutrient that causes weight gain. B. a hormone made in fat tissue and secreted into the circulation, where it affects the response to insulin. C. a hormone secreted into the stomach lining that enhances appetite. D. a hormone made in the hypothalamus that decreases appetite after a fatty meal.
B. a hormone made in fat tissue and secreted into the circulation, where it affects the response to insulin.
10. The uvula is A. a type of tooth. B. a projection from the soft palate. C. a flap of tissue that keeps food from entering the trachea. D. part of the tongue.
B. a projection from the soft palate.
55. The trigone is A. a group of three neighboring nephrons in a kidney. B. a triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder. C. a region where the glomerulus meets the glomerular capsule. D. a muscle layer that surrounds each kidney.
B. a triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder.
50. One of the functions of the large intestine is to A. secrete digestive enzymes. B. absorb ingested water. C. regulate the release of bile. D. break down hemoglobin.
B. absorb ingested water.
43. Individuals at highest risk for developing anorexia nervosa are A. infants. B. adolescents. C. adults. D. children.
B. adolescents.
15. A negative nitrogen balance results from a net loss of A. monosaccharides. B. amino acids. C. genes. D. macronutrients.
B. amino acids.
59. Nocturnal enuresis is A. an infection. B. bedwetting. C. kidney damage from a toxin that E. coli produces. D. a form of kidney cancer.
B. bedwetting.
52. The ureter extends downward A. behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from above. B. behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below. C. in front of the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from above. D. in front of the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below.
B. behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below.
62. The tissues turning yellow (jaundice) is due to the accumulation of A. cholesterol. B. bile pigments. C. carotene. D. hemoglobin A.
B. bile pigments.
52. Which of the following regimens should lead to the loss of one pound of fat in one week? A. burning 1,000 calories a day swimming, or eating 1,000 fewer calories a day. B. burning 500 calories a day running or eating 500 fewer calories a day. C. burning 1,000 calories on each of three days with exercise and eating an extra 200 calories a day. D. eating 250 calories less a day and not exercising
B. burning 500 calories a day running or eating 500 fewer calories a day.
30. An increase in glomerular osmotic pressure ________ the rate of glomerular filtration. A. increases B. decreases C. does not change D. has a variable effect on
B. decreases
70. As a consequence of widespread edema associated with nephrotic syndrome, blood volume A. increases and blood pressure drops. B. decreases and blood pressure drops. C. increases and blood pressure rises. D. decreases and blood pressure rises.
B. decreases and blood pressure drops.
18. Heartburn is usually caused by the effects of gastric juice on the A. heart. B. esophagus. C. stomach. D. small intestine
B. esophagus.
34. Vomiting, diarrhea and flushing are caused by A. a lack of calcium. B. excess niacin. C. a deficiency of iron. D. excess vitamin C.
B. excess niacin.
12. A triglyceride consists of A. three glycerols and a fatty acid. B. glycerol and three fatty acids. C. a cholesterol and three fatty acids. D. two cholesterols and two fatty acids.
B. glycerol and three fatty acids.
52. Enlarged blood vessels of the anal columns are called A. peritonitis. B. hemorrhoids. C. diarrhea. D. flatulence.
B. hemorrhoids.
69. During a kidney transplant procedure, the renal artery and vein of the donor kidney are connected to the recipient's A. renal artery and vein. B. iliac artery and vein. C. aorta and inferior vena cava. D. aorta and portal vein.
B. iliac artery and vein.
25. Gastrin, which stomach cells secrete, A. inhibits production of hydrochloric acid. B. increases secretion by the gastric glands. C. changes pepsin into pepsinogen. D. contracts the stomach.
B. increases secretion by the gastric glands.
44. Secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide A. decreases sodium excretion. B. increases sodium excretion. C. decreases potassium excretion. D. increases potassium excretion.
B. increases sodium excretion.
64. Kidney shrinkage with age is due to A. spooling of collecting ducts. B. loss of glomeruli. C. merging of proximal and distal convoluted tubules. D. proliferating nephron loops.
B. loss of glomeruli.
43. Tanisha has abdominal pains. Medical tests reveal that she can digest nutrients, but the nutrients are not taken in by the intestinal blood supply. She likely has A. malnutrition. B. malabsorption. C. constipation. D. food allergy
B. malabsorption.
3. The correct sequence for the layers in the walls of the alimentary canal from innermost to outermost is the A. mucosa, muscular layer, serosa, submucosa. B. mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa. C. serosa, muscular layer, mucosa, submucosa. D. submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscular layer.
B. mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa
21. It is good that Emily does not remember being a newborn, because she was miserable, vomiting frequently. An X-ray revealed hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The problem in Emily's digestive system, before surgery helped her, was A. an extra stomach. B. overgrowth of muscle that blocked the passageway from the stomach to the small intestine. C. absence of the pyloris. D. a peptic ulcer.
B. overgrowth of muscle that blocked the passageway from the stomach to the small intestine.
33. The vitamin that functions as part of coenzyme A is A. pyridoxine. B. pantothenic acid. C. niacin. D. riboflavin.
B. pantothenic acid.
6. Activities of the digestive system generally increase when it is stimulated by A. sympathetic impulses. B. parasympathetic impulses. C. sensory impulses. D. somatic impulses.
B. parasympathetic impulses.
16. When sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are A. reabsorbed by active transport. B. reabsorbed by passive transport. C. secreted by active transport. D. secreted by passive transport.
B. reabsorbed by passive transport.
46. BMR A. rises continually throughout life. B. rises from birth to age five, then declines, then peaks in adolescence, then drops during adulthood. C. goes up and down depending upon whether a person exercises or not. D. remains the same throughout life.
B. rises from birth to age five, then declines, then peaks in adolescence, then drops during adulthood.
59. Over-the-counter antacids usually include A. agents that lower the pH in the stomach. B. sodium, aluminum, calcium, or magnesium. C. a mixture of digestive juices. D. anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen
B. sodium, aluminum, calcium, or magnesium.
35. The composition of glomerular filtrate differs from that of plasma by including A. many different substances that are absent from plasma. B. the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules. C. less water and electrolytes than does plasma. D. much more uric acid and creatinine than plasma.
B. the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules.
55. Changes in the mouth associated with aging include A. overgrowth of gums. B. thinning enamel. C. thinning cementum. D. shrinking dentin
B. thinning enamel.
29. Acute pancreatitis is often caused by the conversion of A. trypsin to trypsinogen. B. trypsinogen to trypsin. C. pepsin to pepsinogen. D. pepsinogen to pepsin.
B. trypsinogen to trypsin.
40. A by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver is A. uric acid. B. urea. C. ammonia. D. water
B. urea.
51. The ________ is the tube that conveys urine outside the body. A. ureter B. urethra C. collecting duct D. nephron loop
B. urethra
42. Up to ______ of urea is filtered and recycled. A. 33% B. 55% C. 80% D. 100%
C. 80%
65. The disorder of the large intestine producing a "cobblestone" effect within the tissues of the colon is A. colorectal cancer. B. hemorrhoids. C. Crohn's disease. D. ulcerative colitis.
C. Crohn's disease.
23. Deficiency of vitamin ___ causes osteomalacia. A. A B. C C. D D. E
C. D
1. Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys? A. Maintaining volume, pH, and composition of body fluids within normal ranges B. Removal of excess chemicals C. Removal of metabolic wastes D. Synthesis of plasma proteins
D. Synthesis of plasma proteins
49. ________ pick up cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and return it to the liver. A. VLDLs B. LDLs C. HDLs D. Triglycerides
C. HDLs
36. Which of the following is a trace element? A. Magnesium B. Sulfur C. Iron D. Chlorine
C. Iron
39. Which of the following minerals is important in synthesizing and using ATP? A. Zinc B. Chlorine C. Magnesium D. Potassium
C. Magnesium
22. Matthew takes a drug that inhibits the production of HCl in the stomach to ease the symptoms of a gastric ulcer. If he takes it for a long time, digestion of which nutrient would be affected the most? A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Minerals
C. Proteins
6. Which of the following indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end? A.Proximal convoluted tubule, ascending limb of nephron loop, descending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule B.Distal convoluted tubule, ascending limb of nephron loop, descending limb of nephron loop, proximal convoluted tubule C. Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule D. Collecting duct, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
C. Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
6. Which of the following is not a monosaccharide? A. Fructose B. Glucose C. Sucrose D. Galactose
C. Sucrose
23. Which choice describes the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop? A. Water moves out of the ascending limb; sodium moves in the ascending limb B. Water moves in the ascending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb C. Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb D. Water moves in the descending limb; sodium moves out of the descending limb
C. Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb
19. Most hydrogen ions are secreted A. passively into the proximal convoluted tubule. B. passively from the distal convoluted tubule. C. actively into the entire renal tubule. D. actively from the distal convoluted tubule.
