Chapter 18 micro HW
An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the adaptive immune system is stimulated to produce memory B cells and memory T cells, which protect from subsequent exposures. This describes what?
A vaccination
__________ reactions are used to detect antibodies for relatively large pathogens, such as bacteria. ELISA Agglutination Western blotting Precipitation
Agglutination
Which of the following indicates that a patient's serum has antibodies against influenza virus? An antigen-antibody reaction will occur, resulting in precipitation. Hemagglutination occurs in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes but does not occur when the patient's serum is added. Hemagglutination occurs in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes and also occurs when the patient's serum is added. Hemagglutination does not occur in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes but does occur when the patient's serum is added.
Hemagglutination occurs in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes but does not occur when the patient's serum is added.
A patient's serum, Mycobacterium, guinea pig complement, sheep red blood cells, and anti-sheep red blood cell antibodies are mixed in a test tube. What happens if the patient has antibodies to Mycobacterium? Hemagglutination-inhibition occurs. Hemolysis occurs. No hemolysis occurs. Hemagglutination occurs. Bacteria fluoresce.
No hemolysis occurs.
Which of the following statements about the history of smallpox vaccinations is FALSE? The earliest vaccinations were called variolations and protected people from smallpox by inoculating them with smallpox matter. Edward Jenner inoculated people with cowpox in an attempt to protect them from smallpox. Proteins from dairy cows were injected into people to protect them from smallpox. Chinese physicians prevented smallpox disease by having children inhale dried smallpox scabs.
Proteins from dairy cows were injected into people to protect them from smallpox.
The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine? DNA vaccine Toxoid vaccine Inactivated killed vaccine Subunit vaccine
Subunit vaccine
Why is it necessary to give the HPV vaccine in multiple doses? The HPV vaccine contains poorly immunogenic antigenic fragments. The HPV vaccine mimics the actual infection from HPV. The HPV vaccine does not replicate in the host. The HPV vaccine must be administered to multiple portals of entry to provide protection at each portal.
The HPV vaccine does not replicate in the host.
What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine? They contain the DNA from a pathogenic virus. These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein. They contain only the non-pathogenic elements of a pathogen, not the entire cell.
These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using live attenuated vaccines? They are usually safer than other types of vaccines. They often do not require boosters. They are usually highly effective. They often produce a more complete type of immunity that includes both humoral and cell-mediated components.
They are usually safer than other types of vaccines
A reaction between antibody and particulate antigen is called a(n) agglutination reaction. complement fixation. immunofluorescence. neutralization reaction. precipitation reaction.
agglutination reaction.
All of the following are generally used in vaccines EXCEPT antibodies. parts of bacterial cells. toxoids. live, attenuated viruses. inactivated viruses.
antibodies
Toxoid vaccines, such as the vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus, elicit a(n) dendritic cell proliferation. TC cell response. antibody response against these bacterial toxins. antibody response against gram-positive bacteria. immune complex.
antibody response against these bacterial toxins.
Which item is from the patient in a direct ELISA test? antihuman immune serum antigen antibodies against the antigen substrate for the enzyme
antigen
Monoclonal antibodies are used in diagnostic tests and disease treatments because they contain a mixture of antibodies. are highly specific. are highly specific, they can be produced in large quantities, and they contain a mixture of antibodies. can be produced in large quantities. are highly specific and they can be produced in large quantities.
are highly specific and they can be produced in large quantities.
What type of vaccine is the live, weakened measles virus? conjugated vaccine attenuated whole-agent vaccine nucleic acid vaccine toxoid vaccine subunit vaccine
attenuated whole-agent vaccine
Live weakened polio virus can be used directly in a(n) inactivated whole-agent vaccine. attenuated whole-agent vaccine. conjugated vaccine. subunit vaccine. toxoid vaccine.
attenuated whole-agent vaccine.
