Chapter 2

Observational epidemiological research includes

cohort studies and case-control studies

Experimental epidemiological studies utilize

control group and treatment group

Cohort studies can be retrospective or

prospective

A member of a treatment group

receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated

A........ is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome.

variable

Our patented Fat Buster System is guaranteed to take 2 inches off your waistline in the first week!" This claim raises which of the following red flags that indicate unreliable nutrition information?

Promises of a quick fix

The ...................Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom of the press and speech, so people can provide false nutrition information.

first

Why is it important to repeat scientific investigations?

To confirm the original researchers' conclusions To achieve greater acceptability among other scientists

Which statement is true about testimonials?

They are often biased in favor of a product.

What is the first step in the scientific method?

observation

The participants in an experiment who are not given the treatment being tested are known as the............ group.

Control

When a friend tells you she is taking a vitamin B complex supplement and she feels more energetic as a result, she is sharing an . or an.....................report of a personal experience.

anecdote

A retrospective study examines the ____ whereas a prospective study examines the _____.

past, future

What type of experiment is considered the gold standard in research?

randomized controlled trials (RCTs)

The findings obtained by one research team must be _______ by those generated in other studies in order for the study to be widely accepted by other scientists.

supported

Which of the following are ways to be a careful consumer of nutrition information from the Internet?

-Search multiple websites -Do not trust information on websites that do not indicate valid sources -Avoid websites that provide online diagnoses and treatments

A control group is important for which of the following reasons?

-it allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect. -it is important to the validity and accuracy of an experiment. -it enables scientists to control the influence of control variables unrelated to the study.

Observational epidemiological studies cannot establish ______.

causation

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is known as

epidemiology

A(n)................. is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis.

experiment, laboratory experiment, experiments, scientific method, or lab experiment

Nutrition scientists conduct _____ epidemiological studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices.

experimental

A person in a scientific experiment who receives a non-placebo drug is a member of the........group

treatment, experimental

True or false: Testimonials are not a valid representation of a product's effectiveness.

true

Major nutrition organizations put together a list of red flags that signal poor nutrition advice. These include which of the following?

-Recommendations based on a single study -Recommendations that promise a quick fix -Claims that sound too good to be true

Epidemiological studies _____ establish cause and effect

cannot

A ______ is a relationship between two variables.

correlation

A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact is called a(n) ______.

experiment

When scientists suggest possible explanations for a natural phenomenon, these are called

Hypotheses

Reliable information on the Internet can be found by doing which of the following things?

Search sites that are managed by qualified health professionals.

Consumers need to be skeptical of nutrition and health-related claims because

-promoters of worthless nutrition products are good marketers. -nutrition misinformation can be spread through a variety of sources. -the FDA cannot prevent the spread of published misinformation.