C. actively into the entire renal tubule.
39. Water channels in cell membranes formed by __________ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys. A. podocytes B. cytopores C. aquaporins D. pyrogens
C. aquaporins
49. The ingredients listed on the label of a packaged food A. are listed from most to least tasty. B. are listed in increasing order by weight. C. are listed in decreasing order by weight. D. are listed alphabetically.
C. are listed in decreasing order by weight.
11. Because of their location, swollen palatine tonsils may interfere with A. breathing. B. swallowing. C. both breathing and swallowing. D. neither breathing nor swallowing.
C. both breathing and swallowing.
58. Conscious control of micturition inhibits the micturition reflex by using nerve centers in the A. medulla oblongata. B. spinal cord. C. brainstem and cerebral cortex. D. pons and hypothalamus.
C. brainstem and cerebral cortex.
30. Pancreatic digestive secretions are regulated by A. bile salts. B. cholesterol. C. cholecystokinin. D. the amount of food eaten.
C. cholecystokinin.
38. Gallstones are usually composed of A. calcium salts. B. uric acid. C. cholesterol. D. bile pigments.
C. cholesterol.
62. Kidney stones are least likely to be composed of A. uric acid. B. calcium oxalate. C. cholesterol. D. magnesium phosphate.
C. cholesterol.
17. Edith suffers from severe heartburn. She goes to her physician and is diagnosed with a hiatal hernia. This condition affects her A. abdominal wall. B. small intestine. C. diaphragm. D. stomach wall
C. diaphragm.
37. An increase in urine volume is termed A. anuresis. B. dialysis. C. diuresis. D. urinary edema.
C. diuresis.
63. Hepatitis C is not transmissible A. by sharing razors. B. from mother to baby. C. from uncooked meats. D. from a blood transfusion.
C. from uncooked meats.
67. Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the A. glomerular capsule. B. peritubular capillaries. C. glomerular capillaries. D. collecting ducts.
C. glomerular capillaries.
11. Podocytes and pedicels are part of the A. collecting duct. B. distal convoluted tubule. C. glomerular capsule. D. peritubular capillaries
C. glomerular capsule.
23. The parietal cells of gastric glands secrete A. mucus. B. pepsinogen. C. hydrochloric acid. D. pepsin
C. hydrochloric acid.
40. The _______ is the part of the digestive tract that has the most lymph nodules and bacteria. A. duodenum B. jejunum C. ileum D. colon
C. ileum
73. The efferent arteriole supplies blood to the capillary of the glomerulus. True False
False
28. Michael is 26 years old. He becomes dehydrated after a long run if he has not drunk enough. His infant son Sean, however, becomes dehydrated fairly frequently. This difference in susceptibility to dehydration is because A. adults drink more liquid. B. infants grow rapidly. C. infant kidneys are less able to conserve water. D. the infant thirst mechanism is underdeveloped
C. infant kidneys are less able to conserve water.
50. The layers of a ureter are A. outer fibrous coat, middle muscular coat, inner mucous coat. B. inner fibrous coat, middle muscular coat, outer mucous coat. C. inner muscular coat, middle fibrous coat, outer inner mucous coat. D. inner vascular coat, middle neural coat, outer mucous coat.
C. inner muscular coat, middle fibrous coat, outer inner mucous coat.
60. An extracorporeal liver assist device was surgically implanted into Sam. This device is very similar to A. an artificial heart. B. artificial skin. C. kidney dialysis. D. a blood transfusion.
C. kidney dialysis.
49. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy is used to treat A. kidney failure. B. a urinary tract infection. C. kidney stones. D. gout.
C. kidney stones.
1. After eating, _________ signals the hypothalamus to suppress appetite. A. ghrelin B. neuropeptide Y C. leptin D. pepsin
C. leptin
3. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are A. nanonutrients. B. micronutrients. C. macronutrients. D. piconutrients.
C. macronutrients.
58. Bacteria cause dental caries by A. infecting the gums. B. destroying the gums so that the teeth loosen. C. metabolizing carbohydrates in food, producing acidic by-products that damage enamel and dentin. D. secreting acids that dissolve enamel.
