Chapter 19/20 Quizlet

James A. Garfield

He began his presidency by trying to defy the Stalwarts in his appointments and by showing support for civil service reform. 4 months after his inauguration, he was shot twice and died 3 months later.

Joint Chiefs of Staff

They were charged with many functions. They were to "supervise" and "coordinate" the entire army establishment and to establish an office that would plan for possible wars. Root considered this addition to be the most important reform.

Anti-Imperialist League

A group comprised of Andrew Carnegie, mark Twain, Samuel Gompers, Senator John Sherman and others. They all had different motives, but they all did not want the Philippines to become a part of the United States.

11. Explain the evolution of purpose and the accomplishments of the Grange. Why did it eventually fail

A minor Agriculture Department official, Oliver H. Kelley created the organization. In 1867, he left the government and founded the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. At first, the Grangers defined their purposes modestly. They attempted to bring farmers together to learn new scientific agricultural techniques and to create a sense of community. The Grangers grew slowly until the depression of 1873 that caused a major decline in farm prices. By 1875, they had more than 800,000 members and 20,000 local lodges. The Grangers set up cooperative stores, creameries, elevators, warehouses, insurance companies and factories that produced machines, stoves and other items. One corporation emerged specifically to meet the needs of the Grangers: the first mail-order business, Montgomery Ward and Company. Eventually, most of the Grange enterprises failed, both because of the inexperience of their operators and because of the opposition of the middlemen they were challenging.

6. What was the role of women in the new professionalism?What were the characteristics of the professions dominated by women

A substantial number of middle-class women-particularly those emerging from new women's colleges and coeducational state universities-entered professional careers. A few women became physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists and corporate managers in the early 1900s. Several leading, medical schools admitted women. Most women turned to settlement houses, social work and teaching. More than 2/3 of all grammar school teachers were women and 90% of all professional women were teachers. There were also lots of African American teachers because of the segregation. Many women were in nursing and many women were in academia as well.

7. What socio-economic changes laid the foundation for the emergence of the so-called new woman?What were the characteristics of the new woman

Almost all income-producing activity had moved out of the home and into the factory or the office. At the same time, children were beginning school at earlier ages and spending more time there. For many wives and mothers who did not work for wages, the home was no longer an all-consuming place. Declining family size also changed the lives of many women. Women also lived longer. There were also some educated women that shunned marriage, believing that only be remaining single could they play the roles they envisioned in the public world.

38. Did the Platt Amendment and American actions in Cuba violate the spirit of the ostensible reasons that the United States went to war?Explain

America went to war to free Cuba from Spanish rule; but all they did was switch the controlling power. The Platt Amendment was made when Cuba tried to be completely independent form the United States when they were creating their constitution. It gave the United States control of Cuba's foreign policy; it gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuba to preserve independence, life and property; and it required Cuba to permit American naval stations on its territory. Americans also poured into Cuba because American investments quickly took over the island's economy. The Cubans did not like how American owned lots of things on their territory. They resisted and revolted against the Cuban governments and the United States then got involved and put down the revolts.

New Manifest Destiny

Americans sought to spread their influence farther than the mainland. They looked at the Chinese Empire and many islands like Hawaii and Samoan.

Puerto Rico annexation

Around the time Santiago was captured by the Americans, an American army landed in Puerto Rico and occupied it against virtually no opposition. It was then annexed into the United States with little opposition as well.

32. Describe the role that black soldiers played in the Spanish-American War. What tensions surfaced

As the black soldiers traveled through the South toward the training camps, they chafed at the rigid segregation to which they were subjected and occasionally resisted the restrictions openly. African American soldiers in Georgia deliberately made use of a "whites only" park; in Florida, they beat a soda-fountain operator for refusing to serve them; in Tampa, white provocations and black retaliation led to a nightlong riot that left 30 people wounded. African American played crucial roles in some of the important battles of the war and won many medals. Nearly ½ if the Cuban insurgents fighting with the Americans were of African descent. The sight of black Cuban soldiers fighting alongside whites as equals gave African Americans a stronger sense of the injustice of their own position.

34. Describe the U.S. sea and land operations at Cuba. How did the U.S. manage to win despite poor planning and organization

At first, the American commanders planned a long period of training before actually sending troops into combat. But when a Spanish fleet slipped past the American navy into Santiago harbor on the southern coast of Cuba, plans changed quickly. The American Atlantic fleet quickly bottled Cervera (the commander) up in the harbor. And the United States Army's commanding general, Nelson A. Miles, hastily altered his strategy and left Tampa in June with a force of 17,000 to attack Santiago. General William R. Shafter, the American commander, moved toward Santiago and on his way he met and defeated Spanish forces. There was also a cavalry unit that was led by Theodore Roosevelt in Cuba. Shafter was in a position to assault Santiago, but his army was weakened by sickness and he feared that he might have to abandon his position. But, the Spanish government had by now decided that Santiago was lost and had ordered Cervera to evacuate; when he tried his whole fleet was destroyed.

Rough Riders

At the center of the fighting during many of the engagements was this cavalry unit. Nominally commanded by General Leonard Wood, its real leader was Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. This cavalry was also on the front of many newspapers for its success.

18. What developments after 1870 led to the coalition of farmers and miners on behalf of silver coinage

Before the 1870s, the mint ratio was 16 ounces of silver was equivalent to one ounce of gold. The actual commercial value of silver was much higher than that and owners of silver would just sell their silver instead of taking to the mint. Congress, in 1873, passed a law that discontinued silver coinage. In the 1870s, the market value of silver fell well below the official mint ratio; this made silver available for coinage again. Congress ended up eliminated a potential method of expanding the currency and they had eliminated a potential market for silver miners. Silver-mine owners were eager to have the government take their surplus silver and pay them more than the market price and discontented farmers wanted an increase in the quantity of money.

