CHAPTER 19 BIOLOGY

Male Anolis lizards use dewlap displays to attract females. If in a single species males with darker colored dewlaps tend to display in open habitats and males with lighter colored dewlaps tend to display in more forested habitats, the resulting offspring may start to diverge into two groups. What would be occurring? Random mating Directional selection Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Diversifying selection Neutral variation

D

The process of making several different proteins by combining different components from different genes is called __________. a. Mutation correction b. Homologous assembly c. Exon shuffling d. Codon swapping e. Protein mapping

10. C

Which of the following would be an example of a vestigial structure? a. The common body form of sharks and dolphins b. The structure of an invertebrates eye when compared to a vertebrate eye c. The common pattern of bones in the forelimbs of mammals d. The non-functional remains of the pelvic girdle found in modern whales e. The multiple evolution of wings across many taxa

11. D

Horizontal gene transfer occurs when __________. a. Genes are exchanged across unrelated taxa b. Offspring inherit genes from their parents c. Mutations form novel genes from ancestral genes d. Non-function genes in one species are functional in another species e. Genes in related species are found in the common ancestor of those species

7. A

Genetic changes that do not effect reproductive success are examples of neutral variation. This is true This is false

A (True)

Most of the genetic diversity observed in human populations is due to single nucleotide polymorphisms. This is true This is false

A (True)

GGG and GGC are codons for the amino acid, glycine. A mutation caused the insertion of a cytosine in place of the guanine during DNA replication. Over many generations the DNA changes so that the frequency of GGC is similar to that of GGG. What effect does this mutation have on the population's mean fitness?

As the frequency of the GGC codon increases, the population's mean fitness level will remain the same.

Disassortative mating

Dissimilar phenotypes mate preferentially Favors heterozygosity

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model? Very large population size Random mating No gene flow No mutations All of these are assumptions.

E

Blue flower color (B allele) is dominant to white (b allele). If a population of plants contains white flowers (bb) at a frequency of 0.04, what is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype? 4-9-2013 0.2 or 20% 0.32 or 32% 0.64 or 64% 0.96 or 96% 0.8 or 80%

0.32 or 32%

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p + q =_______, where p and q represent _________. 1, allele frequencies 0, allele frequencies 2, allele frequencies 2, genotype frequencies 1, genotype frequencies

1, allele frequencies

The main differences between the finches on Galapagos are the beak sizes and shapes. Competition for food resources is what drove natural selection to favor different beak shapes. a. This is true b. This is false

1. A (True)

What phenomena tends to increase genetic variation in a population? Gene flow Assortative mating Population bottleneck Founder effect Genetic drift

Gene flow

Migration

Gene flow occurs when individuals migrate between populations having different allele frequencies Tends to enhance genetic diversity within a population

Two interacting factors that causes evolution

Genetic variation Natural Selection

Population

Group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same environment and can interbreed with one another Some species occupy a wide geographic range and are divided into discrete populations

Species

Group of related organisms that share a distinctive form Among species that reproduce sexually, members of the same species are capable of interbreeding to produce viable and fertile offspring

What advantage might the leaf-tailed gecko's coloration give it over geckos that live in the same habitat but are not cryptically colored? It increases their ability to climb. It disguises them from their prey. It increases their ability to retain moisture. It allows them to run faster than other geckos.

It disguises them from their prey.

he figure shows three mouse populations and their associated changes in the frequency of B, the allele for dark fur. The recessive b allele codes for white fur. After 20 generations, in which population would you be most likely to encounter a white mouse?

N3

Initiators of Directional selection

New allele with higher fitness introduced Prolonged environmental change

Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

No new mutations occur No natural selection occurs The population is so large that allele frequencies do not change due to random sampling error No migration occurs between different populations Random mating If frequencies are not in equilibrium, an evolutionary mechanism is at work

Nonrandom mating

One of the conditions required to establish the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is random mating Forms of nonrandom mating Assortative / disassortative mating Inbreeding

Cacti in the deserts of southwestern North America and some euphorbs in the deserts of Africa have barrel-shaped stems, short-lived leaves, and spines, yet these two types of plants are from different evolutionary lineages. The similar morphology of the two groups of plants is an example of:

convergent evolution.

