Chapter 19 Cardiovascular system - Regulation and Maintenance
Vascular spasm closes off?
A) closes off small blood vessels when they are damaged, mainly in response to chemicals released from the damaged cells Feedback: Spasm implies a contraction is involved.
Blood types are determined
A) genetically by glycoproteins and glycolipids on the RBC membrane
A blood transfusion reaction will occur when?
A) occur when plasma antibodies contact red blood cells carrying the antigen with which they react
A person who is Rh negative might form anti-Rh antibodies if she
A) receives a transfusion of Rh positive blood Feedback: Anti-Rh antibodies are formed only if someone is exposed to the Rh antigen.
Each of these prevents unwanted coagulation EXCEPT A) tissue thromboplastin B) antithrombin C) heparin D) prostacyclin
A) tissue thromboplastin Feedback: Coagulation would be enhanced, not prevented, by chemicals released from damaged
Which statement is correct? A) Thrombopoiesis occurs mainly in the lungs. B) Thrombopoietin is a hormone that stimulates platelet production. C) Platelets have a large nucleus containing many sets of chromosomes. D) Megakaryocytes divide by mitosis to produce platelets.
B) Thrombopoietin is a hormone that stimulates platelet production. Feedback: Platelets are not really cells, but fragments of cell cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane.
In which choice are the formed elements arranged in order of increasing size? A) red blood cell, neutrophil, platelet B) platelet, red blood cell, neutrophil C) neutrophil, platelet, red blood cell D) platelet, neutrophil, red blood cell
B) platelet, red blood cell, neutrophil
Once released from the bone marrow into the circulation, the average life span of a red blood cell is about
C) 4 months Feedback: Most erythrocytes survive for several months before the cell components degenerate enough for them to be removed from the circulation.
What happens when fibrinogen is converted to fibrin?
C) a clot is formed Feedback: Fibrin molecules stick to each other and the walls of blood vessels.
Which cell is NOT classified as a granulocyte? A) basophil B) eosinophil C) lymphocyte D) neutrophil
C) lymphocyte Feedback: Granulocytes are named for their cytoplasmic granules, which "like" stain.
Which blood component is NOT correctly matched with its function? A) erythrocytes - transport oxygen B) leukocytes - protect against disease C) platelets - phagocytize bacteria D) plasma proteins - maintain blood osmotic pressure; involved in clotting
C) platelets - phagocytize bacteria
Other than water, the most common component of plasma is ?
C) protein
Without the RBC enzyme carbonic anhydrase
C) the blood would not be able to convert carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate Feedback: The name of an enzyme sometimes tells you what its substrate is.
The average blood volume for an adult is about
D) 5 liters Feedback: A liter is roughly the same volume as a quart.
Erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn) occurs when
B) anti-Rh antibodies from the maternal circulation cross the placenta and agglutinate the fetal red blood cells
As red blood cells get older, they
B) become more fragile
Why is a type O person considered to be universal donor?
B) donor because it has neither antigen A nor antigen B on its RBCs Feedback: Look for the properties of type O blood.
Which of these blood components do NOT have nuclei? A) neutrophils B) erythrocytes C) lymphocytes D) monocytes
B) erythrocytes Feedback: A cell without a nucleus would be small. Red blood cells are also known as erythrocytes.
Several proteins are involved in the absorption, transport and storage of iron. Each protein is correctly matched with its function EXCEPT A) apoferritin - a storage protein in the liver B) ferritin - an iron-containing protein found in the erythrocytes C) gastroferritin - binds to iron in the stomach and transports it to the small intestine D) transferrin - transports iron through the blood
B) ferritin - an iron-containing protein found in the erythrocytes Feedback: Hemoglobin carries oxygen bound to iron.
Antibodies to blood type A or B antigens are formed when?
B) formed when antigen A is absent from the red blood cell membranes Feedback: If antibodies are in the circulation along with the antigen they bind to, the blood will agglutinate.