Whistle Stopping

By long-established tradition, candidates for the presidency did not actively campaign after receiving their party's nomination. 19th century Americans considered public "stumping" to be undignified and inappropriate for a future president. But in 1896, Bryan decided that he had no choice but to go directly to the public for support. He traveled widely and incessantly in the months before the election, appearing before hundreds of crowds and hundreds of thousands of people.

1. Summarize the introduction on pg. 567

Chapter 20 discusses the progressive reform and beliefs and philosophies the drove the impulse. It talks about how women started to influence social reform.

31. Describe the American plans and preparations for the Spanish-American War. Why was the "splendid little war" so short

Congress appropriated $50 million for military preparations. In March 1898, the president asked Spain to agree to an armistice, negotiations for a permanent peace, and an end to the concentration camps. Spain agreed to stop the fighting and eliminate the concentration camps but refused to negotiate with the rebels and reserved the right to resume hostilities at its discretion. The United States then declared war. The war was only a few months in part because Cuban rebels had already greatly weakened the Spanish resistance.

24. How did American imperial actions compare to those of Great Britain and other European nations

European powers now created colonies by creating military, political and business structures that allowed them to dominate and profit from the existing population. Many saw colonization as an opportunity to export Christianity to the undeveloped lands. Great Britain one of the greatest imperial powers. England had control over vast territory in North America, the Caribbean and the Pacific. Later they declared their dominance in India. The British invested heavily in railroads, telegraphs, canals, harbors, and agricultural improvements to enhance the economic opportunities available to them. The empire also extended into Africa and other parts of Asia. Americans caught colonies because of the Spanish-American war as well as the result of the effects of the efforts of the pro-imperials who believed that in the modern industrial-imperial world a nation without colonies would have difficulty remaining or becoming a true great power.

9. What caused the demise of state-based railroad regulation?How was the demise related to the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act

Farm organizations in the Midwest had persuaded several state legislatures to pass regulatory legislation in the early 1870s. But in 1886, in the Wabash case, it was rule the one of the laws in Illinois was unconstitutional. Effective railroad regulation could come only from the federal government. Congress responded to public pressure in 1887 with the Interstate Commerce Act, which banned discrimination in rates between long and short hauls, required that railroads publish their rate schedules and file them with the government and declared that all interstate rail rates must be "reasonable and just."

1. Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

Farm organizations in the Midwest had persuaded several state legislatures to pass regulatory legislation in the early 1870s. But in 1886, in the Wabash case, it was rule the one of the laws in Illinois was unconstitutional. Effective railroad regulation could come only from the federal government. Congress responded to public pressure in 1887 with the Interstate Commerce Act, which banned discrimination in rates between long and short hauls, required that railroads publish their rate schedules and file them with the government and declared that all interstate rail rates must be "reasonable and just." The ICC was supposed to enforce this through the courts, but for 20 years, it had little effect.

Mary Lease

From the beginning, women were full voting members in most local Alliances. Many held offices and served as lecturers. A few, most notably Mary E. Lease, went on to become fiery Populist orators. (Lease was famous for urging farmers to "raise less corn and more hell.")

Chester A. Arthur

He became president after Garfield and he tried to follow an independent course and even promoted reform. He kept most of Garfield's appointees in office and the Pendleton Act was passed.

Rutherford B. Hayes

He had the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds trying to control the Republican party at the end of his term and he tried to satisfy both and ended up satisfying neither. He supported a civil service system, which got no support and he had an early announcement of not running for reelection.

33. What were the results of George Dewey's Philippine attack

He quickly destroyed the aging Spanish fleet and forced the Spanish government to surrender with hardly a shot fired. He became the first American hero of the war. However, few Americans paused to note that the character of the war was changing. What had begun as a war to free Cuba was becoming a war to strip Spain of its colonies.

6. Commodore George Dewey

He quickly destroyed the aging Spanish fleet and forced the Spanish government to surrender with hardly a shot fired. He became the first American hero of the war. However, few Americans paused to note that the character of the war was changing. What had begun as a war to free Cuba was becoming a war to strip Spain of its colonies.

Grover Cleveland

He was respected for his stern and righteous opposition to politicians, grafters, pressure groups and Tammany Hall. He had become famous as the "veto governor," as an official who was not afraid to say no. He was the embodiment of an era in which fw Americans believed the federal government could, or should, do very much. Cleveland also tried to lower the tariffs which resulted in a deadlock that affected the election of 1888.

William McKinley

He was the Republican candidate for the election of 1896 and he won. He had huge financial support and his party did most of the work for him as he stayed on his "front porch." In his presidency he raised the tariff rates to the highest they had ever been in America and he also passed the Currency Act of 1900.

William Jennings Bryan

He was the youngest president and he became the first president to stump every section of the country systematically, to appear in villages and hamlets and to be the first president to say frankly that he wanted to be president. He traveled 18,000 miles and addressed an estimated 5 million people, however, this would hurt his campaign because he broke the long-standing tradition and this antagonized many voters who considered his campaign undignified.

28. How did the United States acquire part of Samoa

In 1878, the Hayes administration extracted a treaty from Samoan leaders for an American naval station there. However, Great Britain and Germany were also interested in the island and they too secured treaty rights for the native princes. For the next 10 years, they disputed and eventually Germany and America split the islands (America got Pago Pago) and Great Britain got islands elsewhere.

4. Samoan Islands annexation

In 1878, the Hayes administration extracted a treaty from Samoan leaders for an American naval station there. However, Great Britain and Germany were also interested in the island and they too secured treaty rights for the native princes. For the next 10 years, they disputed and eventually Germany and America split the islands (America got Pago Pago) and Great Britain got islands elsewhere.

