Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System-The Blood
The normal average temperature of blood is around
100.4 degrees Farenheit
The average life span of an erythrocyte in the circulation is
120 Days
The normal pH range for blood is
7.35-7.45
What percentage of blood plasma is water?
91.5%
A megakaryoblast will develop into
A Platelet
Anemia is defined as
A condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced.
Which blood type is a person whose blood cells were agglutinated by both anti-A serum and anti-B serum, but not by anti-Rh serum?
AB Negative
What is agglutination?
Agglutination refers to clumping of red blood cells.
The most abundant plasma protein is ________.
Albumin
Along with platelet plug formation, which two mechanisms contribute to hemostasis?
Along with platelet plug formation, vascular spasm and blood clotting contribute to hemostasis.
Destruction of red bone marrow due to radiation results in
Aplastic Anemia
What blood type is a person if their plasma contains only anti-A agglutinin?
B
Which blood cells release granules that intensify the inflammatory response and promote hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions?
Basophil
Why is the firstborn baby unlikely to have HDN?
Because the mother is most likely to start making anti-Rh antibodies after the first baby is already born, that baby suffers no damage.
What are the protective functions of blood?
Blood can clot, which protects against its excessive loss from the cardiovascular system after an injury. Its white blood cells protect against diseases by carrying on phagocytosis. Several types of blood proteins, including antibodies, interferons, and complement, help protect against disease in a variety of ways.
What are the common components of circulating blood?
Blood plasma, platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells.
What is the approximate volume of blood in your body?
Blood volume is about 8% of your body mass, roughly 5-6 liters in males and 4-5 liters in females. For instance, a 70-kg (150-lb) person has a blood volume of 5.6 liters (70 kg X 8% X 1 liter/kg).
The process of a white blood cell squeezing between endothelial cells to exit a blood vessel is called
Emigration
Which blood cells phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and are effective against parasitic worms?
Eosinophil
Which formed elements found in the blood are derived from reticulocytes?
Erythrocytes
Which hormone stimulates proliferation of red blood cells in red bone marrow?
Erythropoietin
Which clotting factor is involved in strengthening and stabilizing a blood clot?
Factor XIII
True or False: Basophils increase in number when parasitic invasion occurs.
False
True or False: Diapedesis is the process by which red blood cells move into tissue spaces from the interior of blood capillaries.
False
True or False: Each hemoglobin molecule can transport two molecules of oxygen.
False
True or False: The only RBC "graveyard" is the liver.
False
True or False: The primary source of RBCs in the adult human being is the bone marrow in the shafts of the long bones.
False
True or False: Transfusion of compatible blood can be fatal.
False
Which plasma protein plays a role in blood clotting?
Fibrinogen
The major function of red blood cells is
Gas Transport
Which plasma protein plays a role in disease resistance?
Globulins
Stercobilin, a brown pigment that gives feces its characteristic color, and urobilin, a yellow pigment that gives urine its color, are both breakdown products of which component of blood?
Heme
The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is ________.
Hemoglobin F
The process by which the formed elements of the blood develop is called
Hemopoiesis
What is an anticoagulant produced by mast cells and basophils?
Heparin
What can be expected with polycythemia?
High blood pressure, increased blood volume, and high hematocrit.
What organ in the body is the primary regulator of erythrocyte production?
Kidney
Which precursor cells give rise to agranular leukocytes?
Lymphoblast
Which blood cells are the main soldiers in the immune system defense of the body against microbial invaders?
Lymphocyte
In what way is the "traffic pattern" of lymphocytes in the body different from that of other WBCs?
Lymphocytes recirculate from blood to tissues and back to blood. After leaving the blood, other WBCs remain in the tissues until they die.
Which blood cells are phagocytes?
Mast cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages.
Which precursor cells eventually give rise to the platelets?
Megakaryoblast
A condition in which inadequate intake of vitamin B12 or folic acid causes production of large abnormal red blood cells is called
Megaloblastic Anemia
Which situation could result in maternal antibodies attacking fetal blood cells during a second pregnancy?
Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________.
Monocytes, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells
Which cells are agranular leukocytes?
Monocytes, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells.
Which precursor cells give rise to granular leukocytes?
Myeloblasts
Which WBCs are called granular leukocytes? Why?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called granular leukocytes because all have cytoplasmic granules that are visible through a light microscope when stained.
What is a characteristic of BOTH erythrocytes and thromobocytes?
No Nucleus
How might your hematocrit change if you moved from a town at sea level to a high mountain village?
Once you moved to high altitude, your hematocrit would increase due to increased secretion of erythropoietin.
How many molecules of oxygen can one hemoglobin molecule transport?
One hemoglobin molecule can transport a maximum of four oxygen molecules, one oxygen bound to each heme group.
Reduced vitamin B12 absorption from the small intestine due to reduced intrinsic factor production in the stomach results in condition called
Pernicious Anemia
Serum is
Plasma without the clotting factors
Which blood cell is involved in reducing blood loss from a damaged blood vessel?
Platelet
Which formed elements of the blood are cell fragments?
Platelets are cell fragments.
What is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?
Pluripotent stem cell (hemocytoblast)
From which connective tissue cells do pluripotent stem cells develop?
Pluripotent stem cells develop from mesenchyme
Place the following in correct developmental sequence: reticulocyte, proerythroblast, normoblast, late erythroblast.
Proerythroblast, late erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte
What opposes the action of thromboxane A2 by inhibiting platelet adhesion and release?
Prostacyclin
The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting are identical after formation of
Prothrombinase
The hematocrit is a measure of the percentage of whole blood occupied by
RBCs
During hemopoiesis, the myeloid stem cells will eventually develop into
Red blood cells, platelets, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages.
Towards the end of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, a red blood cell loses its nucleus and becomes a
Reticulocyte
What is serum?
Serum is blood plasma minus the clotting proteins.
What are some symptoms of sickle-cell disease?
Some symptoms of sickle-cell disease are anemia, jaundice, bone pain, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, abdominal pain, fever, and fatigue.
Ferritin is a protein used to
Store iron in the liver
Blood is what type of mixture?
Suspension
What is the outcome of the first stage of blood clotting?
The outcome of the first stage of blood clotting is the formation of prothrombinase.
A cord-blood transplant involves obtaining the stem cells to transplant into the diseased patient from
The umbilical cord of a donor shortly after birth
Which formed elements in blood are removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver after only 5 to 9 days in the circulation?
Thrombocytes
Which hormone stimulates the development of megakaryoblasts?
Thrombopoietin
What is the function of transferrin?
Transferrin is a plasma protein that transports iron in the blood.
What are the major functions of blood?
Transportation, Regulation, and Protection
True or False: All lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes.
True
True or False: Blood plasma is about 90% water.
True
True or False: Leukemia refers to cancerous conditions of white blood cells.
True
True or False: Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes.
True
True or False: Red marrow is the main site of blood cell formation throughout adult life.
True
Which antibodies are usually present in type O blood?
Type O blood usually contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
List the sequence of steps that occur during hemostasis in response to a damaged blood vessel
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, clotting
Which antibodies would you find in the plasma of a person with type O blood?
anti-A and anti-B