Chapter 19 Review

With regard to sex and sexuality, Protestant reformers would be best characterized as which of the following?

Ambivalent

Which of the following are genders recognized in the Talmud during the 3rd century C.E.?

Androgynous Tumtum Male

How did the Hebrew scriptures see sexual behavior?

As an act of loyalty

During the Middle Ages, how did the Church view sexuality?

As evil, breeding sin

What approach to life emphasizes discipline and impulse control?

Asceticism

When did St. Thomas Aquinas believe a fetus gets its soul?

At 3 months after conception

What is the stance of most Christian groups toward same-gender sexuality?

Being gay is not sinful, but homosexual acts are.

What religion is Western culture most based on?

Christianity

According to the Roman Catholic Church, what underlies its position on abortion?

Commitment to respect for life

What is more important than society's need for order and uniformity, according to pluralism?

Conscience and individual rights

Which theme in Hinduism refers to the pursuit of pleasure?

Kama

Which Hindu text directs people in how to live, including how to achieve sexual pleasure?

Kama Sutra

Of which ethical approach is humanism the most distrustful?

Legalism

What is the typical modern viewpoint of Catholics about gay people?

Love the sinner, hate the sin

Which two of the following practices altered the role of women in Christianity, as compared to the other world religions of the time?

Monogamy Opposition to divorce

What ethical standard argues that there is a clearly and objectively defined standard of right and wrong and society has the responsibility to insist all members to conform?

Moralism

In which of the following areas of sexuality has technology raised new moral issues, often before old ones had been resolved?

Neonatology, which could keep the subject of a late-term abortion alive Contraception and premarital sex Reproductive technologies that enable people to conceive children without sexual intercourse

How did the Hebrew Bible treat sex?

Positively

What did St. Thomas Aquinas call anything that is not natural?

Sinful

Which of the following refers to ethics that are based on the assumption that there are no absolute rules, or at least very few, and that each circumstance must be judged individually?

Situationalism

Who was one of the "Fathers of the Church," whose writings determined the basic theology of Christianity?

St. Augustine

Who wrote Summa Theologica?

St. Thomas Aquinas

Who wrote that same-gender sexuality was an unnatural vice that "flouts nature by transgressing its basic principle of sexuality and is in this matter the gravest of sin"?

St. Thomas Aquinas

To where can the sex-negativity of the Christian tradition be traced?

Stoic philosophy that shaped the early church

True or false: The theocratic state of Iran has an extensive family planning program that encourages the use of contraception.

True

Which of the following is NOT one of the three broad positions taken by religious communities with regard to same-gender sexuality?

Turn a blind eye to

Which of the following is LEAST likely to share the view that human life begins at the moment of conception and that, therefore, the fetus is entitled to full rights and protections?

United Church of Christ

Which of the following properly refers to the time in English society during which sexual rigidity was promoted and sexual expression was held in exaggerated disgust?

Victorian

In Islamic culture, when is an "honor killing" appropriate?

When a wife cheats on a husband

Which of the following are characteristic of the Buddhist philosophy?

Which of the following are characteristic of the Buddhist philosophy?

Who was required to be celibate, according to a church requirement that began in the 12th century?

all clergy in the West

According to the revisionist view, sexual relationships between same-sex individuals

are to be valued and affirmed when they are characterized by mutual respect, concern, and commitment.

According to the revisionist view, sexual relationships between same-sex individuals:

are to be valued and affirmed when they are characterized by mutual respect, concern, and commitment.

Regarding the subject of sex, the Gospels

barely mention it.

Jesus' view of sexuality was:

based on the tradition of the Hebrew prophets.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer is commonly referred to as:

cloning.

In the world in which Christianity developed, there were many cults, many of which were characterized by:

dualism.

With regard to the relationship between abortion and contraception, centrist ethicists:

favor contraception and raise ethical questions about abortion.

The two principal conceptual frameworks for dealing with questions of values are:

religion and philosophy.

What did a commission on the ethics of human cloning conclude?

It would be morally unacceptable for anyone to create a human clone at this time

Dolly was the first ever cloned animal. What type of animal was she?

Sheep

How do people with an "ascetic" perspective view human sexuality?

Their view ranges from neutral to evil.

What type of abortion occurs when the life or mental health of the woman is threatened or when a traumatic event created the pregnancy?

Therapeutic abortion

What kind of cloning refers to creating tissues or cells that are genetically identical to those of a patient in order to treat a disease?