27. How did Hawaii gradually get drawn into America's economic and political sphere

In 1887, the United States negotiated a treaty with Hawaii that permitted it ot open a naval base at Pearl Harbor. By then, growing sugar for export to America had become the basis of the Hawaiian economy-as a result of an 1875 agreement allowing Hawaiian sugar to enter the United States duty-free. There was also a workforce created for the sugar plantations. By 1890, the United States had eliminated the privileged position of Hawaiian sugar in international trade. The result was devastating to the economy of the island, and American planters concluded that the only way for them to recover was to become part of the United States.

10. What arguments and actions paved the way for suffrage's eventual triumph in the form of the Nineteenth Amendment

In 1910, Washington became the first state in 14 years to extend suffrage to women. Many of the western states followed in 1912. In 1913, Illinois became the first state east of the Mississippi to embrace women suffrage. And in 1917 and 1918, New York and Michigan gave women the vote. In 1920, suffragists women ratification of the 19th Amendment, which guaranteed political rights to women throughout the nation.

McKinley Tariff

In Harrison's administration, the Tariff was proposed to Congress as the highest protective measure ever proposed to Congress. It became law in October 1890, but Republican leaders apparently misinterpreted public sentiment. The party suffered a stunning reversal in the 1890 congressional election: losing the House and the senate. In the election of 1892, Harrison lost in part because of the law.

14. What doomed the possibilities for effective biracial cooperation among populists

In the South, white Populists struggled with the question of whether to accept African Americans into the party. Most white Populists were willing to accept the assistance of African Americans only as long as it was clear that whites would remain indisputably in control. When southern conservatives began to attack the Populists for undermining white supremacy, the interracial character of the movement quickly faded.

Military reforms

In the Spanish-American War, the United States military was obviously flawed and weak. After the war, McKinley appointed Elihu Root as secretary of war to supervise a major overhaul of the armed forces. The regular army was enlarged from 25,000 to 100,000. They established federal army standards for the National Guard, ensuring that never again would the nation fight a war with volunteer regiments trained and equipped differently than those in the regular army. They sparked the creation of a system of official training schools. And in 1903, a general staff was established to act as military advisers to the secretary of war.

41. What changes from 1900 to 1903 gave the United States a more modern military establishment

In the Spanish-American War, the United States military was obviously flawed and weak. After the war, McKinley appointed Elihu Root as secretary of war to supervise a major overhaul of the armed forces. The regular army was enlarged from 25,000 to 100,000. They established federal army standards for the National Guard, ensuring that never again would the nation fight a war with volunteer regiments trained and equipped differently than those in the regular army. They sparked the creation of a system of official training schools. And in 1903, a general staff was established to act as military advisers to the secretary of war. It was this last reform that Root considered the most important: the creation of a central planning agency modeled on the example of European general staffs. An Army and Navy Board was to foster interservice cooperation.

Imperialism

In the mid and late 19th century, the construction of empires took on a new and different form from those in earlier eras. European powers now created colonies not by sending large numbers of migrants to settle and populate new lands, but instead, by creating military, political and business structures that allowed them to dominate and profit from the existing populations. This new imperialism changed the character of the imperial nations themselves, enriching them greatly and producing new classes of people whose lives were shaped by the demands of imperial business and administration. It changed the character of colonized societies even more by drawing them into the vast nexus of global industrial capitalism and by introducing European customs, institutions and technologies to the subject peoples.

5. Who was the so-called new middle-class?What was the role of expertise and organization in this new professionalism

Industries needed managers, technicians and accountants as well as workers. Cities required commercial, medical, legal and educational services. New technology required scientists and engineers, who, in turn, required institutions and instructors to train them. People performing these services were a part of the new middle class. Before the reforms, pretty much anyone could do anything, meaning there were professionals as well as many amateurs in the workforce. With the introduction of the American Medical Association, by 1920, nearly 2/3 of all American doctors were members which made it so there were trained professional doctors and physicians. There were very strict, scientific standards for admission to the practice of medicine and state government responded by passing new laws requiring the licensing of all physicians. There were also professional bar associations in every state by 1916. There was also a great expansion in law schools. Businessmen supported the creation of schools of business administration and created their own national organizations. While removing the untrained and incompetent, the admission requirements also protected those already in the professions from excessive competition and lent prestige and status to their trades.

36. What were the basic terms of the Treaty of Paris

It brought an end to the war. It confirmed the terms of the armistice concerning Cuba, Puerto Rico and Guam. The Americans offered $20 million for the Philippines and the Spanish accepted their terms.

Treaty of Paris 1898

It brought an end to the war. It confirmed the terms of the armistice concerning Cuba, Puerto Rico and Guam. The Americans offered $20 million for the Philippines and the Spanish accepted their terms.

Election of 1884

It was Republicans: James G. Blaine of Maine against the Democrat: Grover Cleveland of New York. In a campaign filled with personal invective, what may have decided the election was the last-minute introduction of a religious controversy where Blaine was said to have tolerated slander on the Catholic Church. Cleveland ended up winning.

Free Silver Movement

It was a grand attempt to make silver a coined currency again. It was supported by the Populists and Democrats. Silver was officially no longer coined in 1873 and when the market price of silver fell in the coming years, people wanted it to be coined again. They also wanted it to be coined because farmers wanted an inflation of currency.

Populists

It was a party for the people of America, mainly the farmers. They did not expand as greatly as they could have because they supported "white power." They believed the government would establish a network of warehouses, where farmers could deposit their crops. Using those crops as collateral, growers could then borrow money from the government at low rates of interest and wait for the price of their goods to go up before selling them. The Populists called for the abolition of national banks, the end of absentee ownership of land, the direct election of U.S. senators, and other devices to improve the ability of the people to influence the political process. They called for regulation and government ownership of railroads, telephones and telegraphs.

Civil War Pension System

It was a system of annual pensions for Union Civil War veterans who had retired form work and for their widows. At its peak, the system was making payments to a majority of the male citizens and to many women in the north. Reformers hoped to make the system permanent and universal, but their efforts failed.

