Chapter 18 - Part 2 - APUSH

Pinkerton Detective Agency

Created to support the North during the Civil War, but turned into a quasi-police force for industrial owners who were caught in conflict with unions in the late 1800s.

Injunction

(law) A judicial remedy issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity.

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

George Pullman

A cabinet making turned building contractor who designed the first ever comfortable in train sleeping cart which enabled people to sleep while they traveled. As the railroad industry developed her established many other Companies that would help aide the railroad business such as; Pullman Palace Car company which produced railroad cars.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

A fire in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in NYC in 1911 that killed 146 workers and that later led to a new factory inspection and safety laws.

Columbian Exposition (1893)

A grand world's fair, which opened in Chicago in 1893. This displayed the nation's technological marvels and industrial success, included 400 buildings with electric lights.

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

A group of railroad workers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad rose up and began to strike due to wage cuts. This spread up and down the railroad line across the nation. Railroad roadhouse was torched. Their violent acts led them to be suppressed by the government, while damaging the reputation of unions.

The Nation

A liberal and intellectual journal, created by Edwin Godkin.

United Mine Workers of America

A new union organized in 1890 to bring together mine workers in the Eastern half of the U.S in one organization that eventually became a national union.

Bill Haywood

A prominent figure in the American labor movement. Haywood was a leader of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and a member of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America.

Molly Maguires

A secret organization formed about the Irish immigrant coal miners in Pennsylvania, who attacked and sometimes murdered foreman, superintendents, and mine owners.

Bread and Roses Strike

A spontaneous strike of workers in the mill of Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1912.

Jacob Coxey

A wealthy Ohio Populist who led a 500-strong "army" to Washington, D.C. in 1894 to demand a public works program to create jobs for the unemployed in the midst of a devastating four-year depression. Helped establish paper moneylead protest of unemployment from Panic of 1893. Also, led a march on Washington DC in 1894 to seek government jobs for the unemployed.

Socialist Party

Advocated government ownership of the nation's major industries and a mandate for higher salaries for workers.

American Railway Union

Created in 1893 and led by Eugene V. Debs. Ordered no violence. Won a strike against the Great Northern Railroad in 1894, but was involved in another strike at the Pullman Palace Car Company.

E.L Godkin

Editor of The Nation, who called for the doubling of the size of the U.S Army, but the National Guard was created instead.

John Mitchell

Famous United States labor leader, and was president of the United Mine Workers from 1898 to 1908. Helped incorporate ethnic workers into the UMW and got an 8 hour day and minimum wage for miners.

J.P Morgan

He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901, he started the United States Steel Corporation. Rescued the country's gold reserves.

Homestead Strike (1892)

It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.

Knights of Labor

Labor Union that included skilled and unskilled workers irrespective of race or gender; founded in 1869.

American Federation of Labor

Labor organization formed in 1886 as a federation of smaller elite craft unions.

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Henry Frick

Manager of the Carnegie Steel plant outside of Pittsburgh, PA who barricaded the plant and hired armed Pinkerton guards to attack striking workers; made several wage cuts at the homestead plant causing the homestead strike.

International Ladies Garment Workers' Union

Organized by Clara Lemlich. This union was made up of men and women that created garments for ladies. They made gains like shorter day and higher wages, but possibly their greates gains came after the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire when safety precautions.

Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)

Popularly known as the "Wobblies," organized in 1905 to bring together the nation's workers in "one big union" to fight for a radically different economic system that favored workers over owners.

Rutherford Hayes

Republican presidential nominee in 1876 presidential election; Chosen since Grant was out of the running and the Conklingites and Blaineites neutralizing each other, he was a compromising candidate; Won through the Compromise of 1877; While in office, he called in federal troops to quell the unrest over a railroad strike (this brought the striking laborers support from the working-class).

Samuel Gompers

Responsible for the formation of one of the first labor unions. The American Federation of Labor worked on getting people better hours and better wages. The formation of this triggered the formation of various others that would come later.

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Terrance Powderly

The eloquent Irish-American leader of the Knights of Labor who won several strikes for the eight-hour day. By 1886, his organization was a force to be reckoned with.

Haymarket Bombing

The name given to the strike, rally, and bombing that took place around Haymarket Square in Chicago in May 1886 as well as to the subsequent explosion of four leaders of the incident.

The National Market

The railroads created an integrated national market, stimulated the growth in cities, and encouraged European immigration.

Pullman Strike (1894)

This was a nonviolent strike which brought about a shut down of western railroads, which took place against the Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago in 1894, because of the poor wages of the Pullman workers. It was ended by the president due to the interference with the mail system, and brought a bad image upon unions.

Ludlow Massacre

Violence during a coal strike in Ludlow, Colorado, in 1914, in which at least 30 people, including 11 children, were killed.