Chapter 2

According to Cloward and Ohlin, lower-class boys experience different opportunities in the form of three subcultures, which are

criminal, conflict, and retreatist.

According to Albert Cohen, when lower-class boys experience status frustration, they set up their own competitive system in the form of

delinquent subcultures.

Burgess and Akers find Sutherland's differential association theory inadequate because Sutherland

did not specify what is involved in the process of learning to become a criminal.

Which of the following is NOT a kind of social control that can prevent deviance?

differential association

Hank is a sociologist investigating the causes of crime. He is interested in how some areas of the city have traditions of crime that persist over generations, and how individuals easily move into groups following those traditions. What theory of deviance is guiding Hank's research?

differential association theory

Cloward and Ohlin attempt to extend Merton's central idea that the lower classes are denied legitimate opportunity by introducing the concept of

differential illegitimate opportunity.

Burgess and Akers argued that before one becomes criminal, a process of __________ must occur where he or she is rewarded for continuing deviant behavior.

differential reinforcement

According to Sutherland's differential association theory, a person becomes deviant or delinquent when there is a(n)

excess of deviant contacts favorable to violation of the law.

According to Cohen's theory, status frustration is most likely to occur among

lower-class boys.

One positive contribution of anomie-strain theory is that

society, not the individual, causes much deviance.

Albert Cohen's theory is similar to Merton's approach, but Cohen replaced the word "success" with the word "__________."

status

According to control theories of deviance, the central question is

what causes conformity.

Which of the following statements is an accurate criticism of Burgess-Akers's social learning theory?

It cannot explain why a person initially commits a deviant act.

______________ study the underlying causes of deviance through social and environmental factors.

Positivists

According to Merton's anomie-strain theory, which of the following statements is true?

The legitimate means of achieving high success goals are not freely available to all classes of people.

Most control theorists seem to

accept the Freudian assumption that our inborn animal impulses, if unchecked, will turn into deviant behavior.

Which of the following concepts constitutes the core of Sutherland's differential association theory?

an excess of criminal over anticriminal contacts

According to Hirschi, which of the following is NOT a way for individuals to bond themselves to society?

an experience of a gap between goals and means

The deterrence doctrine assumes that human beings, when anticipating deviant behavior, are

basically rational.

The theories of positivist sociologists attempt to explain the __________ of deviance.

causes

Cloward and Ohlin used the concept of differential illegitimate opportunity to mean that some members of the lower class have

fewer opportunities to pursue illegitimate opportunities.

According to critics, reintegrative shaming can work only with

first-time offenders.

Many sociologists have criticized Merton's version of anomie-strain theory for assuming that lower-class people

have the same level of success aspirations as other social classes.

According to Glaser, before a person pursues criminal behavior, he or she must first __________ real or imaginary persons whose criminal behavior seems acceptable.

identify with

All of Jane's friends have jewelry and new clothes, but she had no money to buy them. She therefore resorted to shoplifting to get what she wanted. According to Merton's theory, her behavior is an example of

innovation.

According to Merton, the only cultural value of importance in American society is

material success.

Daniel Glaser felt that Sutherland's theory was too __________ and proposed that a process of identification with criminals also had to take place.

mechanistic

According to the deterrence doctrine, all of the following would help reduce the rate of crime, EXCEPT for making punishment

more general.

Which of the following is NOT a primarily positivist theory of deviance?

phenomenological theory

If a society makes a deviant feel guilty while showing understanding and forgiveness, it practices __________ shaming.

reintegrative

According to Merton, when persons hold high success aspirations and are not given the opportunity to realize them, they might

resort to illegitimate means of achieving their aspirations.

Joe, a steel worker in Cleveland, Ohio, has no aspirations of being rich and successful. Nevertheless, he works hard and takes pride in his job. According to Merton's theory, this is an example of

ritualism.

Sociologists criticizing control theory point out that control can become a possible cause of deviance. They therefore conclude that most versions of this theory are too

simplistic.

According to Hirschi's theory of social control, if elements of bonding to society are weak, the individual might

slide into deviance.

The essence of several types of anomie-strain theory is that the experience of

socially induced strain pressures individuals to commit deviant acts.

According to Robert Merton's goal-means gap theory, the psychoanalytic approach to deviant behavior is wrong because that theory incorrectly assumes

society discourages the individual from engaging in deviant behavior.

Recent developments in anomie-strain theory have located new sources of strain that might push individuals toward deviance. Which of the following is NOT one of those newly identified strains?

the discrepancy between success aspirations and the opportunities for realizing those aspirations