Spanish-American War

It was a war that started because of the Maine affair and when the Spanish minister in America had a letter stolen and published denouncing America and McKinley. America then went to war only for a few months because the Cubans had already done much of the work. America also gained Puerto Rico and the Philippines out of it.

Patronage

It was the, now traditional, spoils system that presidents were trying to get rid of through civil service systems.

Coxey's Army

Jacob S. Coxey an Ohio businessman and Populist, began advocating a massive public works program to create jobs for the unemployed and an inflation of the currency. When he wasn't making progress in Congress, he and 500 other people marched to D.C., only to be stopped and arrested by armed police.

3. Hemispheric hegemony

James G. Blaine organized the first Pan-American Congress. The Cleveland administration supported Venezuela in a dispute with Great Britain and almost forced Britain into war.

Pan-American Congress

James G. Blaine, secretary of state for the Republican administrations in the 1880s, led efforts to expand American influence into Latin America, where, he believed, the United States must look for markets for its surplus goods. In October 1889, he organized the first Pan-American Congress. It attracted delegates from 19 nations and the delegates agreed to create the Pan-American Union, a weak international organization located in D.C., that served as a clearinghouse of information to the member nations. He proposed an inter-American customs union and arbitration procedures for hemispheric disputes, but the other nations did not agree.

25. What developments in the late 1880s and mid-1890s demonstrated the increasing interest of the United States in Latin America

James G. Blaine, secretary of state for the Republican administrations in the 1880s, led efforts to expand American influence into Latin America, where, he believed, the United States must look for markets for its surplus goods. In October 1889, he organized the first Pan-American Congress. It attracted delegates from 19 nations and the delegates agreed to create the Pan-American Union, a weak international organization located in D.C., that served as a clearinghouse of information to the member nations. The Cleveland administration supported Venezuela in a dispute with Great Britain and almost forced Britain into war.

40. How was the Open Door policy calculated to provide maximum commercial and diplomatic advantage at minimum cost

Lots of nations started to look at China for power that they could draw from. The Open Door policy was addressed to England, Germany, Russia, France, Japan and Italy, all countries that wanted trade with China or a part of China itself. There were three principles: each nation with a sphere of influence in China was to respect the rights and privileges of other nations in its sphere; Chinese officials were to continue to collect tariff duties in all sphere (the existing tariff favored the United States); and nations were not to discriminate against other nations in levying port dues and railroad rates within their own spheres. These principles would allow the United States to trade freely with the Chinese without fear of interference and without having to become militarily involved in the region. They would also retain the illusion of Chinese sovereignty and thus prevent formal colonial dismemberment of China, which might also create obstacles to American trade.

Yellow journalism

Joseph Pulitzer bought the struggling paper, the New York World. He then made it into an extremely successful paper. "Yellow journalism" was a phrase that reportedly derived form a character in open of the World's comic strips: "the Yellow Kid." Color printing in newspapers was relatively new, and yellow as the most difficult color to print; so in the beginning, the term "yellow journalism" was a comment on the new technological possibilities that Pulitzer was so eagerly embracing. Eventually, it came to refer to a sensationalist style of reporting and writing that spread quickly through urban America and changed the character of newspapers forever. Examples of yellow journalism in the World: It created one of the first Sunday editions, with colored sections, comics and cartoons. It expanded coverage of sports, fashion, literature and theater. It pioneered large, glaring, overheated headlines; it published exposes of political corruption and it made considerable efforts to bring drama and energy to its coverage of crime. It tried to involve readers directly in its stories and it introduced a self-consciously populist style of writing that appealed to working-class readers.

13. Who was most attracted to populism?Why did the movement fail to obtain significant labor support

Populism always appealed principally to farmers, particularly to small farmers with little long-range economic security-people whose operations were minimally mechanized, if at all, who relied on one crop, and who had access only to limited credit. In the South, there were many modest landowners too, but in addition there were significant numbers of sharecroppers and tenant farmers. They also attracted people that were isolated from society. Populism never attracted significant labor support, in part because the economic interests of labor and the interests of farmers were often at odds.

15. What did the Populists stand for and what were their leaders like

Most of the Populists leaders were members of the rural middle class. Some Populist leaders were somber, serous theoreticians; others were semi-hysterical rabble-rousers. Tom Watson, Jeff Davis and others attracted widespread popular support by arousing the resentment of poor southerners against the entrenched planter aristocracy. The government would establish a network of warehouses, where farmers could deposit their crops. Using those crops as collateral, growers could then borrow money from the government at low rates of interest and wait for the price of their goods to go up before selling them. The Populists called for the abolition of national banks, the end of absentee ownership of land, the direct election of U.S. senators, and other devices to improve the ability of the people to influence the political process. They called for regulation and government ownership of railroads, telephones and telegraphs. And they demanded a system of government-operated postal savings banks, a graduated income tax, and the inflation of the currency. Populists rejected the laissez-faire orthodoxies of their time, including the idea that the rights of ownership are absolute.

2. Grangers

Oliver H. Kelley created the organization. In 1867, he left the government and founded the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. At first, the Grangers defined their purposes modestly. They attempted to bring farmers together to learn new scientific agricultural techniques and to create a sense of community. The Grangers set up cooperative stores, creameries, elevators, warehouses, insurance companies and factories that produced machines, stoves and other items. One corporation emerged specifically to meet the needs of the Grangers: the first mail-order business, Montgomery Ward and Company. Eventually, most of the Grange enterprises failed, both because of the inexperience of their operators and because of the opposition of the middlemen they were challenging.

5. The USS Maine

One of the reasons America went to war was because the battleship Maine blew up in Havana harbor with a loss of more than 260 people. Many Americans assumed that the Spanish had sunk the ship, particularly when a naval court of inquiry hastily and inaccurately reported that an external explosion by a submarine mine had caused the disaster.