If two genes are homologous, then it can be said that they are derived from different ancestral genes but have a similar function. found only outside the nucleus in the mitochondrion or chloroplast. related through environmental natural selection. derived from different ancestral genes and have different functions. derived from the same ancestral gene.

derived from the same ancestral gene.

homology occurs because...

different species evolved from a common ancestor

Under what conditions do catfish exhibit this walking behavior? when mating season ends when predation levels are high when water levels are high during drought conditions

during drought conditions

Which of the following provides evidence of evolutionary change? a. an analysis of fossils of the horse lineage b. the identification of transitional species in the fossil record c. the identification of island species that are closely related to mainland species d. the similarity of homologous genes e. All of the above

e. All of the above

A Hardy-wienburg equillibrium assumes a. a very large population with no random fluctuations b. no natural selection c. random mating d. no new mutation e. all of the above

e. all of the above

The frequency of individuals in a population that exhibits a rare recessive disorder is 0.0025. the value of 0.0025 is an example of? a. allele frequency b. genotype frequency c. a phenotype frequency d. all or the above e. both b and c

e. both b and c

What core concepts underlie the process of evolution? a. inheritance of acquired characteristics b. genetic variation c. natural selection d. all of the above e. both b and c

e. both b and c

What may change as a result of natural selection a. an individuals characteristics b. the genetic comp of populations from one generation to the next c. the characteristics found in populations from one generation to the next d. all of the above e. both b and c

e. both b and c

If the members of one population frequently migrate to a neighboring population and vice versa, which of the following would you expect? a. the two populations would tend to have similar allele frequencies b. the two populations would tend to be more genetically diverse than if no migration had occurred c. the two populations would be more susceptible to genetic drift d. all of the above are correct e. only a and b are correct

e. only a and b are correct

Horses

evolution involves adaptation to changing environments adaptive changes in size, foot anatomy, and tooth morphology Changes can be attributed to natural selection producing adaptations to changing global climates Large dense forests replaced with grassland Run faster, eat tougher food

Macroevolution

formation of new species or groups of species

the microevolutionary factor most sensitive to population size is...

genetic drift

The term evolution is used to describe

heritable changes in characteristics of a population from one generation to the next.

Endemic

naturally found only in a particular location

GGG and GGC are codons for the amino acid, glycine. A mutation caused the insertion of a cytosine in place of the guanine during DNA replication. Over many generations the DNA changes so that the frequency of GGC is similar to that of GGG. What is this phenomenon called?

neutral variation

What are the two principal factors that lead to microevolution? evolutionary mechanisms and migration genetic mutations and evolutionary mechanisms new genetic variation and evolutionary mechanisms nonrandom mating and new genetic variation new genetic variation and genetic mutations

new genetic variation and evolutionary mechanisms

An important message from the work of Thomas Malthus that influenced Charles Darwin was that

only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce.

Monomorphic

predominantly single allele

Transitional form

provides link between earlier and later forms

Fitness is a measure of the _______ of a particular genotype in a population. genetic variation competitive ability reproductive success survival

reproductive success

George Buffon

says life forms change over time

Molecular homology can be compared by analyzing the

sequences of amino acids of various proteins in different species.

n _____ selection, individuals intermediate in a phenotypic distribution have greater reproductive success.

stabilizing

Polymorphism

traits display variation within a population Due to two or more alleles that influence phenotype

vestigial structures are anatomical structures that....

were functional in an ancestor but no longer have a useful function

The snake's real head is nondescript. Based on the contents of the video, which of the following is the best definition of the word nondescript? being wider than the rest of the body brightly colored having distinct markings without distinguishing characteristics

without distinguishing characteristics

Genotype Qq produces 10 offspring per year. Genotype QQ has a fitness value of 0.4 and genotype qq has a fitness value of 0.2. How many offspring does genotype qq produce each year?