Therapeutic cloning

What is the term that means having sex outside one's own marriage?

Adultery

Which of the following best characterizes legalistic ethics?

Do this, but do not do that.

What is the theory that body and spirit are opposed to each other and the goal of life is to transcend the physical and material side of life?

Dualism

Which term refers to an abortion that is requested by a woman for any reason?

Elective abortion

Destruction of which of the following during stem-cell research has led to debate among both ethicists and the general public?

Embryos

Which of the following is a system of principles established by a particular group?

Ethics

What term is associated with the act of premarital sex?

Fornication

If people have a "revisionist" view of the Bible and church tradition, they are most likely to have which view of same-gender sexuality?

Full acceptance

What is the policy toward gay people in the Episcopal Church?

Full inclusion for gay people

Which of the following was acceptable according to canon law?

Getting pregnant

Which of the following is a criticism of the Old Morality?

It reduces ethical behavior to following a series of rules.

From which of the following did Western culture originate?

Greek culture

In what ways was St. Paul's outlook on sex surprisingly positive?

He did not insist that sex belongs only in heterosexual marriage. He seemed to anticipate the interpersonal and spiritual implications of sex when he compared it to eating food. He urged marriage for people with strong sexual urges, not for the purpose of procreation.

Which of the following is the foundational text of the Judeo-Christian tradition?

Hebrew scriptures

Which of the following refers to a philosophical system that holds that ethical judgments must be made on the basis of human experience and human reason?

Humanism

Which faith was founded by the Prophet Muhammad?

Islam

With regard to sex and sexual ethics, which of the following are true of the Protestant Reformation?

It abandoned clerical celibacy. It approved of sexuality only in the confines of matrimony.

What is the official Roman Catholic stance on contraception?

It approves only of the rhythm method.

Which of the following are criticisms of the New Morality?

It can leave people undisciplined and irresponsible and thus less than fully human. It may not sufficiently take into account the problem of human selfishness. Its situational approach is a somewhat uncertain guide because so many situations are ambiguous.

How is Christianity distinctive among the major world religions as far as family values?

It insists on monogamy

How does Islamic law view contraception?

It is permitted and encouraged.

The Reformation gave rise to Blank______, which followed Augustine in emphasizing the doctrine of "original sin" and the "total depravity" of fallen humanity.

Puritanism

Unitarians and Blank______ have been notable for not only the acceptance of gay people but also of their sexual behavior.

Quakers

For what reasons have contemporary ethicists and some religious bodies begun to reexamine their attitudes toward same-gender sexuality?

Recent scholarship suggests that the traditional interpretation of the Bible passages on this topic are inaccurate. Social science has led many to wonder whether homosexuality is truly abnormal and against God's will.

What position absolutely opposes any sexual act between people of the same gender and regards it to be a dreadful sin?

Rejectionist

For what reasons should the ethical aspects of human sexuality be considered?

Religion and ethics are important influences on people's sexual behavior. Decisions about sexuality are made with respect to personal value systems.

What does the term "to know" mean in a biblical sense?

Sexual intimacy

Why are chapters of Dignity, an organization of lesbian and gay Catholics, unable to use church buildings for meetings?

The Vatican instructed that same-gender sexuality is not a morally acceptable option.

What technological advance has intensified the abortion debate, especially surrounding those performed in the second trimester?

The ability to keep a fetus viable outside the uterus earlier and earlier

To which event described in the Bible do most rejectionists point as an example of why same-gender sexuality is forbidden?

The destruction of Sodom

v

The fetus does not yet have a soul.

At its most basic, what does ethics refer to?

The right or wrong of behaviors

What is the historical-critical method of Bible interpretation?

The understanding of ancient texts to mean what their authors intended at the time.

Overall, the Greeks viewed sex as:

less important than wisdom and virtue

According to ancient Greek culture, the most fierce army would be made up of:

male couples in sexual relationships.

According to classical Islam, the highest good of human life is:sex in marriage.

sex in marriage.

The approach of the New Morality is best characterized as:

situational.

Writings in the Talmud during the 3rd century C.E.—probably representing oral tradition from centuries earlier— recognized Blank______ genders.

six

Scientists are developing methods for creating stem cells from alternative sources such as:

skin or hair.

The ethics of Theravada, on of the two main traditions of Buddhism, include:

the strict nonindulgence of the desires that bring joy.

Evidence indicates that many Catholic couples ignore the Church's guidance and:

use contraception.