5. What was the patronage system, and how did it dominate national politics in the 1870s and 1880s?What was the role of Civil War pensions in this system

Patronage was the spoils system. By the end of Hayes's term, the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds were competing for control of the Republican Party. The Stalwarts favored traditional, professional machine politics, while the Half-Breeds favored reform. Both groups were mainly interested in a larger share of the patronage. Hayes tires to create a civil service system that attracted no support and his early announcement of not running for reelection also hurt him. The Republicans did retain the presidency in 1880 when they agreed that a Stalwart president and a Half-Breed vice president would be on the same ticket. The Republicans also captured both houses of Congress.

37. What arguments were raised for and against imperialism in general and the annexation of the Philippines in particular? Why did President McKinley favor annexation? What role did William Jennings Bryan play?

People did not want to annex the Philippines for many reasons: some believed simply that imperialism was immoral; some feared "polluting" the American population by introducing new Asian races; industrial workers feared being undercut by a flood of cheap laborers; conservatives worried about the large standing army and entangling foreign alliances that they believed imperials would require and that they feared would threaten American liberties. Sugar growers and other feared the unwelcome competition from the new territories. People wanted annexation because: some saw it as a way to reinvigorate the nation and keep alive what they considered the healthy, restorative influence of the war. Some businessmen saw opportunities to dominate the Asian trade; and most Republicans saw partisan advantages in acquiring valuable new territories through war fought and won by a Republican administration. The strongest argument was that the United States already possessed the islands. McKinley supported it because he came to believe there were no acceptable alternatives. He said that returning the islands would be cowardly and turning them over to another imperialist power would be bad business and discreditable; granting the island independence would be irresponsible. The fate of the treaty remained in doubt for weeks until it received the unexpected support from Bryan. He backed ratification not because he approved annexation but because he hoped to move the issue out of the Senate and make it the subject of a national referendum in 1900, when he expected to be the Democratic presidential candidate again. Bryan persuaded a number of anti-imperialist Democrats to support the treaty, and the Senate finally ratified it on February 6, 1899.

2. What explains the extraordinary loyalty that voters showed to their political parties in this period

Region and religion were two major factors as to why the voters of one party stayed loyal to that party.

Pendleton Act of 1883

Required that some federal jobs be filled by competitive written examinations rather than by patronage. It did not have much effect for a while.

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

Some western and southern states passed laws prohibiting combinations if they hurt compaction; the loophole for these combinations was just to incorporate a state that didn't have the laws. The public saw that the only way to solve the problem was if the federal government got involved and in 1890, the law was passed. Most members of Congress saw the act as a symbolic measure, one that would help deflect public criticism but was not likely to have any real effect on corporate power. For over a decade after its passage, the Act had almost no impact.

8. What led to the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act?What practical impact did it have

Some western and southern states passed laws prohibiting combinations if they hurt compaction; the loophole for these combinations was just to incorporate a state that didn't have the laws. The public saw that the only way to solve the problem was if the federal government got involved and in 1890, the law was passed. Most members of Congress saw the act as a symbolic measure, one that would help deflect public criticism but was not likely to have any real effect on corporate power. For over a decade after its passage, the Act had almost no impact. As of 1901, the Justice Department had instituted many antitrust suits against labor unions, but only 14 against business combinations.

Gold Standard Act of 1900

The Currency or Gold Standard Act of 1900 confirmed the nation's commitment to the gold standard by assigning a specific gold value to the dollar and requiring all currency issued by the United State to hew to that value.

22. How did President William McKinley handle the tariff and silver issues?What happened during his administration to help resolve the currency question

The Currency or Gold Standard Act of 1900 confirmed the nation's commitment to the gold standard by assigning a specific gold value to the dollar and requiring all currency issued by the United State to hew to that value. They also passed the Dingley Tariff which raised duties to the highest point in American history. Had it not been for a dramatic increase in the gold supply in the late 1890s because of the discovery of new gold nodes and because of new techniques, Populist predictions of financial disaster might in fact have proved correct.

Philippine War

The Filipinos rebelled against the Americans just like they did the Spanish before them. The American military effort became more systematically vicious and brutal. Captured Filipino guerrillas were treated as murders and many were executed. On some islands, entire communities were evacuated-the residents forced into concentration camps while American troops destroyed their villages, farms, crops and livestock. Some American soldiers started to view the Filipinos as almost subhuman and at times seemed to take pleasure in killing arbitrarily. Americans wanted to put down the rebellion; much like Spain did.

39. Explain the goals and tactics of the Philippine War. Was American policy in the war a repudiation of the ideals that had led the United States to help Cuba secure its independence

The Filipinos resisted the Americans as soon as they learned that they were staying. Led by Emilio Aguinaldo, the Filipinos harried the American army of occupation from island to island for more than 3 years. Once people realized how many Filipinos supported the resistance, Americans decided it was time to be more vicious. The military effort became more systematically vicious and brutal. Captured Filipino guerrillas were treated as murders and many were executed. On some islands, entire communities were evacuated-the residents forced into concentration camps while American troops destroyed heir villages, farms, crops and livestock. Some American soldiers started to view the Filipinos as almost subhuman and at times seemed to take pleasure in killing arbitrarily. Americans wanted to put down the rebellion; much like Spain did. However, after the fighting, the Philippines became more dependent on American trade and more independent in their government. They were then independent on July 4, 1946.

10. Why was the Interstate Commerce Act so ineffectual

The ICC was supposed to enforce this through the courts, but for 20 years, it had little effect because the courts haphazardly enforced it.

Platt Amendment

The Platt Amendment was made when Cuba tried to be completely independent form the United States when they were creating their constitution. It gave the United States control of Cuba's foreign policy; it gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuba to preserve independence, life and property; and it required Cuba to permit American naval stations on its territory.