2

Gene pool

All of the alleles for every gene in a given population Study genetic variation within the gene pool and how variation changes from one generation to the next Emphasis is often on variation in alleles between members of a population

A population of freshwater fish has been drastically reduced in size due to the construction of a dam. The dam is removed and the population numbers rebound. What has happened to the genetic variability in this population? Increased Decreased Remains the same

B

hy are the terms 'natural selection' and 'evolution' not synonymous? Because evolution occurs over multiple generations while natural selection occurs within a single generation. Because evolution can only change genotype frequencies while natural selection can only change allele frequencies. Because natural selection is only one of many mechanisms that lead to evolution. Because evolution operates on a genetic level while selection acts upon a phenotypic level.

Because evolution occurs over multiple generations while natural selection occurs within a single generation. Because natural selection is only one of many mechanisms that lead to evolution. Because evolution operates on a genetic level while selection acts upon a phenotypic level.

Inheritance of acquired traits

Behavioral changes and modified traits are inherited by offspring

A group of conspecifics that occupy the same habitat and can interbreed with each other form a __________. Species Community Gene pool Population Genome

D

Two populations of catfish have lived in separate neighboring lakes for many generations. Population A contains about 30% short whiskered catfish (ww) and 70% long whiskered catfish (WW or Ww); Population B contains about 10% short whiskered catfish and 90% long whiskered catfish. Following a year of record rainfall, both lakes rise enough to allow the catfish populations to swim between the two lakes and interbreed. What will be the effect(s) over time of this interbreeding? Select any true statements below. DIfferences in the frequencies of W and w between the two populations will increase. Population A will see an increase in long whiskered fish, but Population B will not see any changes in the prevalence of the two phenotypes. Population A will see an increase in long whiskered fish and Population B will see an increase in short whiskered fish. Population B will see an increase in short whiskered fish, but Population A will not see any changes in the prevalence of the two phenotypes. DIfferences in the frequencies of W and w between the two populations will decrease. Population A and Population B will experience an increase in genetic diversity.

DIfferences in the frequencies of W and w between the two populations will increase. Population A will see an increase in long whiskered fish, but Population B will not see any changes in the prevalence of the two phenotypes. Population A will see an increase in long whiskered fish and Population B will see an increase in short whiskered fish. Population B will see an increase in short whiskered fish, but Population A will not see any changes in the prevalence of the two phenotypes. DIfferences in the frequencies of W and w between the two populations will decrease. Population A and Population B will experience an increase in genetic diversity.

A Chang ein one or more heritable characteristics of a population that occurs from one generation to the next is called?

Evolution

The process of natural selection results in: Select all that apply. Extinction Random genetic mutations Adaptation Speciation Genetic drift

Extinction Adaptation Speciation Genetic drift

Natural Selection

Individuals with heritable traits that make them better suited to their environment tend to flourish and reproduce More offspring produced than can survive Competition for limited resources

Female peahens choose a male peacock for mating because of the male's long, colorful tail feathers and their courtship display. This is which type of selection? Select all that apply. Intersexual Diversifying Balancing Intrasexual Directional

Intersexual Diversifying Balancing Intrasexual Directional

Two species of catfish live in the same river and behave and feed in relatively the same way. One species of catfish exhibits the walking behavior while the other does not. What can be said about the catfish that exhibits the walking behavior as opposed to the one that does not? It will become darker in color than the catfish that doesn't walk. It is more likely to reproduce during dry years than the catfish that doesn't walk. It will become extinct if there are high amounts of precipitation, but the catfish that doesn't walk will survive. Eventually, it will evolve legs, but the catfish that doesn't walk will not.

It is more likely to reproduce during dry years than the catfish that doesn't walk.

A gene is acquired in a population by horizontal gene transfer. This gene confers an adaptive advantage to those bacteria who possess it. In several generations, what will be the likely fate of this gene in the population? The gene will be found in the population at a very low levels, as it can only be transferred to other bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The gene will be purged from the population, because it was introduced via horizontal gene transfer. All bacteria in the population will have this gene, because it confers an adaptive advantage. Many bacteria in this population will have this gene, because it confers an adaptive advantage. Only the initial bacteria that acquired the gene via horizontal gene transfer will possess the gene.

