Chapter 19 Check Points

Dave develops a blockage in his renal arteries that restricts blood flow to the kidneys. What effect will this have on his hematocrit?

Dave's hematocrit will increase, because reduced blood flow to the kidney triggers the release of erythropoietin, which stimulates an increase in erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation).

What would be the effects of a decrease in the amount of plasma proteins?

a decrease in the amount of plasma proteins in the blood would lower plasma osmotic pressure, reduce the ability to fight infection, and decrease the transport and binding of some ions, hormones, and other molecules.

A sample of red bone marrow has unusually few megakaryocytes. What body process would you expect to be impaired as a result?

a decreased number of megakaryocytes would interfere with the blood's to clot properly, because fewer megakaryocytes would produce fewer platelets.

How would the hematocrit change after an individual suffered a significant blood loss?

after a significant loss of blood (especially of red blood cells), the hematocrit-the amount of formed elements (mostly red blood cells) as a percentage of the total blood-would be reduced.

List the three major types of plasma proteins.

albumins globulins fibrinogen

Which type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut?

an infected cut would contain a large number of neutrophils, phagocytic white blood cells that are the first to arrive at the site of an injury.

In what way would a disease that causes damage to the liver affect the level of bilirubin in the blood?

bilirubin would accumulate in the blood, producing jaundice, because diseases the damage the liver, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis, impair the liver's ability to excrete bilirubin in the bile.

Which specific plasma protein would you expect to be elevated during a viral infection?

during a viral infection, you would expect the level of immunoglobulins (antibodies) in the blood to be elevated.

How do basophils respond during inflammation?

during inflammation, basophils release a variety of chemicals, including histamine and heparin, that increase the inflammation and attract other types of white blood cells.

Vitamin K is fat soluble, and some dietary fat is required for its absorption. How could a die of fruit juice and water have an effect on blood clotting?

fruit juice and water do not contain fats, which are required for vitamin K absorption, leading to a vitamin K deficiency. this would lead to a decreased production of several clotting factors-most notably, prothrombin. as a result, clotting time would increase.

Why can't a person with Type A blood safely receive blood from a person with Type B blood?

if a person with Type A blood receives a transfusion of Type B blood, which contains anti-A antibodies, the red blood cells will agglutinate (clump), potentially blocking blood flow to various organs and tissues.

Describe hemoglobin.

is a protein composed of four globular subunits, each bound to a heme molecule, which gives red blood cells the ability to transport oxygen in the blood.

Define thrombocytopoiesis.

is the term for platelet production.

Identify the five types of white blood cells.

neutrophils eosinophils basophils monocytes lymphocytes

Which blood type can be safely transfused into a person with Type O blood?

only Type O blood can be safely transfused into a person whose blood type is o.

Explain the difference between platelets and thrombocytes.

platelets are non nucleated cell fragments in mammal blood, whereas thrombocytes are nucleated platelets in nonmammalian vertebrate blood.

List the three primary functions of platelets.

platelets release chemicals important to the clotting process, form a temporary patch in the walls of damage blood vessels, and reduce the size of a break in the vessel wall.

Identify the composition of the formed elements in blood.

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are the formed elements of blood.

What is the function of surface antigens on RBCs?

surface antigens on RBCs are glycolipids in the plasma membrane; they determine blood type.

Unless chemically treated, blood will coagulate in a test tube. This clotting process begins when Factor XII becomes activated. Which clotting pathway is involved in this process?

the activation of Factor XII initiates the intrinsic pathway.

Which type of cell would you find in elevated numbers in a person who is producing large amounts of circulating antibodies to combat a virus?

the blood of a person fighting a viral infection would contain elevated numbers of lymphocytes, because B lymphocytes produce circulating antibodies.

List five major functions of blood.

transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes; regulating the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids; restricting fluid losses at injury sites; defending against toxins and pathogens; and stabilizing body temperature.

Why is venipuncture a common technique for obtaining a blood sample?

venipuncture is a common sampling technique because superficial veins are easy to locate, the walls of veins are thinner than those of arteries, and blood pressure in veins is relatively low, so the puncture wound seals quickly.

What two components make up whole blood?

whole blood is composed of plasma and formed elements.