20. How did the nomination of William Jennings Bryan as the Democratic presidential candidate in 1896 put the Populists in a dilemma?How did they resolve it, and what was the result

The Populists had expected both major parties to adopt conservative programs and nominate conservative candidates, leaving themselves to represent the growing forces of protest. But the Democrats stole much of their thunder and so the Populists had the choice of naming their own candidate and splitting the protest vote or endorsing Bryan and losing their identity as a party. Many argued that fusion with the Democrats would destroy their party. But the majority concluded that there was no viable alternative. The Populists decided to support Bryan.

Colored Alliances

The Populists tried to allow black people to enter their ranks, but on the condition that whites were to remain superior. African Americans then turned away from the party because of this idea of white supremacy.

Election of 1896

The Republican candidate was McKinley and the Democratic candidate was Bryan. McKinley polled 271 electoral votes to Bryan's 176 and received 51.1% of the popular vote to Bryan's 47.7%. Bryan carried the areas of the South and West were miners or struggling stale farmers predominated. The Democratic program, like that of the Populists, had been too narrow to win a national election. This election was also the end of the People's Party.

1. How well balanced were the two major political parties between the Civil War and the turn of the century

The Republicans and Democrats were remarkably stable. 16 states were consistently Republican and 14 states were consistently Democratic. And 5 other states usually were the deciding factor of elections. The public-vote margin between the two parties was 1.5%.

Election of 1880

The Republicans retained the presidency by having Garfield, a Half-Breed for president and Arthur, a Stalwart for vice president. The Democrats elected General Winfield Scott Hancock.

3. What contribution did the "Social Gospel" movement make to Progressivism

The Salvation Army began in England and soon spread to the United States. They had recruited many people by 1900 and they were offering both material aid and spiritual service to the urban poor. There were also many ministers, priests and rabbis that moved to serve in troubled cities. Walter Rauschenbusch published a series of influential discourses on the possibilities for human salvation through Christian reform. Father John A. Ryan worked for decades to expand the scope of Catholic social welfare organizations.

8. How did the women's club movement reflect both the growing political influence of women and the restrictions upon them

The clubs began largely as cultural organizations to provide middle and upper class women with an outlet for their intellectual energies. They then started too focus more with social betterment and because many club members were from wealthy families, some organizations had substantial funds at their disposal. Also, because women could not vote, the clubs had a nonpartisan image that made them difficult for politicians to dismiss. Few clubwomen were willing to accept the arguments of such committed feminists as Charlotte Perkins Gilman who argued that the traditional definition of gender roles was exploitive and obsolete. Instead, the club movement allowed women to define a space for themselves in the public world without openly challenging the existing, male-dominated order. The clubs were an important force in winning passage of state and federal laws that regulated the conditions of woman and child labor, established government inspection of workplaces, regulated the food and drug industries, reformed policies toward the Indian tribes, applied new standards to urban housing and outlawed the manufacture and sale of alcohol.

23. What intellectual, economic, philosophical, and racial factors helped create a new national mood more receptive to overseas expansion

The experience of subjugating the Indian tribes had established a precedent for exerting colonial control over dependent peoples. Frederick Jackson Turner and many others produced fears that natural resources would soon dwindle and that alternative sources must be found abroad. The depression of the 1890s encouraged some businessmen to look overseas for new markets. The bitter social protests of the time led some politicians to urge a more aggressive foreign policy as an outlet for frustrations that would otherwise destabilize domestic life. Many Americans began to consider the possibility of acquiring colonies that might expand their trade. The theory of Darwinism rose again where people looked to the feeble Chinese Empire to take control of. Many writers and public figures said that nations or races struggled constantly for existence and that only the fittest could survive.

30. What two incidents combined finally to pull the United States into war with Spain

The first occurred when a Cuban agent stole a private letter written by Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish minister in Washington and turned it over to the American press. The letter described McKinley as a weak man and a "bidder for the admiration of the crowd." This created dintense popular anger. The second thing was when the American battleship Maine blew up in Havana harbor with a loss of more than 260 people. Many Americans assumed that the Spanish had sunk the ship, particularly when a naval court of inquiry hastily and inaccurately reported that an external explosion by a submarine mine had caused the disaster.

4. What was the nature of the national government in the late nineteenth century

The government really only delivered the mail, maintained a military, conducted foreign policy and collected tariffs and taxes. The federal government was still giving lots of land and money for railroads and they were letting capitalists use the military against their workers. There was also a pension system that was making payments to a majority of the male citizens of the North and to many women as well. It was to give annual pensions for Union Civil War veterans who had retired from work and for their widows.

17. What were the immediate and long-range causes of the Panic of 1893?How serious was the depression that followed

The immediate causes were when the National Cordage Company and Pennsylvania and Reading Railroad company went bankrupt which triggered the collapse of the stock market; many bankers were heavy investors in the stock market and a wave of bank failures soon began. For long-range, depressed prices in agriculture since 1887 had weakened the purchasing power of farmers. Depression conditions in Europe caused a loss of American markets abroad and a withdrawal by foreign investors of gold invested in the United States. Railroads also expanded too much. Many businesses and banks failed; agricultural prices went down even further; and 20% of the labor force lost their jobs.

Depression of 1893

The immediate causes were when the National Cordage Company and Pennsylvania and Reading Railroad company went bankrupt which triggered the collapse of the stock market; many bankers were heavy investors in the stock market and a wave of bank failures soon began. Many businesses and banks failed; agricultural prices went down even further; and 20% of the labor force lost their jobs.

19. Explain the debate over the gold standard. How did it divide the Democratic Party

The national gold reserves were steadily dropping and Cleveland believed that the chief cause of the weakening gold reserves was the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. Early in his second administration, Cleveland repealed the Sherman Act. This created a permanent split in the Democratic Party. The president's gold policy had aligned the southern and western Democrats in a solid alliance against him and his eastern followers.