A reaction that uses the absence of hemolysis of red blood cells to indicate an antigenantibody reaction is called a(n) agglutination reaction. complement fixation. immunofluorescence. neutralization reaction. precipitation reaction.
complement fixation.
Haemophilus capsule polysaccharide plus diphtheria toxoid is a(n) inactivated whole-agent vaccine. attenuated whole-agent vaccine. conjugated vaccine. subunit vaccine. toxoid vaccine.
conjugated vaccine.
The development of vaccines is considered the single most important application of immunology. What are the benefits associated with vaccinations? Select all that apply. control of viral disease herd immunity eradication of disease protection during travels
control of viral disease herd immunity eradication of disease protection during travels
Direct fluorescent-antibody techniques are frequently used to __________. detect antibodies in a clinical sample detect soluble antigens via the formation of aggregates produce monoclonal antibodies detect microorganisms in a clinical sample
detect microorganisms in a clinical sample
An ELISA for Hepatitis C has 95 percent sensitivity and 90 percent specificity. This means that the test detects 95 percent of the true positive samples and has 10 percent false positive results. detects 5 percent of the true positive samples and has 10 percent false positive results. detects 95 percent of the true positive samples and has 90 percent false positive results. detects 90 percent of the true positive samples and has 5 percent false positive results. detects 5 percent of the true positive samples and has 90 percent false positive results.
detects 95 percent of the true positive samples and has 10 percent false positive results.
Which of the following represents an immunologic-based diagnostic test? Select all that apply. fluorescent-antibody techniques agglutination reactions precipitation reactions polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
fluorescent-antibody techniques agglutination reactions precipitation reactions
Patient's serum, influenza virus, and red blood cells are mixed in a tube. What happens if the patient has antibodies against influenza virus? complement fixation hemagglutination hemagglutination-inhibition agglutination hemolysis
hemagglutination-inhibition
The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n) inactivated killed vaccine. DNA vaccine. conjugated vaccine. toxoid vaccine.
inactivated killed vaccine.
Which of the following is a pregnancy test used to find the fetal hormone HCG in a woman's urine using anti-HCG and latex spheres? direct agglutination reaction precipitation reaction immunofluorescence indirect agglutination reaction neutralization reaction
indirect agglutination reaction
type of vaccine involves host synthesis of viral antigens? conjugated vaccine nucleic acid vaccine subunit vaccine toxoid vaccine attenuated whole-agent vaccine
nucleic acid vaccine
Isolated and purified hepatitis B virus surface antigen can be used in a(n) inactivated whole-agent vaccine. attenuated whole-agent vaccine. conjugated vaccine. subunit vaccine. toxoid vaccine.
subunit vaccine.
What is the primary benefit of vaccination? Unvaccinated persons can never mount an immune response to a pathogen. Vaccinated persons get used to the symptoms of a disease. Vaccines provide antibodies against the pathogen that persist forever in the body. An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen.
An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen.
I have a new test for determining whether a patient is infected with the influenza virus. It is very specific but not very sensitive. What does this mean? False positives will happen frequently, but false negatives will be rare. False positives and false negatives will happen with high frequency. False positives will be rare, but false negatives may happen frequently. Both false positives and false negatives will be rare.
False positives will be rare, but false negatives may happen frequently.
Which of the following statements about measles is FALSE? It is a serious disease. Annually, it kills thousands of children worldwide. It is preventable by vaccination. The disease has been eradicated in the United States. Complications include pneumonia, encephalitis, and death.
The disease has been eradicated in the United States.
A patient shows the presence of antibodies against diphtheria toxin. Which of the following statements is FALSE? A recent transfusion may have passively introduced the antibodies. The patient may have the disease. The patient may have had the disease and has recovered. The patient may have been vaccinated. The patient was near someone who had the disease.
The patient was near someone who had the disease.