Many bacteria in this population will have this gene, because it confers an adaptive advantage.

Population

Members of the same species that are likely to encounter each other and thus have the opportunity to interbreed

Uniformitarianism

Proposed by Scottish geologist James Hutton and Charles lynn. Suggested that changes in earth are directly caused by recurring events. example geological erosion

Developmental Homology

Species that differ as adults often bear striking similarities during embryonic stages Presence of gill ridges in human embryos indicates that humans evolved from an aquatic animal with gill slits Human embryos have long bony tails

Anatomical Homology

Structures that are anatomically similar to one another because they evolved from a structure in a common ancestor

Population Genetics

Study of genes and genotypes in a population Helps us understand how genetic variation is related to phenotypic variation

Biogeography

Study of the geographical distribution of extinct and modern species ex: Island fox (Urocyon littoralis) evolved from mainland gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)

Population Genetics

The study of genes and phenotypes in a population

Why did the people of Tibet and the people of the Andes develop different adaptations to cope with the stress of high altitude? Disruptive selection caused the two populations to diverge. The environmental stresses in the two mountain ranges are different. The two ancestral populations had different kinds variable characters. Genetic drift acted more strongly in one population than in the other.

The two ancestral populations had different kinds variable characters.

The enlarged claw of male fiddler crabs is an example of a. intrasexual selection b. intersexual selection c. both d. neither one

a. intrasexual selection

You are at the aquarium looking at a freshwater mammal tank and an adult manatee swims close to the glass. On his front flippers you see fingernails. What is a likely explanation for the presence of fingernails on a manatee? They are a developmental homology. They are analogous to human fingernails. They are vestigial structures. They are analogous to bear claws. They are homologous to fish fins.

They are vestigial structures.

A population undergoing microevolution would show Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium. True False

True

Selective breeding results from programs designed to modify traits in domesticated species. True False

True

Convergent Evolution

Two different species from different lineages sometimes become anatomically similar because they occupy similar environments

Some major changes that occurred in horse body size, foot anatomy, and tooth morphology are hypothesized to be due to natural selection because

changes in global climates resulted in a shift from forest to grassland environments.

Fossil Record

When fossils are compared according to age from youngest to oldest

Peter and Rosemary Grant study natural selection in finches on the Galápagos Islands. They have hypothesized that dry conditions produce larger seeds and may result in larger beaks in succeeding generations of finches. The figure below shows their data from 1976 and 1978. The y-axis is the number of birds measured and the x-axis is the beak depth. Do their data support their hypothesis and why?

Yes; because the average beak depth of birds in the population increased from 8.8mm in 1976 to 9.8mm in 1978.

The effect of inbreeding is a decrease of homozygotes in succeeding generations. a decrease of heterozygotes in succeeding generations. stable frequencies of genotypes in succeeding generations. eventual elimination of deleterious recessive alleles.

a decrease of heterozygotes in succeeding generations.

The most common type of genetic change that causes polymorphism in a population is

a single nucleotide substitution

Populations that experience inbreeding may also experience a. a decrease in fitness due to an increased frequency of recessive genetic diseases b.an increase in fitness due to increases in heterozygosity c.very little genetic drift d.no apparent change e.increased mutation rates

a. a decrease in fitness due to an increased frequency of recessive genetic diseases

Considering the same population of fish described in the previous question, if the stream environment included several areas of sandy, light colored bottom areas and a lot of dark colored vegetation, both the light and dark colored fish would have selective advantage and increased survival in certain places. This type of scenario could explain the occurrence of which type of natural selection? a. diversifying b. stabilizing c. directional d. balancing

a. diversifying

Evolutionary mechanisms

alter the prevalence of an allele or genotype (natural selection, random genetic drift, migration, nonrandom mating)

