Chapter 19: Respiratory System

Indicate four changes that take place in the respiratory system of the elderly.

-Macrophages are less efficient. -Coughing reflexes slow down. -Number of alveoli decreases. -Mucus becomes thicker.

Which components are part of the lower respiratory system?

-bronchial tree -trachea -lungs

The purposes of nonrespiratory movements of air include ______.

-clearing air passages -verbal communication -expressing emotions

List three functions of the pharynx.

-conducts air from nasal cavity to the larynx -conducts food from oral cavity to esophagus -helps in the production of sounds

List three functions of the respiratory system.

-obtain oxygen for the body -produce vocal sounds -regulate blood pH

Which are three functions of the respiratory system?

-regulate blood pH -participate in gathering olfactory information -remove CO2 from the body

In which four bones are paranasal sinuses located?

-sphenoid -frontal -ethmoid -maxilla

List the correct order for air flow, with the more proximal airway at the top of the list and the most distal airway at the bottom.

1. main bronchus 2. lobar bronchus 3. segmental bronchus 4. intralobular bronchiole 5. terminal bronchiole 6. respiratory bronchiole

Name the respiratory volume that is defined as the amount of air moved in, then out, during a single respiratory cycle.

Tidal volume (TV)

True or false: As a human ages, fibrous connective tissue replaces some smooth muscle in the bronchioles of the lungs.

True

True or false: The respiratory membrane is very thin so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse across it.

True

What are alveoli?

air sacs

Microscopic air pouches clustered at the distal ends of the alveolar ducts are called ______.

alveoli

The ______ are the sites of gas exchange between the air and the blood.

alveoli

The thin-walled sacs of the lungs that are responsible for gas exchange are called ______.

alveoli or alveolus

Which structure is the site of gas exchange in the lungs?

alveolus

Define minute ventilation.

amount of air moved into airways per minute

The force that moves air into the lungs is ______ pressure.

atmospheric

The pressure that moves air into the lungs during inspiration is the pressure of the air around us, called ______ pressure.

atmospheric or atmosphere

Why does carbon dioxide diffuse from the tissues into the capillaries?

because the PCO2 is higher in the tissues than in the blood

The receptors involved in the control of respiration include ______.

both mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

Which method is used to carry approximately 98% of the oxygen in the blood?

bound to the iron portion of the hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells

The control centers for respiration (respiratory areas) are located in which part of the central nervous system?

brainstem

Pair each word element with its meaning.

carcin- = spreading sore carin- = keel-like tuber- = swelling

The hollow space just behind the nose is called the nasal ______.

cavity

Air moves out of the lungs when the size of the thoracic cavity ______.

decreases

What is the role of the hairs of the nose?

filter incoming air

In which direction will air flow?

from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

The difference in distribution of gases between two areas, such as within the alveoli and alveolar capillaries, is called the partial pressure ______.

gradient

Almost all of the oxygen diffusing into the alveolar capillaries becomes bound to the protein called ______ on the surfaces of red blood cells.

hemoglobin

Blood flowing through the tissue capillaries picks up carbon dioxide because active tissues, such as skeletal muscle, have a relatively ______ PCO2 compared to the blood.

high

A gas will diffuse from an area of ______ partial pressure for the gas to an area of ______ partial pressure.

higher; lower

Air will flow from an area of ______ pressure to an area of ______ pressure.

higher; lower

Which represents a proper path for incoming air flow?

intralobular bronchioles to terminal bronchioles

The airway enlargement that is superior to the trachea, anterior and somewhat inferior to the laryngopharynx is called the ______.

larynx

The structure that houses the vocal cords and acts as a passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea is the ______.

larynx

The trachea conducts air from the ______ to the primary bronchi.

larynx

What is the anatomical name of the "voice-box," a cartilaginous region of the airway that contains the vocal cords?

larynx

The trachea, bronchial tree, and the lungs all belong to the ______.

lower respiratory tract

Control of respiration is based on input from mechanoreceptors that monitor ______ and chemoreceptors that monitor ______.

lung inflation; blood O2, CO2, and pH

Control of respiration is based on input from ______ that monitor lung inflation and ______ that monitor O2, CO2, and pH.

mechanoreceptors; chemoreceptors

The amount of air moved into the airways each minute is called the ______ ventilation.

minute

What is the term for the hollow space located just behind the nose?

nasal cavity

Air movements other than breathing, such as coughing or sneezing to clear air passages, are called ______ movements.

nonrespiratory

The openings through which air can enter and leave the nasal cavity are called the external nares or ______.

nostrils or nostril

Decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity causes air to move ______ the lungs.

out of

The respiratory system functions to obtain ______ and remove ______.

oxygen; carbon dioxide

The ______ pleura lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity and superior surface of the diaphragm.

parietal

In a mixture of gases, the amount of pressure each gas contributes to the total pressure is called the ______ pressure of gas.

partial

The concentration of a specific gas in a mixture of gases is proportional to the ______ of that gas.

partial pressure

The segment of the respiratory tract that functions as a passageway for both food and air is the ______. It is also involved in producing sounds of speech.

pharynx

The structure that acts as a passageway for food moving from the oral cavity to the esophagus and for air passing between the nasal cavity and the larynx is the ______.

pharynx

What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung?

pleura

Both inspiration and expiration are under the control of groups of neurons in the brainstem that comprise the ______ areas.

respiratory or respiration

The hollow spaces located within the frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, and ethmoid bones are called ______.

sinuses, sinus, or paranasal sinuses

The root word "carcin-" means ______, while "tuber-" means ______.

spreading sore; swelling

In order to allow adequate gas diffusion, the respiratory membrane must be ______.

thin

Carbon dioxide produced through cellular metabolism diffuses from the ______ into the ______.

tissue cells; systemic capillaries

Air passes from the larynx, through the ______, to the primary bronchi.

trachea

Which of these structures is part of the lower respiratory system?

trachea

Another term for breathing, describing air movement into and out of the alveoli, is ______.

ventilation

The movement of air from outside the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli, followed by a reversal of this air movement is called breathing or ______.

ventilation

The ______ pleura is a serous membrane closely attached to the lung surface. The ______ pleura lines the pleural cavity.

visceral; parietal

What is tidal volume?

volume of air moved in and out a single respiratory cycle