Chapter 18 PrepU

Which is the best place to perform a heel stick on a newborn?

the fat pads on the lateral aspects of the foot

The mother of a formula-fed newborn asks how she will know if her newborn is receiving enough formula during feedings. Which response by the nurse is correct?

"A sign of good nutrition is when your newborn seems satisfied and is gaining sufficient weight." -A sign of adequate formula intake is when the newborn seems satisfied and is gaining weight regularly. The formula fed newborn should take 30 minutes or less to finish a bottle, not less than 15 minutes. The newborn does normally produce several stools per day, but should wet 6 to 10 diapers rather than 3 to 4 per day. The newborn should consume approximately 2 oz of formula per pound of body weight per day, not per feeding.

A nurse has been handed a newborn term infant who is not crying and has decreased tone. In which order should the following actions be accomplished? All options must be used.

1. Transfer the newborn to a preheated radiant warmer. 2. Dry the newborn. 3. Clear the airway. 4. Stimulate the newborn by rubbing the back. 5. Check the heart rate.

The charge nurse hears the call, "Shoulder dystocia in room 4." What resources will the charge nurse dispatch to room 4 to assist with this situation? Select all that apply.

Anesthesia surgeon pediatrition

Which action would be priority for the nurse to complete immediately after the delivery of a 40-week gestation newborn?

Dry the newborn and place it skin-to-skin on mother.

A nurse is preparing to administer phytonadione to a newborn. After confirming the order, what will the nurse do next?

Identify the newborn. - The nurse will identify the correct newborn before administering phytonadione (vitamin K). The newborn's weight is not needed to calculate the dosage as all newborns receive 0.5 mg IM within one hour of birth. Phytonadione is given to decrease the risk of hemorrhage.

The nurse is preparing the delivery room before the birth occurs. What supplies would the nurse have available to care for the newborn? Select all that apply.

Warmer bed Suction equipment Identification bands

A woman who is about to be discharged after a vaginal birth notices a flea-like rash on her newborn's chest that consists of tiny red lesions all across the nipple line. What is the best response from the nurse when explaining this to the woman?

"It is a normal skin finding in a newborn." -This most likely is erythema toxicum, also known as newborn rash, and is a common finding that will gradually disappear and not need any treatment. This is often mistaken for staphylococcal pustules. This is not a sign of mistreatment by the woman, nor is it caused by a virus or group B streptococcal (GBS) infection.

The nurse is looking over a newborn's plan of care regarding expected outcomes. Which outcome would not be appropriate according to a newborn's nursing care?

The newborn will experience no bleeding episodes lasting more than 5 minutes. - Bleeding episodes should not be occurring at all, and any episodes should be reported to the physician immediately if not responsive to immediate action to stop it. All other outcomes are pertinent to the newborn's care.

After completing a class for new parents, the nurse notes the session is successful when the class recognizes the newborn should be bathed how often?

two or three times per week

What is the expected range for respirations in a newborn?

30 to 60 breaths per minute

A woman has just given birth vaginally to a newborn. Which action will the nurse do first?

Suction the mouth and nose.

A nurse is giving discharge education to a group of new parents before they are discharged home with their infants. What information will the nurse include in the teaching?

"Place the newborn on the back to sleep and stomach to play." - Newborns should always be placed on their backs to sleep to reduce the risk for SIDS and on their stomach a few times a day to develop neck muscles. Caregivers should change the newborn's diaper when it is soiled, not at timed intervals. Newborns should never be left unattended on high surfaces to prevent injury from falls. Bathing a newborn daily is not recommended as it may dry the skin.

A nursing mother calls the nurse and is upset. She states that her newborn son just bit her when he was nursing. Upon examining the newborn's mouth, two precocious teeth are noted on the lower central portion of the gums. What would be the nurse's best response?

"Precocious teeth can occur at birth but we may need to remove them to prevent aspiration." - Precocious or natal teeth occur infrequently but need to be addressed when they are present. They may cause the mother discomfort when nursing and pumping may be needed initially until the mother can condition the newborn not to bite. Precocious teeth are often loose and need to be removed to prevent aspiration. Even if they are not loose, they are often removed due to them causing ulcerations on the newborn's tongue from irritation. They will not just fall out and are not the newborn's actual baby teeth that are just coming in early.

A woman who is about to be discharged after a vaginal birth notices a flea-like rash on her newborn's chest. The rash has tiny red lesions all across the nipple line. What does this rash indicate?

