chapter 19

While Darwin was investigating the organisms on the Galapagos Islands, he noticed that all the islands had finches, but the types of finches found on each island were unique to that island. The finches on each island were best described as members of the same

species.

Lyell's principle of uniformitarianism _____

strongly influenced Darwin's view of how living organisms could change over time

Carolus Linnaeus is considered to be the founder of _____, and he _____

the binomial classification system ... thought that resemblances among different species reflected the pattern of their creation

During his voyage around the world, Darwin was inspired to think about evolution by _____

the works of others such as Lamarck fossils he collected studying adaptations of organisms to their environments the unique organisms he saw in the Gálapagos Islands

Which of the following best describes why the process of evolution is easier to study in fruit flies than in birds?

...

A population of zooplankton is exposed to a small number of predatory fish that feed on the larger-sized (adult) zooplankton. Which of the following predictions would most likely occur based on the principles of natural selection? ()

Adult zooplankton will start to reach sexual maturity when they are still relatively small

Paleontologists excavating an area that was once a shallow lake find fossils of two extinct species that were ancestors to modern horses. Why would scientists look for animal fossils in areas that were once near shallow water?

Animal remains are often trapped and buried in sediments near bodies of water.

The scala naturae, or scale of nature, is based on the ideas of

Aristotle

What was shown by the experiments done by Stanley Miller in 1953?

Building blocks of proteins and sugars can be formed from simple molecules under specific conditions

The modern idea of extinction as a common occurrence in Earth's history was first proposed in the early 19th century writings of _____

Cuvier

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution? Human embryos and fish embryos both have pharyngeal pouches. Dolphins and sharks have a similar fusiform (streamlined) body shape. Cats and bats have similar skeletal configurations in their forelimbs. Both gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants) and angiosperms (flowering plants) produce seeds. Blind cave fish possess remnants of eye structures under their scales

Dolphins and sharks have a similar fusiform (streamlined) body shape

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution

Dolphins and sharks have a similar fusiform (streamlined) body shape.

What is the role of geology in the theory of common descent

Geology provides evidence that Earth is very old and constantly changing.

Which of the following is a true statement about Charles Darwin He was the first to discover that living things can change, or evolve. He based his theory on the inheritance of acquired characteristics. He worked out the principles of population genetics. He proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution. He was the first to conclude that Earth is billions of years old

He proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

Lamarck's ideas about evolution differed from Darwin's ideas in that

Lamarck proposed that organisms became more complex over time and that the traits they developed could be passed on to their offspring.

Why is the classification system of Linnaeus still used today?

Linnaeus unintentionally had a good grasp on evolutionary relationships we know today to be true

Which of the following is a key observation that must be explained in a unifying theory about life? All living things require oxygen to survive Many basic characteristics are shared by all living things. Evolution is based on descent with modification. The Earth is very old. Organisms are rarely well-suited to their environments

Many basic characteristics are shared by all living things

What insight did Darwin gain from reading Thomas Malthus's essay on human suffering

Organisms have the capacity to overreproduce

Because he was well aware of the effect his theory of evolution would have on the public and on the Church of England, Darwin delayed publishing his work for several decades while he gathered additional evidence. After invoking selective breeding of domesticated species as evidence that groups of organisms are capable of change, he then proposed that natural populations can change as well. On which two lines of evidence did he base this proposal

Organisms within a population vary, and all populations produce more offspring than can be supported by the environment, resulting in competition for survival within the population

How did some strains of Staphylococcus aureus become resistant to antibiotic drugs?

Some members of the bacteria population must have had a genetic variation that made them resistant to antibiotics.

During periods of rapid environmental change, what may happen to a species that was well-suited to the former environment?

The species may go extinct. Individuals with particular traits that provide an advantage in the new environment will have higher reproductive success. The population may change so much in adapting to the new environment that it is considered a new species. Traits that were favorable in the original environment may be detrimental in the new environment.

Darwin clarified his theory of common descent by stating that it was a theory of "common descent with modification." What does the phrase common descent with modification mean?

The species that exist today are descended from preexisting species that changed over time.

How does the theory of special creation differ from Darwin's theory of evolution?

The theory of special creation proposes that all species were independently created and do not change over time, while Darwin observed that all species are related and change over time.

In a survey of lice populations it is found that lice in one region of the country have never evolved resistance to permethrin. What might explain this?

The variation of permethrin resistance does not exist in the lice population of that region.

What did Darwin observe about species on islands?

They are often closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighboring islands.

What is a hominin?

a human ancestor

All known organisms transcribe genetic information to protein molecules via the same genetic code. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that _____.

all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor

Branch points in an evolutionary tree refer to

ancestral species from which are derived more recent species.

The breeding of plants and animals for particular traits by humans is called _____.

artificial selection

What level of classification is the distinction Mammalia

class

Evidence from molecular biology supports the theory of evolution by demonstrating that _____

closely related organisms have more similar DNA and proteins

Many generations have passed since the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees lived. Which of the following characteristics would this common ancestor (or missing link) be likely to have?

common ape-like characteristics, probably quadrupedal (four-legged)

What type of study is most appropriate for determining the time at which a common ancestor to humans and chimpanzees lived?

comparing DNA sequences between humans and chimpanzees

Which of the following are vestigial structures?

dependent gametophytes in flowers

Darwin originally defined evolution as _____

descent with modification

An important challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species was the observation that seemingly dissimilar organisms such as hummingbirds, humans, and whales have similar skeletal structures. This most directly suggested to biologists that _____. ()

dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor

Animals that possess homologous structures probably _____.

evolved from the same ancestor

At the time Darwin voyaged on the HMS Beagle, the popularly accepted theory in Western culture that explained the origin of Earth's plants and animals held that the various species _____.

had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years before

Which of the following is an example of the process of evolution? the existence of homologous traits such as the forelimbs of mammals the large number and diversity of species of marsupials in Australia the changes in organisms over time observed in the fossil record herbivory the observed match between organisms and their environments

herbivory

On an evolutionary tree _____.

homologous characteristics form a nested pattern

To describe evolution as a "scientific theory" means that _____.

it is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence

When they were first sold, aerosol insecticides were highly effective in killing flies and mosquitoes. Now, several decades later, a much smaller proportion of these insects die when sprayed. The reason fewer insects die when they are sprayed is that _____.

many mosquitoes today are descendants of mosquitoes with insecticide-resistant characteristics

In what type of gene would you expect to find the greatest homology between cows and mice?

n genes involved in DNA replication

In Darwin's view of descent with modification _____

natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environment

The smallest unit that can evolve is a(n) _____.

population

According to the theory of evolution, anatomical and molecular homologies should _____

produce similar patterns of evolutionary relatedness

Vestigial organs are _____.

remnants of structures that were useful to an organism's ancestors

At the time Charles Darwin sailed on the HMS Beagle, _____

several biologists had proposed that species might change over time, but none had suggested a convincing mechanism that might cause the change