An evolutionary change in which a population organisms changes its characteristics over many generations in ways that make it better suited to its environment

an adaptation

A hurricane kills 98% of a population of cranes. The population eventually rebounds to its original size, but genetic variation in the rebounded population is significantly less. this is an example if? a. founder effect b. bottleneck c. diversifying seleciton d. both a and b

b. bottleneck

Homologous traits show similarities because the species exhibiting those traits a. occupy similar environments b. evolved from a common ancestor c. evolved in a similar environment d. are geographically close to each other

b. evolved from a common ancestor

Kimuras proposal regarding nuetral mutations differs from darwinian evolution in that a. natural selection b. most of the genetic variation in a population is due to neutral mutation, which do not affect reproductive success c.neutral variation alter survival and reproductive success d. neutral mutations are not affected by population size e. both b and c

b. most of the genetic variation in a population is due to neutral mutation, which do not affect reproductive success

The human b-globin gene has two alleles, HS and HA, individuals that are homozygous for HS have sickle-cell anemia and a lower fitness. Individuals that are heterozygotes (HSHA) do not show sickle-cell symptoms and have a resistance to malaria. Individuals that are homozygous for HA have the highest fitness but are susceptible to malaria. In areas where malaria is prevalent the HS allele is maintained in the population. Which type of selection is occurring with the b-globin gene?

balancing

A wildfire dramatically reduces a population of oak trees. Several months later, high winds blow several acorns from the surviving oak trees to a meadow several hundred miles away. The acorns germinate and establish a new population of oaks in the meadow. The surviving oaks in the original population will likely experience a ______ effect, while the oaks in the new population will like experience a ______ effect. bottleneck; founder founder; heterozygote advantage negative-frequency dependent; balancing polymorphic; monomorphic

bottleneck; founder

In a population of fish, body coloration varies from a light shade almost white, to a very dark shade of green. Changes in the environment that result in decreased predation of individuals with the lightest color is an example of________ a. diversifying b. stabilizing c. directional d. balancing

c. directional

Microevolution involves

changes in a population's gene pool.

Directional selection

Individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range have greater reproductive success in a particular environment

Assortative mating

Individuals with similar phenotypes are more likely to mate Increases the proportion of homozygotes

Reproductive success

Likelihood of an individual contributing fertile offspring to the next generation

Which habitat should have the highest number of endemic species? a. The grasslands of the central United States b. The Hawaiian islands c. The Sahara desert d. The Amazon rainforest basin e. The Mississippi river

16. B

The HMS Beagle's naturalist was __________. a. George Wallace b. Robert FitzRoy c. Thomas Malthus d. Horatio Nelson e. Charles Darwin

2. E

Jean Baptiste Lamarck theorized that acquired characteristics are passed onto offspring. This has been shown to be incorrect. a. This is true b. This is false

3. A (True)

two categories of traits for Reproductive success

Certain characteristics make organisms better adapted and more likely to survive to reproductive age Traits directly associated with reproduction, such as ability to find a mate and ability to produce viable gametes and offspring

Natural selection patterns

Directional selection Stabilizing selection Diversifying selection Balancing selection

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

Smallest type of genetic change in a gene Most common - 90% of variation in human gene sequences

Intersexual selection

Between members of the opposite sex Female choice Often results in showy characteristics for males Cryptic female choice Genital tract or egg selects against genetically related sperm Inhibits inbreeding

Intrasexual selection

Between members of the same sex Horns in male sheep, antlers in male moose, male fiddler crab enlarged claws Males directly compete for mating opportunities or territories

Selective breeding

Breeders choose there parents that have desirable traits

Charles Darwin

British naturalist born in 1809 Theory shaped by several different fields of study Geology Economics Voyage of the Beagle

All of the alleles for every gene in a population constitutes the __________. Genome Community Gene pool Population Species

C

The mean beak depth of a particular finch species is 15 millimeters. Assuming the trait is heritable, what would happen to the mean claw length after several generations of stabilizing selection? The mean should be less than 15 mm. The mean should be greater than 15 mm. The mean should not change. The population should diverge with respect to beak depth.