It is a normal skin finding in a newborn. -This rash is most likely is erythema toxicum, also known as newborn rash.

A nurse is aware that the newborn's neuromuscular maturity assessment is typically completed within 24 hours after birth. Which assessment would the nurse be least likely to complete to determine the newborn's degree of maturity?

Moro reflex There are six activities or maneuvers that are evaluated to determine the newborn's degree of neuromuscular maturity: posture, square window, arm recoil, popliteal angle, scarf sign, heel-to-ear. The Moro reflex is an indication of the newborn's neurologic status.

On examination, the hands and feet of a 12-hour-old infant are cyanotic without other signs of distress. The nurse should document this as:

acrocyanosis. - Acrocyanosis is a blue tint to the hands and feet of newborns during the first few days of life. Acrocyanosis is a normal finding and is not indicative of a potential for respiratory distress, poor oxygenation, or cold stress.

As a part of the newborn assessment, the nurse examines the infant's skin. Which nursing observation would warrant further investigation?

bright red, raised bumpy area noted above the right eye -A red bumpy area noted above the right eye is a hemangioma and needs further investigation to determine whether the hemangioma could interfere with the infant's vision. They may grow larger during the first year then fade and usually disappear by age 9. Stork bites or salmon patches and blue or purple splotches on buttocks (Mongolian spots) are common skin variations and are not concerning. Erythema toxicum, seen as a fine red rash over the chest and back, is also a normal skin variant that will disappear within a few days.

One of the nurse's responsibilities is to educate new parents on the best method to prevent infections in the newborn environment. Which method would the nurse identify as best to control infection?

handwashing

While assessing a newborn, the nurse notes that half the body appears red while the other half appears pale. The nurse interprets this finding as:

harlequin sign. Harlequin sign refers to the dilation of blood vessels on only one side of the body. It gives a distinct midline demarcation, which is pale on one side and red on the opposite. Stork bites are superficial vascular areas found on the nape of the neck, eyelids, between the eyes and upper lip. Mongolian spots are blue or purple splotches that appear on the lower back and buttocks. Erythema toxicum is a benign, idiopathic, generalized, transient rash that resembles flea bites.

Screening for this most common birth defect is required by law in most states. Each nurse should know the law for his or her state and the requirements for screening. The nurse would expect a newborn to be screened for which defect as the most common?

hearing -Hearing loss is the most common birth defect in the United States: one in 1,000 newborns are profoundly deaf, and 3 in 1,000 have some degree of hearing impairment. Newborn hearing screening is required by law in most states. Vision, genetic-linked, and skeletal malformations are other forms of birth defects that can occur.

A nurse is preparing to administer Vitamin K to a newborn. The nurse would administer the drug:

intramuscularly.

The nurse measures a newborn's temperature immediately after birth and finds it to be 99°F (37.2°C). An hour later, it has dropped several degrees. The nurse understands that this heat loss can be explained in part by which factor in the newborn?

lack of subcutaneous fat - Insulation, an efficient means of conserving heat in adults, is not as effective in newborns because they have little subcutaneous fat to provide insulation. Newborns can conserve heat by constricting blood vessels and moving blood away from the skin. Brown fat, a special tissue found in mature newborns, apparently helps to conserve or produce body heat by increasing metabolism as well as regulating body temperature similar to that of a hibernating animal. Other ways newborns are able to increase their metabolic rate and produce more heat include kicking and crying.

The nurse is preparing discharge teaching for a young couple and their infant. Which axillary temperatures should the nurse point out should be reported to the primary care provider?

less than 97.7° F (36.5° C) or greater than 100° F (37.8° C) - Temperatures of less than 97.7 ° F (36.5° C) or greater than 100 ° F (37.8° C) should be reported to the primary care provider.

The hospital is providing a class on newborn care to a group of parents prior to their discharge with their newborns. Which statement by a parent would indicate that further teaching is needed?

"If our baby turns red in the face and strains to have a stool that means she is constipated." - Straining and turning red in the face when having a stool is not indicative of constipation. This is normal behavior. Parents should be comfortable in using a bulb syringe, remember to keep crib rails up at all times, and should not overdress their infants to try to keep them warm.

A new mother asks the nurse why newborns receive an injection of vitamin K after delivery. What will be the best response from the nurse?

"Newborns lack the intestinal flora needed to produce vitamin K, so it is given to prevent bleeding episodes." - Vitamin K is needed in newborns to prevent bleeding episodes. It is especially important for male newborns who are being circumcised. The newborn's intestine is sterile and has no symbiotic bacteria in it to produce vitamin K, so the newborn receives a supplement through the vitamin K injection. Vitamin K does not assist in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins, does not help prevent ophthalmia neonatorum, or strengthen the immune system.