After preliminary testing, a man who had had a stroke was given tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) at the hospital. The reason for this treatment is that tPA
A) activates an enzyme that dissolves clots Feedback: Most strokes occur when a blood clot blocks a vessel in the brain.
A person with a vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency would probably also have
A) anemia Feedback: If there is a deficiency of anything that is needed to make new blood cells or hemoglobin, there will be fewer RBCs or less hemoglobin.
Blood cells all develop from a common stem cell in bone marrow, but early in development they split into separate lineages. Which three of these cells develop from the myeloblast lineage? A) basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil B) lymphocyte, monocyte, erythrocyte C) thrombocyte, erythrocyte, lymphocyte D) monocyte, erythrocyte, neutrophil
A) basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil Feedback: All granulocytes develop from the myeloblast.
Which type of leukocyte is correctly matched with its function? A) basophils - release histamine in areas of damaged tissue B) neutrophils - leave the blood vessels and become macrophages C) lymphocytes - phagocytize bacteria D) neutrophils - defend against parasitic worm infections
A) basophils - release histamine in areas of damaged tissue Feedback: The dark staining granules of basophils contain several chemicals.
Which of these conditions would most likely cause an increase in the number of reticulocytes in the blood? A) blood loss B) bacterial infection C) dehydration D) hemophilia
A) blood loss Feedback: Reticulocytes are the last stage of development before the mature erythrocyte.
In adults, red blood cells are made in one place, spend most of their lifespan in another, and most are finally destroyed in yet another place. Which choice lists these locations in chronological order? A) bone marrow; blood vessels; spleen B) bone marrow; spleen; blood vessels C) spleen; blood vessels; spleen D) blood vessels; spleen; bone marrow
A) bone marrow; blood vessels; spleen Feedback: All blood cells start off in bone marrow.
The benefit of the biconcave shape of red blood cells is that it
A) decreases the distance between the cell membrane and hemoglobin molecules, facilitating oxygen uptake Feedback: Biconcave means indented on both top and bottom.
In which choice are the proteins listed in the order in which they are activated? A) prothrombin activator, thrombin, fibrin B) fibrin, thrombin, prothrombin activator C) thrombin, fibrin, prothrombin activator D) thrombin, prothrombin activator, fibrin
A) prothrombin activator, thrombin, fibrin
Which of the following is true for an individual with anti-A antibodies in the plasma? A) The individual is blood type A B) The individual is blood type B C) The individual is blood type AB D) The individual can be either blood type B or AB
B) The individual is blood type B
Which statement about hemostasis is NOT correct? A) Positive feedback rapidly increases the amount of activated clotting factors. B) The intrinsic mechanism occurs in response to tissue damage. C) During clotting, blood cells and platelets are trapped in a mesh of protein fibers. D) The extrinsic mechanism is initiated by tissue factor (thromboplastin), released by damaged tissues.
B) The intrinsic mechanism occurs in response to tissue damage. Feedback: "Intrinsic" means within.
In which situation does the person described first have a higher blood volume? A) a person with 30% body fat or a person with 10% body fat if they are the same size B) a person weighing 200 lb. or a person weighing 100 lb., if both have the same % body fat C) a dehydrated person or a person with normal body water content, assuming they have the same weight and % body fat D) a female or a male, assuming same body weight and percent body fat
B) a person weighing 200 lb. or a person weighing 100 lb., if both have the same % body fat Feedback: Adipose tissue requires less blood than other tissues.
Blood test results for an adult male are returned and the total red blood cell count is 2,500,000 cells per mm3. This person A) has a normal total red blood cell count B) has an abnormally low total red blood cell count C) has an abnormally high total red blood cell count D) shows that he has been exercising more than usual or has spent some time at high altitudes
B) has an abnormally low total red blood cell count Feedback: Normal range for male total red blood cell counts is around 5 million / mm3.