C

Two hypothesis about geological processes dominated in the early 19th century

Catastrophism uniformitarianism

The merger of two (2) formally separated populations would be an example of __________. Mutation Natural selection Bottleneck Gene flow Random mating

D

Voyage of the Beagle,1831-1836

Darwin noticed distinctive traits of island species that allowed them to better exploit their environment ex: Galapagos Island finches Saw similarities in species yet noted differences that provided them with specialized feeding strategies

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Hypothesized species change by adapting to new environments developed the idea of inheritance of acquired traits

Catastrophism

Proposed by french zoologist and paleontologist georges cuvier suggested that earth was 6,000 years old and only catastrophic events changed its geological structure

Empirical thought

Relies on observation to form an idea or hypothesis, rather than trying to understand life from a non-physical or spiritual point of view

Vegetarian Finch

Type of beak=crushing Diet= buds from branches

Ground Finches

Type of beak=crushing Diet= seeds

Tree finches

Type of beak=grasping/probing Diet=insects

Evolution

Used to describe a change in one or more heritable characteristics from generation to the next

Thomas Malthus

an economist, says that only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce

Vestigial structures

anatomical structures that have no apparent function but resemble structures of presumed ancestors ex: Ear wiggling muscles

Microevolution

changes in a single gene in a population over time

Genetic Drift

Changes allelic frequency due to random chance Random events unrelated to fitness Favors either loss or fixation of an allele Frequency reaches 0% or 100% Faster in smaller populations

Inbreeding

Choice of mate based on genetic history increase the likelihood the individual will be homozygous Lower mean fitness of a population if homozygous offspring have a lower fitness value

Stabilizing selection

Favors the survival of individuals with intermediate phenotypes Extreme values of a trait are selected against ex: Clutch size Too many eggs and offspring - die due to lack of care and food Too few eggs - does not contribute enough to next generation

Disruptive/Diversifying selection

Favors the survival of two or more different genotypes that produce different phenotypes Likely to occur in populations that occupy heterogeneous environments Members of the populations can freely interbreed

Sexual Selection

Form of natural selection Directed at certain traits of sexually reproducing species that make it more likely for individuals to find or choose a mate and/or engage in successful mating In many species, affects male characteristics more intensely than it does female Explains traits that decrease survival but increase reproductive success

Evidence of Evolutionary Change

Fossil record Biogeography Convergent evolution Selective breeding Homologies

Homologies

Fundamental similarity due to descent from a common ancestor Anatomical Developmental Molecular

Examples of Convergent evolution

Giant anteater and echidna both have long snouts and tongues to feed on ants Aerial rootlets for clinging in English ivy and wintercreeper Antifreeze proteins in different, very cold water fish

Fishapod (Tiktaalik roseae)

Illuminates steps leading to evolution of tetrapods Had broad skull, flexible neck, eyes on top of head, primitive wrist and five fingers Could peek above water and look for prey

Balancing selection

Maintains genetic diversity Balanced polymorphism Two or more alleles are kept in balance, and therefore are maintained in a population over the course of many generations

Neutral variation

Much of the variation seen in natural populations is caused by genetic drift Does not preferentially select for any particular allele due to the accumulation of neutral mutations that have attained high frequencies due to genetic drift Neutral mutations do not affect phenotype so they are not acted upon by natural selection

Bottleneck

Population reduced dramatically and then rebuilds Randomly eliminates members without regard to genotype Surviving members may have allele frequencies different from original population Allele frequencies can drift substantially when population is small New population likely to have less genetic variation

Fitness

Relative likelihood that a genotype will contribute to the gene pool of the next generation as compared to other genotypes Quantitative measure of reproductive success Hypothetical gene with alleles A and a AA, Aa, aa

Molecular homology

Similarities in cells at the molecular level show that living species evolved from a common ancestor Certain biochemical pathways are found in all or nearly all species

Founder effect

Small group of individuals separates from a larger population and establishes a new colony Relatively small founding population expected to have less genetic variation than original population Allele frequencies in founding population may differ markedly from original population

Variation

Traits heritable - passed from parent to offspring Genetic basis was not yet known