The primipara tells the nurse, "My baby jumps every time I pick her up. Is she afraid that I will drop her?" Which response by the nurse would be best?

"No, it is the Moro reflex. This reflex simulates the action of warding off an attacker." - The Moro reflex is known as the startle reflex. A startled newborn will extend the arms and legs away from the body and to the side. Then the arms come back toward each other with the fingers spread in a "C" shape. The arms look as if the newborn is trying to embrace something. The Moro reflex should be symmetrical.

A nurse is assessing a newborn and obtains the newborn's head circumference. The head circumference is 35 cm. The nurse then measures the newborn's chest circumference. Which chest circumference measurement would the nurse document as expected and within normal parameters?

33 cm - The average chest circumference is 30 to 36 cm (12 to 14 in). It is generally equal to or about 2 to 3 cm less than the head circumference.

The nurse has completed assessing the blood glucose levels of several infants who are 24 hours old. Which result should the nurse prioritize for intervention?

30 mg/dl (1.67 mmol/L) -Blood glucose levels less than 40 mg/dl (2.22 mmol/L) or 50 mg/dl (2.77 mmol/L), depending on the source of information, is indicative of hypoglycemia in a newborn infant and should be further evaluated and/or treated depending on the individual situation.

The nurse explains the hospital's home visitation program for new families after discharge from the hospital. Which information will the nurse include regarding this program?

Caregivers can demonstrate competency in caring for the infant and ask questions. - Home visitation programs provide caregivers with opportunities to do return demonstrations of care, ask questions of a professional, and be reassured of their ability to care for their infant. The visiting nurses do not take over care of the infant or serve as an arbitrator for disagreements. All necessary procedures will be completed in the hospital prior to discharge.

A 30-minute-old newborn starts crying in a high-pitched manner and cannot be consoled by the mother. Which action should the nurse prioritize if jitteriness is also noted and the infant is unable to breastfeed?

Check blood glucose. - One of the primary signs/symptoms of hypoglycemia in newborn infants is jitteriness and irritability. Anytime an infant is suspected of having hypoglycemia, the nurse needs to check the blood glucose level. Cold stress and pain are potential considerations to rule out if hypoglycemia is not the cause; however, jitteriness is not a recognized sign of these.

The nurse is teaching a prenatal class illustrating the steps that are used to keep families safe. The nurse determines the session is successful when the parents correctly choose which precaution to follow after the birth of their infant?

Check the identification badge of any health care worker before releasing baby from room.

The nurse is preparing discharge instructions for the parents of a male newborn who is to be circumcised before discharge. Which instruction should the nurse prioritize?

Cover the glans generously with petroleum jelly. - Covering the surgical site with an ointment such as petroleum jelly prevents it from adhering to the diaper and being continually irritated. Normal appearance is red and raw. Soaking the penis daily in warm water is not recommended. Washing the penis with warm water, dribbled gently from a washcloth at each diaper change, is the recommended way of keeping the penis clean. The nurse would not tell the parents to use alcohol on the glans.

A new mother calls her pediatrician's office concerned about her 2-week-old infant "crying all the time." When the nurse explores further, the mother reports that the infant cries at least 2 hours each day, usually in the afternoons. What recommendation would the nurse not make to this mother?

Feeding the infant more formula whenever she begins to fuss - Crying by a young infant is frustrating for parents, so it is suggested that the parents first be sure that the infant's physical needs are met, then soothing measures are implemented. Feeding the infant every time he cries is not needed nor suggested. Swaddling, a soothing touch, and gentle pats on the back all help calm a fussy infant.

The nurse is preparing to administer the vitamin K injection to a newborn. Which action would be correct for this client?

Injecting the medication into the vastus lateralis

A newborn's cord begins to bleed 1 day following birth. What measures would the nurse take to address this problem?

Inspect the clamp to insure that it is tightly closed and applied correctly.

A woman wearing hospital scrubs comes to the nursery and states "Mrs. Smith is ready for her baby. I will be glad to take the baby to her." What will the nursery nurse do next?

Look at the woman's hospital identification badge.

A nurse is observing respiratory effort in a newborn as part of Apgar scoring. Which method should the nurse use to do this?