Each body function on the left is correctly matched with the corresponding function of the blood on the right EXCEPT A) respiration - transports oxygen and carbon dioxide B) immune defense - platelet factors initiate clotting C) acid-base balance - buffers acids and bases D) thermoregulation - allows heat to escape from the body at the skin
B) immune defense - platelet factors initiate clotting Feedback: Ask yourself if the function on the left has any physical relationship with the function on the right.
Which condition would stimulate erythropoietin secretion? A) high red blood cell count B) low blood oxygen level C) high hemoglobin levels D) increased blood flow through kidneys
B) low blood oxygen level Feedback: Erythropoietin causes increased red blood cell formation.
Repair of damaged blood vessel walls is stimulated by
B) platelet-derived growth factor Feedback: Repair begins while the clot is still in place and is initiated by something in the clot.
Which problem could NOT be caused by a deficiency of plasma proteins? A) edema B) reduced ability to transport oxygen C) reduced ability to clot D) reduced ability to transport molecules such as lipids
B) reduced ability to transport oxygen
Which is NOT correct about RBC recycling? A) amino acids can be recycled into new proteins B) the entire heme molecule is eliminated by the liver C) iron is removed before heme is converted to bilirubin D) liver dysfunction can cause accumulation of bilirubin in the body
B) the entire heme molecule is eliminated by the liver
The lower the total amount of iron stored in the body, the higher the?
B) the higher the absorption of ingested iron in the intestine. Feedback: Iron absorption depends on the need for iron. (may give statement of 1 or 2 sentences. like is this statement correct? yes its correct. or no its not correct and you have to correct.)
A patient lacks fat absorbing mechanism in the intestines. This person is most likely going to suffer severe bleeding problems because
B) vitamin K will not be absorbed and this will lead to deficiency of clotting factors
Blood colloid osmotic pressure would increase if?
B) would increase if blood sodium levels increase Feedback: Ask yourself if the function on the left has any physical relationship with the function on the right.
What percentage of body weight is blood?
C) 8% Feedback: In the human body, blood is present only in the heart and blood vessels.
The antibodies that circulate in the plasma are made by what?
C) B lymphocytes, which are part of the immune system Feedback: The cells that make antibodies are also called plasma cells.
Which statement concerning blood viscosity is correct? A) The viscosity of blood is 4.5 to 5.5 higher than the viscosity of water. B) Blood viscosity is due to the presence of the plasma proteins and erythrocytes. C) The higher the blood viscosity the harder the heart has to work to move blood through the vessels. D) Anemia increases blood viscosity.
C) The higher the blood viscosity the harder the heart has to work to move blood through the vessels. Feedback: Generally, the higher the concentration of solutes or formed elements, the higher the blood viscosity.
Which of the following is true for an individual's with type A blood? A) The person can donate blood to type O B) The individuals plasma contains anti-A antibodies C) The individual can donate blood to type AB D) The individual must be Rh+
C) The individual can donate blood to type AB
Low blood osmolarity allows?
C) allows too much fluid to remain in the tissues and leads to edema Feedback: Low blood osmolarity would cause an imbalance between the forces of osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure that control fluid movements through the capillary walls.
Platelet plug formation is initiated when platelets come into contact with
C) collagen fibers in the connective tissue beneath the endothelium Feedback: Platelets do not stick to endothelial cells, but to the tissue beneath them.
Joe had to have both of his kidneys removed and is now kept alive only by dialysis machines that remove waste molecules from his blood and adjust electrolyte levels. Because Joe has no remaining kidney tissue, he may also need
C) erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production Feedback: The kidneys secrete a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production.
In which choice is the plasma protein correctly matched with one of its functions? A) albumin - antibodies involved in immune response B) fibrinogen - attacks and destroys pathogens C) globulins - transport minerals, lipids, hormones and vitamins D) globulins - colloid osmotic pressure
C) globulins - transport minerals, lipids, hormones and vitamins Feedback: Low blood osmolarity would cause an imbalance between the forces of osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure that control fluid movements through the capillary walls.