Since the 1970s researchers have been tracking changing beak depth of one particular species of finch on one of the Galapagos Islands. What has their data demonstrated? a. There has been no change in beak depth, at least nothing worth writing home about b. Beak depth is determined by the amount of nutrition a juvenile bird receives, it is largely an environmental trait c. During dry years birds with large beaks have the advantage and the average beak size increases in the next generation, the trend is reversed during wet years d. Natural selection has little or no influence on the beak shape e. None of the above

12. C

A species of bacteria in a your colon acquiring a complete set of antibiotic resistance genes from a completely unrelated species of bacteria is an example of __________. a. Allopolyploidy b. Horizontal gene transfer c. Non-synonymous changes d. Genetic transposition e. Pseudogene formation

13. B

In a population of snails, the individuals with the thickest shells survive and reproduce more than those with thinner shells. Assuming shell thickness is a heritable trait, what should happen to the mean shell thickness in a population of snails over time? a. Increase b. Decrease c. Remain the same d. There would be no pattern

14. A

Which of the following would NOT be a good method for sorting out the evolutionary relationships between a parrot, gorilla, hippopotamus, starfish, and catfish? a. Comparing the skeletal anatomy b. Examining the habitat in which these organism live c. Looking at embryos for common developmental patterns d. Comparing the nucleotide sequence divergence of selected genes e. All of the above would provide useful information

15. B

Similar habitats often place similar selection pressures on different species. This often leads to unrelated species having features in common. What is this an example of? a. Vestigial structures b. Convergent evolution c. Homologous traits d. Artificial selection

4. B

If a person wanted to produce dogs with extremely thick coats for surviving in cold climates, he could do this by only allowing dogs with the thickest coats to breed. What would this be an example of? a. Heterozygote advantage b. Natural selection c. Adaptive radiation d. Stabilizing selection e. Artificial selection

5. E

Vestigial structures are __________. a. Structures found in different species that have similar functions b. Structure with different appearances and functions but have a common ancestor c. Examples of convergent evolution d. Non-functional structures left over from an organism's evolutionary past

6. D

When comparing amino acid sequences of proteins found in several different species, more closely related species should have __________. a. A higher degree of divergence b. Much more similar sequences c. Fewer differences in amino acid sequence d. Completely different sequences e. There is no relationship.

8. C

What is Tiktaalik roseae? a. The largest species of finch found on the Galapagos Islands. b. A whale with hind legs. c. A transitional fossil between fishes and tetrapods. d. The earliest member of the horse family. e. None of the above is correct.

9. C

What is fitness? A measure of reproductive success The rate of survival of a species A measure of an animal's top speed A measure of the overall size of an individual

A

A sea star roams the intertidal zone eating barnacles. The sea star does not care which type of barnacle it finds; it just eats whatever is finds. What type of selection is the sea star exerting on the barnacle population? Diversifying selection Negative frequency dependent selection Artificial selection Oscillating selection Neutral selection

B

Due to the increased likelihood of deleterious homozygous recessive phenotypes, what can occur when closely related individuals mate and form offspring? Genetic drift Inbreeding depression Sexual selection Random mating Gene flow

B

If a population is drastically reduced in size and rebounds, what has occurred? Mutation Natural selection Bottleneck Gene flow Random mating

C

If both homozygotes have a fitness score of 0.8 and the heterozygote has a fitness score of 1.0, what should the 2 allele frequencies (p and q) be after several generations? p = 0.9, q = 0.1 p = 0.7, q = 0.3 p = 0.5, q = 0.5 p = 0.3, q = 0.7 p = 0.1, q= 0.9

C

The allele frequencies in a population are p = 0.95 and q = 0.05. What would happen to the allelic frequency of q if the population followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for 20 generations. Increase Decrease Remain the same Change randomly None of the above

C

The display feathers of a male peacock are an example of __________. Gene flow Mutation Sexual selection Random mating Genetic drift

C

Two common ways for Balancing selection

For a single gene, heterozygote favored Heterozygote advantage - HS allele Negative frequency-dependent selection Rare individuals have a higher fitness

Polymorphic gene

two or more alleles

Cactus finches

type of beak= probing Diet= Seeds