Chapter 19 W History

women, Islamic

As was common in Mogul society, _______________ played active roles, frequently receiving salaries and owning land, but Moguls also restricted them under their interpretations of _______________ law.

nobility, foreigners

During the Mogul era, a prosperous merchant class and a wealthy _______________ emerged; many prominent Indians traded with _______________.

They allowed non-Muslims to practice their religion but required them to pay a tax.

How did Ottomans treat non-Muslims?

Shāh 'Abbās appointed administrators, created a permanent army and strengthened it with the latest weapons, and moved the capital to a central location.

How did Shāh 'Abbās bring the Ṣafavid Empire to the height of its power?

The Moguls gave the East India Company the power to collect taxes.

How did Sir Robert Clive increase the power of the British in India?

Sultans became less involved in government and allowed their ministers to exercise more power. Officials became less well trained and more corrupt. Privileged groups dominated the government.

How did government change after the death of Süleyman I?

Pashas were appointed local rulers who collected taxes and maintained law and order. The grand vizier was the minister who led the imperial council and communicated with the sultan.

How did pashas and the grand vizier help rule?

Some sultans were alarmed by European influence and tried to outlaw coffee and tobacco.

How did some sultans respond to the influence of Western ideas in the Ottoman Empire?

A complete answer should include: advanced weaponry, skilled leaders (like Akbar), development of foreign trade, and policies of religious tolerance helped Moguls unite India under one government dominated by Muslims; the arrival of the British hastened the decline of the Mogul dynasty; details about the role of Sir Robert Clive, his restriction of French trading, and the power of the East India Company.

How did the Moguls establish a new dynasty in India, and what led to its decline?

A complete answer should include: the military's mastery of firearms, well-trained janissaries, a centralized government system, and skillful and ambitious rulers led to expansion of the Ottoman Empire; tolerance of non-Muslims, the legal rights women enjoyed, and impressive contributions to architectural style helped create cultural bonds and a strong society.

How did the Ottomans build and expand a strong empire?

spices, decline

The arrival of British merchants, who traded Indian goods for _______________ in the East Indies, was one cause of the _______________ of the Mogul Empire.

Persian, Taj Mahal

The combination of _______________ and Indian influences brought about new styles in painting and architecture; the _______________, built in Agra, symbolized the new, beautiful architectural style.

Muslims, Hindu

The effect of _______________ ruling a largely _______________ population in Mogul India often had a complicated influence on the lives of ordinary Indians.

Sir Robert Clive, East India

The military genius of _______________, chief representative in India of the _______________ Company, helped consolidate British power in India.

Akbar, taxation—Add—brought together Hindus and Muslims to practice religious tolerance.

The reign of _______________ was a period of expansion, religious tolerance, prosperous foreign trade, and a reasonable approach to _______________.

Shāh Jahān, poverty

The rule of Akbar's grandson, _______________, was marred by military campaigns, rising taxes, and expensive building projects; most of his subjects lived in great _______________.

English, French

The success of _______________ trading forts in India attracted the attention of the _______________, who established their own forts.

Bābur, northern

The troops of _______________, the founder of the Mogul dynasty, captured Delhi and established a seat of power in the plains of _______________ India.

The sultan controlled policy and the military. Sultans used the religious title of caliph, but gave those duties to the ulema.

What aspects of Ottoman life did the sultan control?

Officials and merchants started to imitate Europeans. They wore European clothes, purchased Western art and furniture, and used Western goods like coffee and tobacco.

What changes occurred as the result of the influence of Western ideas?

The treasury was depleted by constant wars. In addition, inflation, a trade imbalance with Europe, and price regulations of the Ottoman guilds caused economic troubles.

What economic pressures did the empire face?

The arts flourished, specifically silk weaving, carpet weaving, and painting. Soft colors and flowing movement characterized Persian painting.

What happened to the arts under the Ṣafavids?

Conforming to traditional religious beliefs is called religious orthodoxy. One example of its influence in daily life was that Persian women were secluded and required to wear a veil.

What is religious orthodoxy, and how did it influence daily life?

A bazaar was a market where goods were sold retail. At the caravansary, goods were sold wholesale to retailers.

What is the difference between a bazaar and a caravansary?

Sultans gave their religious duties to a group of religious advisers known as the ulema. This group administered the legal system and schools for educating Muslims.

What is the link between the sultans and the ulema?

Süleyman I was respected by his subjects and skilled in government and war. He reorganized the government and regulated laws.

What kind of ruler was Süleyman I?

A complete answer should include: loss of territory, poor leadership after Süleyman I, the rise of corruption, and economic problems were important factors in the decline of the Ottoman Empire; the Ṣafavids arose as a result of the weak Ottoman economy; the fact that they were unified as a Shia nation; the fact that Shāh 'Abbās was a strong leader.

What led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of the Ṣafavid dynasty?

The Ottomans' mastery of the new technology of firearms helped them expand (and control) into the Balkans.

What new technology helped the Ottoman troops expand into the Balkans?

Upper-class women could own land, receive salaries, and provide political advice to their male relatives. They were isolated, however, and suttee and child marriage were practiced.

What rights were enjoyed and what restrictions were imposed on upper-class women during the Mogul Empire?

Bazaars were important commercial centers. They provided citizens with access to a variety of goods.

What role did bazaars play?

Selim II was ineffective and known as "the drunken sultan." Many date the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire to his reign.

What was the result of Süleyman I preserving the throne for his son Selim II?

He used the Shia faith to unify the empire and forcibly converted Sunnis.

What was the role of religion during the rule of Shāh Esmā`īl?

The janissaries, an elite military guard, expanded the Ottoman control of territory in the Balkans and in Bulgaria.

What was the role of the janissaries in the rise of the Ottoman Empire?

Janissaries were an elite military guard recruited from the local Christian population. They were converted to Islam and served the Ottoman Empire.

What were janissaries?

The Mogul Empire was more peaceful under Shāh Jahān than Aurangzeb. Shāh Jahān practiced religious tolerance, but Aurangzeb did not.

What were some differences between the rules of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb?

The five main occupational groups (how Ottoman Empire divided their people) were the ruling class, merchants, artisans, peasants, and pastoral peoples (nomadic herders).

What were the five main occupational groups?

The defeat of the Ottomans in Vienna in 1529 halted Süleyman's advances into Central Europe. The position of sultan was hereditary, which led to conflict in families.

When did the Süleyman's push into mid-Europe end? Why?

The Ṣafavid empire arose in the early 1500s. The state religion, the Shia faith, unified the empire. It was founded by Shah Esmail.

When did the Ṣafavid Empire arise, and what unified it?

The attack was on the city of Constantinople (later named Istanbul). This caused Europeans to look for other trade routes.

Where in the Byzantine Empire did Mehmed II, the Ottoman sultan, begin an attack in April 1453?

Osman was the leader of a new group of Turks that began to build power in the northwest corner of the Anatolian Peninsula in the late thirteenth century.

Who was Osman?

Sinan was the greatest Ottoman architect. In the mid-sixteenth century, he built 81 mosques, each topped by an imposing dome and many framed with four minarets.

Who was Sinan, and why was he important?

Aurangzeb, intolerance

_______________ tried to make important reforms, but constant warfare and policies of religious _______________ during his reign left his subjects angry and threatened the survival of the Mogul dynasty.