Chapter 19

Plasma portion of blood:

H20=92% plasma=7% (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, regualtory proteins. Other solutes (1%) electrolytes, organic nutrients, wastes.

Formation of RBC's

Hematopoesis: process of blood formation. Primary site is red bone marrow. Myleoid stem cells give rise to ALL formed elements. Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphocytes.

Thromobopoietin

Increases porductionof platelets from megakaryocites

Along with calcium ions, which vitamin is involved in almost every aspect of blood coagulation?

K

During the recycling of a red blood cell

iron and amino acids are recycled to be used in erythropoiesis, while unusable products are excreted into the small intestine in bile.

The most common blood type among Americans is

o

The bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is __________ than that of fetal hemoglobin and oxygen.

weaker than

The binding of a heme unit's iron ion to an oxygen ion

will be broken when oxygen reaches systemic tissues, so that oxygen can enter body cells. forms oxyhemoglobin. is a reversible binding.

Formed elements of whole blood are?

RBC(carry oxygen), WBC (immune response), Platelets (help stop blood loss)

Reticulocytes account for about __________ percent of the erythrocyte population.

1

Normal hemoglobin concentrations are in the range of __________ g/dl.

12-18

Lymphocytes account for __________ percent of circulating white blood cells.

20-30

A normal hematocrit is in the range of:

37-54.

If Misty is type A and needs to receive transfusions of blood during a surgery, which blood type(s) could she receive?

A and O

Blood types:

A, B, AB, O, RH factors

Hematocrit is?

% of total BV occupied by RBC's. Anemia: lower than normal # of RBC's

An individual with type AB blood has __________ antigens and __________ antibodies.

AB, no

Hemoglobin:

Accounts for 95% of proteins with RBC's. Made up of globulin, complex quatemary shape.Heme is an iron containing pigment portion., binds oxygen, transports primarity oxygen but it can also transport carbon dioxide. Releases nitric oxide, (vasodilation)

RBC's: erythrocytes

Accounts for about 99.9% of formed elements, and half of blood volume. Function: carries oxygen in hemoglobin. Pigment gives blood its red color.

Which type of healthy human would typically have four to five liters of blood?

Adult female

Anatomy of a RBC:

Biconcave disc, providing a large surface to volume ratio. Lacks a nuclei, and other organelles. Membrane contains glycolipids that are antigens and account for bloodtyping. an iron containing pigment portion., binds oxygen, shape allows RBC's to bend and stack.Lifespan=120 days

Cardiovascular system:

Blood is a composite fluid connective tissue. Provides a mechanism for rapid transport of nutrients, wastes, gasses, and cells. Constists of Blood, heart, and BV's

Composition of blood:

Blood plasma (55%) - liquid portion Formed elements (45%)-solids RBC's WBC's Platelets Plasma+formed elements= whole blood

Describe the major functions of blood.

FUNCTIONS are: transporting dissolved gasses, nutrients, hormones and metabolic wastes. Regulates ph and ion composition of interstitial fluids. Restricts fluid loss at injury site. Defends body against toxins and pathogens. Regulates body temp by absorbing and redistributing heat

It is an illegal practice for Olympic competitors to receive doses of which hormone, which stimulates the production of red blood cells?

Erythropoietin

Components of blood:

Matrix is called "blood plasma". Contains dissolves and suspends various cells and fragments. Blood is the fluid component of cardiovascular system.

ERYTHROPOIESIS and RBC production:

Occours in red bone marrow of spongy bone. Process speeds up with epoeitin (EPO) Required adequate supply of B12. Requires intrinsic factor

Stages of RBC maturation:

Precurser cells: proerythroblast. Divides multiple times producing cells called erythroblasts, that can make hemoglobin. Reticulocytes: Loss of nucleus, contain 80% Hb, enters circulation, continues to mature. Mature RBC, erythrocyte: controlled by, negative feedback, cellular oxygen concentration in tissue.

Cytokines

Stimulate WBC immune cells

Immunoglobulins are?

Synthesized by B lymphocytes, attack foreign proteins and pathogens.

Plasma proteins:

Synthesized in liver: albumen, (most abundant plasma protein), fibrinogen (blood clotting, converted to fibrin) Serum plasma, Globulins (transport globulins), band ions, hormones, and other things.

Erythropoiesis occurs in

Yellow and red bone marrow

Blood

contains red cells, white cells, and platelets, maintains the ability to stop its flow at a point of injury. is more viscous than water because of its combination of formed and dissolved elements. carries hormones and antibodies in its circulation.

The most abundant blood cells are

erythrocytes.

The plasma protein that plays an important role in blood clotting is

fibrin.

The lifespan of a typical RBC is about

four months.

A hemoglobin molecule consists of __________ chains of polypeptides, and ___________ heme units, which each contain the element ___________.

four, four, iron

There are __________ major blood types and __________ different surface antigens.

four, three

Erythropoetin

increases number of RBC precursers

Thrombopoietin:

increases productionof platelets from megakaryocytes

Monocytes leave the circulation to become

macrophages

Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when an Rh __________ woman bears the second child of an Rh __________ man.

negative, positive

The major components of whole blood are

plasma and formed elements.

The platelet phase includes

platelet adhesion. platelet aggregation. platelet plug formation.

The process of hemostasis includes the

platelet phase. coagulation phase. vascular phase.