C. metabolizing carbohydrates in food, producing acidic by-products that damage enamel and dentin.
40. People suffering mineral deficiencies sometimes compulsively eat non-nutritive substances, such as laundry starch, dirt, hair, and clay. This condition is called A. anorexia. B. obsessive-compulsive disorder. C. pica. D. pernicious anemia.
C. pica.
42. Kwashiorkor may develop in children who have dietary deficiencies of A. carbohydrates. B. lipids. C. proteins. D. fiber
C. proteins.
14. The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the A. glomerular capsule. B. nephron loop. C. proximal convoluted tubule. D. distal convoluted tubule.
C. proximal convoluted tubule.
60. The micturition reflex can be voluntarily controlled by the A. person controlling contraction and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter. B. sympathetic impulses stimulating the internal urethral sphincter. C. relaxation of the external urethral sphincter. D. voluntary contractions or inhibition of the prostate gland.
C. relaxation of the external urethral sphincter.
29. A renal clearance test determines the rate at which the kidneys can A. excrete water. B. reabsorb ions. C. remove a particular substance from the blood. D. add a substance to the blood
C. remove a particular substance from the blood.
13. Once in the glomerular capsule, the filtrate moves into the A. renal pelvis. B. minor calyx. C. renal tubule. D. ureter.
C. renal tubule.
32. The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by _____. A. vasodilation of the peritubular capillaries B. vasoconstriction of the peritubular capillaries C. renin-angiotensin II vasoconstricting both the afferent and efferent arterioles D. increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule
C. renin-angiotensin II vasoconstricting both the afferent and efferent arterioles
10. Sugars that are part of RNA and DNA are A. glucose and galactose. B. sucrose and fructose. C. ribose and deoxyribose. D. glucose and glycogen
C. ribose and deoxyribose.
24. All of the enzymes that digest protein are A. secreted by the pancreas. B. activated by HCl. C. secreted in an inactive form. D. stimulated by enterokinase.
C. secreted in an inactive form.
45. The major mixing movement in the small intestine is accomplished by A. peristalsis. B. churning. C. segmentation. D. ring contractions.
C. segmentation.
27. The hormone secretin A. converts trypsinogen to trypsin. B. activates chymotrypsin. C. stimulates release of pancreatic juice. D. inhibits the action of pancreatic lipase.
C. stimulates release of pancreatic juice.
19. Which of the following activities should lead to the loss of at least a pound of fat in one week? A. slow walking or dressing and undressing for an hour each day. B. sitting at rest for two hours each day. C. swimming or running for an hour each day. D. swimming for half an hour each day.
C. swimming or running for an hour each day.
48. Vitamin A deficiency may take years to become noticeable because A. it is difficult to eat too many carrots. B. most vitamin A leaves the body in urine. C. the liver stores it. D. the brain stores it.
C. the liver stores it.
25. The fat-soluble vitamins include A. vitamin C. B. the B-complex vitamins. C. vitamins A, D, and K. D. A, E, C and the B vitamins
C. vitamins A, D, and K.
8. A biochemical important in glomerulus formation in the embryo is A. ADH. B. ADP. C. renin. D. VEGF.
D. VEGF.
99. This provitamin can be synthesized from dietary cholesterol. Then when the provitamin stored in the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light, it is changed to an inactive form of vitamin ______ . ________________________________________
D
36. Glomerular filtration produces about ________ liters of fluid in twenty-four hours. A. 40 B. 96 C. 144 D. 180
D. 180
54. Feces are about ____ percent water. A. 25 B. 33 C. 50 D. 75
D. 75
17. There are __ essential amino acids needed for adults. A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8
D. 8
22. Which of the following is a normal constituent of urine? A. Urea B. Water C. Creatinine D. All of the above
D. All of the above
45. Which of the following terms is (are) defined correctly? A.Adequate diet-diet that provides sufficient energy and essential nutrients for growth, maintenance, and repair of tissues B. Malnutrition-poor nutrition that results from a lack of essential nutrients C. Bulemia-binging and purging D. All of the above
D. All of the above
32. Which of the following is true about bile? A. Cholecystokinin stimulates its production. B. Secretin stimulates release of bile into the duodenum. C. It contains concentrated enzymes that digest carbohydrates. D. Bile is produced by the liver.