A highly specific diagnostic test will be unlikely to indicate a positive result if a specimen being tested is a true negative. True False
True
What does a vaccine contain? Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen T cells against a pathogen Live active pathogens B cells against a pathogen
Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen
What is an adjuvant? a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines a vaccine that contains only nucleic acids a chemical additive that increases the safety of vaccines a molecule physically linked to another molecule to stimulate antibody production
a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines
Which of the following is a test to determine a patient's blood type by mixing the patient's red blood cells with antisera? direct agglutination reaction passive agglutination reaction precipitation reaction immunofluorescence neutralization reaction
direct agglutination reaction
A test used to identify Streptococcus pyogenes in a patient's throat swab is the indirect ELISA test. direct fluorescent-antibody test. hemagglutination-inhibition test. hemagglutination test. indirect fluorescent-antibody test.
direct fluorescent-antibody test.
Which of the following tests is MOST useful in determining the presence of AIDS antibodies? indirect ELISA direct fluorescent-antibody agglutination complement fixation neutralization
indirect ELISA
A test used to identify antibodies against Treponema pallidum in a patient's serum is the indirect fluorescent-antibody test. direct agglutination test. direct fluorescent-antibody test. hemagglutination-inhibition test. direct ELISA test.
indirect fluorescent-antibody test.
A DNA plasmid encoding a protein antigen from West Nile virus is injected into muscle cells of a horse. This is an example of a(n) live whole-agent vaccine. nucleic acid vaccine. attenuated whole-agent vaccine. conjugated vaccine. subunit vaccine.
nucleic acid vaccine.
Which of the following is a basic type of vaccine? Select all that apply. nucleic acid vaccines live, attenuated vaccine subunit vaccine antitoxin vaccines
nucleic acid vaccines live, attenuated vaccine subunit vaccine
Which of the following is a test to determine the presence of soluble antigens in a patient's saliva? neutralization reaction passive agglutination reaction immunofluorescence direct agglutination reaction precipitation reaction
precipitation reaction
A reaction between an antibody and soluble antigen-forming lattices is called a(n) agglutination reaction. complement fixation. immunofluorescence. neutralization reaction. precipitation reaction.
precipitation reaction.
A vaccine against HIV proteins made by a genetically-engineered vaccinia virus that has infected a eukaryotic cell line is a(n) nucleic acid vaccine. inactivated whole-agent vaccine. subunit vaccine. toxoid vaccine. conjugated vaccine
subunit vaccine.
Purified protein from Bordetella pertussis is used in a(n) attenuated whole-agent vaccine. subunit vaccine. conjugated vaccine. nucleic acid vaccine. toxoid vaccine.
subunit vaccine.
nactivated tetanus toxin is a(n) nucleic acid vaccine. toxoid vaccine. inactivated whole-agent vaccine. conjugated vaccine. subunit vaccine.
toxoid vaccine
Which of the following are sources of antibodies for serological testing? vaccinated animals viral cultures cells producing monoclonal antibodies vaccinated animals and cells producing monoclonal antibodies vaccinated animals, cells producing monoclonal antibodies, and viral cultures
vaccinated animals and cells producing monoclonal antibodies
The clumping of test red blood cells indicates a negative test result (no antibodies against the virus in the patient's serum) in the indirect agglutination test. direct agglutination test. precipitation test. complement-fixation test. viral hemagglutination inhibition test.
viral hemagglutination inhibition test
Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease? Toxoid vaccine Toxoid vaccine and inactivated killed vaccine Inactivated killed vaccine Attenuated live vaccine
Attenuated live vaccine
A hybridoma results from the fusion of a(an) myeloma cell with a virus. antigen with a B cell. B cell with a T cell. antigen with an antibody. B cell with a myeloma cell.
B cell with a myeloma cell
What is the function of boosters? Boosters help to kill the pathogens used in inactivated killed vaccines. Boosters are the highly antigenic portions of the conjugated vaccines. Boosters are vaccines containing no pathogenic portions of the pathogen. Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.
Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.
When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later? Memory B cells Memory cytotoxic T cells Helper T cells Bacterial pathogens
Memory cytotoxic T cells