A person with type O+ blood would A) make anti-Rh antibodies if exposed to the Rh antigen B) have neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in his plasma C) have Rh but not A or B antigens on his RBCs D) be able to receive type A+, B+, or AB+ in a transfusion if necessary
C) have Rh but not A or B antigens on his RBCs Feedback: Type O blood means the lack of either A or B.
During platelet plug formation, platelets release these substances, which cause more platelets to adhere to the plug.
D) ADP and thromboxanes Feedback: Eliminate chemicals that do something else.
What kind of risk exists when a woman who is Rh+ carries an Rh- fetus?
D) There is never a risk to the fetus in any pregnancy Feedback: Rh positive females will never make anti-Rh antibodies.
A dietary deficiency of iron could cause
D) a low red blood cell count
Which leukocyte is NOT correctly matched with its description? A) eosinophil - bilobed nucleus, deep red granules B) lymphocyte - smallest leukocytes, round nucleus, thin rim of cytoplasm C) neutrophil - lobed nucleus with two to five segments, light purple granules D) basophil - typical kidney-shaped nucleus, largest white blood cell
D) basophil - typical kidney-shaped nucleus, largest white blood cell Feedback: All granulocytes are roughly the same size.
Removal of this substance from blood would prevent clotting.
D) calcium Feedback: This substance is required in the intrinsic, extrinsic and common coagulation pathways.
A person's blood type is determined by
D) mixing the blood with different antibodies to see which ones cause the red blood cells to agglutinate Feedback: You can determine someone's blood type with the red blood cells alone; you don't need their plasma.
In which choice are the leukocytes correctly arranged in order from most common to least common? A) monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils B) lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils C) neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils D) neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
D) neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils Feedback: The most common leukocyte is sometimes called "polymorphonuclear".
If you have some blood from which the formed elements have been removed, how can you tell if it is plasma or serum?
D) plasma contains clotting proteins; serum does not Feedback: Serum is extruded from a clot.
For a person whose hematocrit is 45%, A) white blood cell volume would be 45% of total blood volume B) red blood cell volume would be 55% of total blood volume C) plasma volume would be 45% of total blood volume D) plasma volume would be 55% of total blood volume
D) plasma volume would be 55% of total blood volume Feedback: The hematocrit measures the packed red blood cell volume.
Which of these blood components is NOT involved in clotting? A) platelets B) fibrinogen C) calcium D) potassium
D) potassium
Immature erythrocytes that contain a network of endoplasmic reticulum and normally make up about 1 - 3% of circulating blood are called
D) reticulocytes Feedback: This is the stage after the late erythroblast loses its nucleus by extrusion and becomes an immature erythrocyte containing reticulum.
Which of these diseases involves a problem with the red blood cells? A) leukocytosis B) hemophilia C) leukemia D) sickle-cell anemia
D) sickle-cell anemia Feedback: "Leuko-" refers to white blood cells, not red blood cells.
The term "hematopoiesis" refers to
D) the process of blood cell formation Feedback: "Poiesis" means forming or making.
The carrier protein that transports absorbed iron through the blood is
D) transferrin Feedback: "Ferric" and "ferrous" refer to iron (Fe).
The buffy coat, a layer that appears when blood is centrifuged for determining the hematocrit, is made of
D) white blood cells and platelets Feedback: "Buffy" means "pale in color".
For a person whose hematocrit is 45%, in which choice below are the components of blood correctly ranked in order of decreasing percent of total volume? A) white blood cells, plasma, red blood cells B) red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma C) plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells D) plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells
Feedback: The hematocrit measure the packed red blood cell volume.
Blood helps to maintain homeostasis by
transporting materials between the tissue fluid and the external environment Feedback: Blood circulates through the vascular system.