D. Bile is produced by the liver.
29. Which of the following vitamins can promote intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus? A. A B. K C. Niacin D. D
D. D
54. Which of the following is not part of the male urethra? A. Prostatic urethra B. Membranous urethra C. Penile urethra D. Ductus deferens
D. Ductus deferens
27. Stan takes vitamin supplements every day, buying whatever is on sale at the health food store. He develops nausea, headache, fatigue, easy bruising and bleeding. Which vitamin is he likely taking in excess? A. B12 B. C C. D D. E
D. E
9. ________ provides short-term energy after cellular glucose supplies are depleted. A. Triglycerides B. Proteins C. Amino acids D. Glycogen
D. Glycogen
24. Treatment with antibiotic drugs is sometimes followed by a deficiency of vitamin A. A. B. C. C. D. D. K.
D. K.
21. In which of the following regions of the nephron is water actively transported? A. Proximal convoluted tubule B. Descending limb of the nephron loop C. Peritubular capillaries D. None of the above
D. None of the above
31. Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by A. vasodilation of the afferent arteriole only. B. vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole only. C. both vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. D. both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
D. both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
7. Vanessa takes many vitamin supplements, claiming that they give her energy. She is mistaken, because cells preferentially use _______ for energy. A. minerals B. amino acids C. proteins D. carbohydrates
D. carbohydrates
27. Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be A. excreted and potassium ions to be conserved. B. excreted and potassium ions to be excreted. C. conserved and potassium ions to be conserved. D. conserved and potassium ions to be excreted.
D. conserved and potassium ions to be excreted.
25. As a result of very low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure A. rises and filtration increases. B. rises and filtration decreases. C. drops and filtration increases. D. drops and filtration decreases.
D. drops and filtration decreases.
56. Lydia is taking an antihistamine for her allergies and develops xerostomia. She has A. a peptic ulcer. B. hairloss. C. bad breath. D. dry mouth.
D. dry mouth.
15. When plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold, A. the glomerular filtration rate increases. B. the volume of urine decreases. C. glucose is secreted into the peritubular capillary. D. glucose appears in the urine
D. glucose appears in the urine
48. Marvin goes on vacation to Maine and for a week eats nothing but seafood. The next week, he experiences intense pain in his big toe. He probably has A. Balkan endemic nephropathy. B. diuresis. C. edema. D. gout.
D. gout.
46. Shigatoxin is associated with A. endemic nephropathy. B. urinary tract infection. C. edema. D. hemolytic uremic syndrome.
D. hemolytic uremic syndrome.
38. Excess potassium A. is deposited in the blood. B. causes brittle bones. C. disrupts body pH. D. is excreted in urine.
D. is excreted in urine.
16. The epiglottis is attached to the A. esophagus. B. trachea. C. pharynx. D. larynx
D. larynx
33. An adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule for reabsorption is A. thin walls. B. rugae folds that increase surface area. C. secreting enzymes that activate absorption of substances. D. microscopic projections called microvilli.
D. microscopic projections called microvilli.
13. The functions of saliva include A.moistening, binding and building up food particles; beginning chemical digestion of carbohydrates; and cleansing the esophagus. B.moistening, binding and dissolving food particles; beginning chemical digestion of proteins; and cleansing the esophagus. C.moistening, binding and building up food particles; beginning mechanical digestion of fats; and cleansing the teeth and mouth. D. moistening, binding and dissolving food particles; beginning chemical digestion of carbohydrates; and cleansing the teeth and mouth.
D. moistening, binding and dissolving food particles; beginning chemical digestion of carbohydrates; and cleansing the teeth and mouth.
46. Chylomicrons transport dietary fats to ___________ through the blood. A. bones and cartilage B. neurons and neuroglia C. the liver and gallbladder D. muscle and adipose cells
D. muscle and adipose cells
17. The countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the A. renal corpuscle. B. proximal convoluted tubule. C. distal convoluted tubule D. nephron loop.
D. nephron loop.
65. Which of the following does not occur with aging of the urinary system? A. decreased GFR. B. renal tubules become encased in fat. C. fibrous connective tissue accumulates around the kidney capsule. D. nephrons invert.
D. nephrons invert.
8. Cells of the ______ system require a continuous supply of glucose. A. muscular B. respiratory C. digestive D. nervous
D. nervous
50. Evangeline is 5'4" and weighs 200 pounds. According to the BMI chart, she is A. underweight. B. a healthy weight. C. overweight. D. obese.