26. How did American planters and missionaries transform the traditional society of the Hawaiian Islands

The newcomers brought infectious diseases which decimated the Hawaiians. Missionaries worked to undermine native religion, while other white settlers introduced liquor, firearms and a commercial economy, all of which eroded the traditional character of Hawaiian society.

Hawaiian Islands annexation

The newcomers brought infectious diseases which decimated the Hawaiians. Missionaries worked to undermine native religion, while other white settlers introduced liquor, firearms and a commercial economy, all of which eroded the traditional character of Hawaiian society. In 1887, the United States negotiated a treaty with Hawaii that permitted it to open a naval base at Pearl Harbor. By 1890, the United States had eliminated the privileged position of Hawaiian sugar in international trade. The result was devastating to the economy of the island, and American planters concluded that the only way for them to recover was to become part of the United States.

16. According to "Where Historians Disagree - Populism," how have historians differed in their interpretation of Populism

The original and, for a time, only view of Populism was that they were trying to save agricultural American from industry. Many people viewed them approvingly; that the Populists essentially appeared as admirable, democratic activists. Some people thought that Populism was weak because it rested on a nostalgic and unrealistic myth and they also believed that the party was permeated with bigotry and ignorance; revealing anti-Semitic tendencies and racism toward others as well. People argued with this saying that the party rested on a sophisticated, farsighted and even radical vison of reform. Others said that the party tolerated and even welcomed Jews and other minorities into their party, and that they offered a practical sensible program. Some people identified the party as a bunch of farmers, others say them as people just coming out of isolation and others saw them as economically troubled as socially rootless.

4. How did the settlement house movement illustrate the Progressive belief that the environment shaped individual development?What long-run effect did the movement have on reform

The progressives wanted to elevate the distressed and in order to do so, they had to improve the conditions where they lived. The crowded immigrant neighborhoods produced the most distress. One response was the creation of settlement houses. There were around 400 institutions throughout the nation and they were staffed by members of the educated middle class. The settlement houses sought to help immigrant families adapt to the language and customs of their new country. Many young unmarried college women worked in the settlement houses. The houses helped create the profession of social work. A growing number of programs for the professional training of social workers began to appear in the nation's leading universities.

Open Door policy

There were three principles: each nation with a sphere of influence in China was to respect the rights and privileges of other nations in its sphere; Chinese officials were to continue to collect tariff duties in all sphere (the existing tariff favored the United States); and nations were not to discriminate against other nations in levying port dues and railroad rates within their own spheres. These principles would allow the United States to trade freely with the Chinese without fear of interference and without having to become militarily involved in the region.

Farmers Alliance

They formed cooperatives and other marketing mechanisms. They established stores, banks, processing plants and other facilities for their members-to free them from the local merchants that kept many farmers in debt. Some leaders argued for a sense of mutual, neighborly responsibility that would enable farmers to resist oppressive outside forces. Alliance lecturers traveled throughout rural areas attacking the concentration of power in great corporations and financial institutions and promoting cooperation as an alternative economic system. Women also argued that sobriety as a key to stability in rural society. The Alliance also advocated suffrage to women.

12. What reforms did the Farmers' Alliances stand for?How did the movement transform into the People's Party

They formed cooperatives and other marketing mechanisms. They established stores, banks, processing plants and other facilities for their members-to free them from the local merchants that kept many farmers in debt. Some leaders argued for a sense of mutual, neighborly responsibility that would enable farmers to resist oppressive outside forces. Alliance lecturers traveled throughout rural areas attacking the concentration of power in great corporations and financial institutions and promoting cooperation as an alternative economic system. Women also argued that sobriety as a key to stability in rural society. The Alliance also advocated suffrage to women. Sentiment for a third party was strongest among the members of the Northwestern Alliance, but several southern leaders supported the idea as well. In July 1892, 1,3000 exultant delegates poured into Omaha, Nebraska, to proclaim the creation of the new party, approve an official set of principles, and nominate candidates for the presidency and vice presidency. The party's members were known as Populists.

Boxer Rebellion

They were a secret Chinese martial-arts society with highly nationalist convictions and a somewhat mystical vision of their invulnerability to bullets. They launched a revolt against foreigners in China and the revolt soon spread widely across eastern China where almost every Westerner was attacked. The climax of the revolt was a siege of the entire Western foreign diplomatic corps, which took refuge in the British embassy in Beijing. McKinley and Hay had agreed to American participation in quelling the Rebellion so s to secure a voice in the settlement of the uprising and to prevent the partition of China by the European powers.

2. How did the muckrakers help prepare the way for Progressivism

They were journalists who began to direct public attention toward social, economic and political injustices. They were committed to exposing scandal, corruption and injustice to public view. At first, their major targets were the trusts and particularly the railroads, which the muckrakers considered powerful and deeply corrupt. There were also reports against Standard Oil. The muckrakers then turned their attention to government, particularly to the urban political machines. Lincoln Steffens book portrayed machine government and boss rule in many cities; this helped arouse sentiment for urban political reform. The muckrakers argued that the people themselves should have a greater role in government.

9. What were the principal arguments for and against the woman's suffrage movement?Why did the movement inspire such passionate anti-suffrage sentiments

Throughout the 19th century many suffrage advocate presented their views in terms of "natural rights." This was an argument that boldly challenged the views of the many men and women who believed that society required a distinctive female "sphere" in which women would serve first and foremost as wives and mothers. Opponents railed against the threat suffrage posed to the "natural order" of civilization. Antisuffragists associated suffrage with divorce and linked it with promiscuity, immortality and neglect of children. Many suffragists argued that enfranchising women would help the temperance movement. Some suffrage advocates claimed that once women had the vote, war would become a thing of the past, since women would help curb the belligerence of men. Many middle-class people found persuasive the argument that if blacks, immigrants and other base groups had the right to vote, then women should too.