Observe chest movement. - Respirations are counted by observing chest movement. Reflex irritability may be evaluated by observing response to a suction catheter in the nostrils or response to having the soles of the feet slapped. Heart rate is typically determined by auscultation with a stethoscope but may also be obtained by observing and counting the pulsations of the umbilical cord at the abdomen, if the cord is still uncut. Muscle tone is evaluated by observing resistance to any effort to extend the newborn's extremities.

The parents of a 2-day-old newborn are preparing for discharge from the hospital. Which teaching is most important for the nurse to include regarding sleep?

Place the infant on the back when sleeping - It is most important to educate caregivers on how to place the newborn while sleeping to ensure safety and reduce the risk of SIDS. The other information is good to include, but not priority. .

Under which circumstances should gloves be worn in the newborn nursery? Select all that apply.

Providing the first bath Changing a diaper Performing a heel stick Accucheck

The nursery nurse notes that one of the newborn infants has white patches on his tongue that look like milk curds. What action would be appropriate for the nurse to take?

Report the finding to the pediatrician. - Although the finding looks like a milk curd, if the white patch remains after feeding, the pediatrician needs to be notified. The likely cause of the white patch on the tongue is a fungal infection called Candida albicans, which the newborn probably contracted while passing through the birth canal. The nurse should not try to remove the patches.

Which action will the nurse avoid when performing basic care for a newborn male?

Retracting the foreskin over the glans to assess for secretions -The foreskin in male newborns does not normally retract and should not be forced. The nurse will inspect the genital area for irritated skin to prevent and/or treat possible skin irritations. The nurse will palpate the testes to determine if the newborn has cryptorchidism. It is important to verify that the urethral opening is at the tip of the glans and not on the dorsal or ventral sides as these would need intervention. This can be accomplished without overmanipulating the foreskin.

Following delivery, a newborn has a large amount of mucus coming out of his mouth and nose. What would be the nurse's first action?

Using a bulb syringe, suction the mouth then the nose.

The nurse is explaining the care the newborn will be receiving right after birth to the parents. The nurse should point out the infant will receive an ophthalmic antibiotic ointment by approximately which time?

Within one hour -Within the first hour after birth, an antibiotic ointment must be placed in the newborn's eyes to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum, a severe eye infection contracted in the birth canal of a woman with gonorrhea or chlamydia.

The nurse is admitting a 10-pound (4.5-kg) newborn to the nursery. What is important for the nurse to monitor during the transition period?

blood sugar - Most facilities have protocols to guide nursing care in the treatment of hypoglycemia. Many pediatricians have preprinted orders that can be initiated if the glucose level falls below a predetermined level (usually 40-50 mg/dl).

While examining a newborn, a nurse observes salmon patches on the nape of the neck and on the eyelids. Which is the most likely cause of these skin abnormalities?

concentration of immature blood vessels - A concentration of immature blood vessels causes salmon patches. Bruising does not look like salmon patches but would be more bluish-purple in appearance. Harlequin sign is a result of immature autoregulation of blood flow and is commonly seen in low birth weight newborns. An allergic reaction would be more generalized and would not be salmon colored.

A nurse is teaching new parents about keeping follow-up appointments and calling their health care provider if they notice signs of illness in their newborn. The nurse determines that the teaching was successful when the parents identify which signs as needing to be reported? Select all that apply.

temperature of 38.3° C (101° F) or higher refuse feeding abdominal distention - Parents should call their health care provider if they note any of the following warning signs: temperature of 38.3° C (101° F) or higher; forceful, persistent vomiting; refusal to take feedings; two or more green, watery diarrheal stools; infrequent wet diapers and change in bowel movements from normal pattern; lethargy or excessive sleepiness; inconsolable crying and extreme fussiness; abdominal distention; or difficult or labored breathing.

Which measurements were most likely obtained from a normal newborn born at 38 weeks to a healthy mother with no maternal complications?

weight = 3500 g, length = 20 inches (51 cm), head circumference = 34 cm, and chest circumference = 32 cm -For a term infant, expected weight is 2500 to 4000 g; length is 19 to 21 inches (48 to 53 cm); head circumference is 33 to 35 cm; and chest circumference is 30.5 to 33 cm.

The nurse caring for a newborn has to perform assessment at various intervals. When should the nurse complete the second assessment for the newborn?

within the first 2 to 4 hours, when the newborn reaches the nursery -The nurse should complete the second assessment for the newborn within the first 2 to 4 hours, when the newborn is in the nursery. The nurse should complete the initial newborn assessment in the birthing area and the third assessment before the newborn is discharged, whenever that may be.