D. obese.
2. The organs of the urinary system are A. the renal cortex, renal pelvis, and renal medulla. B.the glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct. C. a kidney, a ureter, and paired bladders and urethras. D. paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra
D. paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra
26. Secretion of cholecystokinin from the intestinal wall is stimulated by A. protein in the stomach. B. protein in the small intestine. C. fat in the stomach. D. protein and fat in the small intestine.
D. protein and fat in the small intestine.
9. The renal medulla is composed of _____, whereas the renal cortex is composed of _____. A. renal pyramids; ureters from nephrons B. renal columns; renal pyramids and nephrons C. renal corpuscles; nephron loops D. renal pyramids; renal corpuscles
D. renal pyramids; renal corpuscles
1. The alimentary canal extends, in its entirety, from A. the mouth to the large intestine. B. the stomach to the small intestine. C. the liver to the gallbladder. D. the mouth to the anus.
D. the mouth to the anus.
38. If glucose is not reabsorbed in the tubular fluid ___________ increases. A. hydrostatic pressure B. glomerular filtration rate C. sodium reabsorption D. the osmotic pressure
D. the osmotic pressure
56. The detrusor muscle is in the A. ureter. B. urethra. C. kidneys. D. urinary bladder.
D. urinary bladder.
32. Intrinsic factor regulates the absorption of A. biotin. B. folacin. C. vitamin B6 D. vitamin B12
D. vitamin B12
70. Gram for gram, carbohydrate provides about twice as much energy as protein. True False
False
71. The average BMR for an adult indicates a need for one calorie of energy per hour for each gram of body weight. True False
False
71. The esophagus provides a passageway for substances from the larynx to the bronchi. True False
False
56. Monica doesn't eat anything that was once in an animal. She is an ovo-vegetarian. True False
False
57. Neuropeptide Y is secreted in the stomach and suppresses appetite. True False
False
59. Intake of at least 10 grams of carbohydrate is needed daily to avoid protein breakdown. True False
False
61. Carbohydrates include cholesterol and phospholipids. True False
False
62. Linoleic acid is an essential amino acid. True False
False
63. Cholesterol functions in the body as an energy source, and furnishes molecular components for the synthesis of various sex hormones. True Fal
False
64. The liver functions in fat metabolism to control the amounts of glucose, amino acids, and iron released into the blood. True False
False
67. Peristalsis mixes food in small segments of the alimentary canal with digestive enzymes. True False
False
68. Essential amino acids are those required by the body to build proteins, whereas nonessential amino acids are not required by the body to build proteins. True False
False
68. The chamber of the mouth between the tongue and the palate is the vestibule. True False
False
72. The glomerular capsule is composed of two layers of squamous epithelial cells. True False
True
73. Obesity is defined as a BMI over 30. True False
True
55. Macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. True False
True
58. Ribose and deoxyribose are carbohydrates. True False
True
60. Glycogen in an adult's liver and muscles provides enough reserve energy to meet energy demands for about 12 hours. True False
True
65. Cholesterol is synthesized chiefly in the liver. True False
True
66. A complete protein has adequate amounts of the essential amino acids. True False
True
66. The organs of the alimentary canal are innervated by sympathetic as well as by parasympathetic nerve fibers. True False
True
67. Complete proteins can promote normal growth, whereas incomplete proteins cannot promote normal growth. True False
True
69. A set of primary teeth consists of 20 teeth, whereas a set of secondary teeth consists of 32 teeth. True False
True
69. Amino acids can be used to synthesize proteins for cellular structures and for energy, and to synthesize proteins that function in various body processes. True False
True
70. The parotid gland differs from the submandibular and sublingual glands in that it secretes a clear fluid that is rich in amylase. True False
True
72. Caloric intake exceeding caloric output is a positive energy balance. True False
True
96. Proteins are digested into ____ _____. _____________________________________
amino acids
103.Hannah eats tremendous amounts of food, but then takes laxatives, vomits, and exercises to keep from gaining weight. She has an eating disorder called ____. ________________________________________
bulimia
97. The units of heat that measure the amount of energy in food are called ______. ________________________________________
calories
102.Iodine is commonly added artificially to food in the form of ______ ____
iodized salt
92. The ways that nutrients are altered chemically and used in cells to build up and break down compounds is called _________. ________________________________________
metabolism
93. Fructose, glucose, and galactose are ___________. ________________________________________
monosccharides