3. What regional, religious, and ethnic factors distinguished the two major parties?Who was excluded from participation

To white southerners, loyalty to the Democratic Party was a matter of unquestioned faith. It was the vehicle by which they had triumphed over Reconstruction and preserved white supremacy. To many northerners, white and black, Republican loyalties were equally intense. To them, the party of Lincoln remained a bulwark against slavery and treason. The Democratic Party attracted most of the Catholic voters, recent immigrants and poorer workers-groups that often overlapped. The Republican Party appealed to northern Protestants, citizens of old stock and much of the middle class-groups that also had considerable overlap. Republicans tended to support measures restricting immigration and to favor temperance legislation. Catholics and immigrants viewed such proposals as assaults on them and their cultures and opposed them. Many women, almost all blacks and many poor whites in the South were disenfranchised.

Theodore Roosevelt

Was the leader of the Rough Riders and h left the Navy Department to get into the war because he wanted to erase the shame his father brought because he did not fight in the war. Roosevelt rapidly emerged as a hero of the conflict. His fame rested in large part on his role in leading a bold charge up Kettle Hill directly into the face of Spanish guns.

6. How did the assassination of James A. Garfield lead to the passage of the Pendleton Act and the beginning of the end of the patronage system

When Arthur became president, he tried to follow an independent course and even promoted reform. To the dismay of the Stalwarts, Arthur kept most of Garfield's appointees in office and supported civil service reform. In 1883, Congress passed the Pendleton Act which required that some federal jobs be filled by competitive written examinations rather than by patronage.

7. How did the tariff become the key issue in the 1888 presidential election?Where did Grover Cleveland and the Democrats stand?What was done about the issue during the Benjamin Harrison administration? How did the same issue affect the 1890 and 1892 elections?

When Cleveland was president, he wanted to reduce the tariff rates because he did not agree with them. In December 1887, he asked Congress to reduce the tariff rates. Democrats in the House approved a tariff reduction, but Senate Republicans defiantly passed a bill of their own actually raising the rates. This created a deadlock that affected the election of 1888. In Harrison's administration, the McKinley Tariff was proposed to Congress as the highest protective measure ever proposed to Congress. It became law in October 1890, but Republican leaders apparently misinterpreted public sentiment. The party suffered a stunning reversal in the 1890 congressional election: losing the House and the senate. In the election of 1892, Harrison lost in part because of the law.

Crime of '73

When Congress passed a law that discontinued silver coinage in 1873, no one was in opposition. Later, when silver's market price fell, it was seen prime for coinage. Many Americans concluded that a conspiracy of big banks had been responsible for the "demonetization" of silver and referred to the law as the "Crime of '73."

29. What were the causes of American involvement in Cuban affairs?How was American public opinion shaped on these issues

When Cuba originally resisted the Spanish, the United States sympathized with them but did not intervene. In 1895, Cuban rebelled again; the Cubans deliberately devastated the island to force the Spaniards to leave and Spanish General Valeriano Weyler took civilians in concentration camps where they died by the thousands. The New York World and New York Journal newspapers sent many reporters to Cuba to get reports of the Spanish atrocities (even though both sides were committing atrocities). With the newspaper attacking the Spanish, many Americans despised them and in McKinley's presidency, he formally protested Spain's uncivilized and inhuman conduct, causing the Spanish government to recall Weyler, modify the concentration policy and grant the island a qualified autonomy.

Cuban revolt

When Cuba originally resisted the Spanish, the United States sympathized with them but did not intervene. In 1895, Cuban rebelled again; the Cubans deliberately devastated the island to force the Spaniards to leave and Spanish General Valeriano Weyler took civilians in concentration camps where they died by the thousands. The New York World and New York Journal newspapers sent many reporters to Cuba to get reports of the Spanish atrocities (even though both sides were committing atrocities). With the newspaper attacking the Spanish, many Americans despised them and in McKinley's presidency, he formally protested Spain's uncivilized and inhuman conduct, causing the Spanish government to recall Weyler, modify the concentration policy and grant the island a qualified autonomy.

Emilio Aguinaldo

When the Filipinos rebelled against America, their leader was Emilio Aguinaldo who claimed to head the legitimate government of the nation. He convinced almost every Filipino to join his cause. During the March 1901, he was captured and later signed document urging his followers to stop fighting and declare his own allegiance to the United Sates. He then retired from public life and lived quietly until 1964.

35. Describe the development of Puerto Rico before and after the Spanish-American War. What was the key to the Puerto Rican economy

When the Spanish established San Juan in 1521, the natives, the Arawaks, were mostly killed off because of infectious diseases, Spanish brutality and poverty. Puerto Rican society developed with a Spanish ruling class and a large African workforce for the coffee and sugar plantations that came to dominate its economy. There were uprisings in Puerto Rico for independence and most of them were effectively crushed by the Spanish. The resistance did cause the Spanish to change (abolish slavery and allow representation in parliament) but demands for independence continued to grow and Spain declare their independence in 1898. However, America took control before their independence was in affect and then America eventually declared them as an official territory. The Puerto Rican sugar industry flourished as it took advantage of the American markets that was now open to it without tariffs. They hired natives to work on the plantations. Many Puerto Rican farmers became paid laborers because of the demand of sugar and they became increasingly dependent on imported food.

21. Describe the passions of the 1896 campaign. Where did Bryan do well?Why did he lose

While McKinley did the traditional, "front-porch" campaign tactic, Bryan became the first presidential candidate in American history to stump every section of the country systematically, to appear in villages and hamlets and to be the first president to say frankly that he wanted to be president. He traveled 18,000 miles and addressed an estimated 5 million people, however, this would hurt his campaign because he broke the long-standing tradition and this antagonized many voters who considered his campaign undignified.