Chapter 2
MOLECULE
A COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE ATOMS HELD TOGETHER BY A CHEMICAL BOND.
CRYSTAL
A LARGE ARRAY OF CATIONS AND ANIONS HELD TOGETHER BY IONIC BONDS.
SUSPENSION
A MIXTURE WHOSE SOLUTES SETTLES OUT AND COMPOSTION IS THE SAME IN ALL AREAS.
ELECTRON
A PART OF AN ATOM THAT ORBITS IN ITS OUTTER SHELLS AND BEARS A NEGATIVE CHARGE.
ENERGY
CAPAPCITY TO DO WORK OR PUT MATTER IN MOTION.
TYPES OF POTENTIAL ENERGY
CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ELECTRICAL ENERGY
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID, LIQUID, GAS
POTENTIAL ENERGY
STORED OR INACTIVE ENERGY
What type of mixture are heterogenous with large particles that do settle out?
Suspension
ATOMIC NUMBER
THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN AN ATOM'S NUCLEUS.
CHEMISTRY
The study of the composition of matter
Homogeneous
a mixture that has the same composition throughout.
When an aton gains one or more electron and acquires a net negatie charge.
anion
ANION BOND
AN ATOM THAT IS THE ELECTRON ACCEPTOR, WITHIN AN IONIC BOND, AND ACQUIRES A NET NEGATIVE CHARGE .
CATION
AN ATOM THAT IS THE ELECTRON DONOR, WITHIN AN IONIC BOND, AND ACQUIRES WITH A NET POSITIVE CHARGE.
What properties of elements pertain to the way atoms interact with other atoms?
Chemical
What type of mixture does not settle out but does scatter light?
Colloid
What type of mixture has the ability to undergo a sol-gel transformation?
Colloid
What type of mixture is also called an emulsion?
Colloid
What type of mixture is heterogeneous and is also translucent?
Colloid
A bond formed when electrons are shared so that each atom is able to fill its outer electron shell at least part of the time.
Covalent bond
A bond formed when shared electrons occupy a single orbital common to both atoms.
Covalent bond
TYPES OF KINETIC ENERGY
ELECTRICAL ENERGY, ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY, HEAT
KINETIC ENERGY
ENERGY IN ACTION
MIXTURES VS COMPOUNDS
MIXTURES: DO NOT HAVE CHEMICAL BONDING, ARE PHYSICALLY INTERMIXED, COMPONENTS CAN BE SEPERATED BY PHYSICAL MEANS, ARE HOMOGENOUS OR HETEROGENOUS COMPOUNDS: CAN BE SEPERATED ONLY BY CHEMICAL MEANS, ARE HOMOGENOUS.
COVALENT BOND
MOLECULES IN WHICH THE SHARED ELECTRONS OCCUPY A SINGLE ORBITAL COMMON TO BOTH ATOMS.
A type of covalent bond whose molecule sharing results in unequal electron pairs and has a linear symmetrical appearance.
Polar
electronegativity
Small atoms with six or seven valence shell electrons that attract electrons very strongly.
SINGLE COVALENT BOND
TWO ATOMS SHARE ONE PAIR OF ELECTRONS.
POLAR COVALENT BOND
UNEQUAL SHARING OF ELECTRONS THAT HAVE A SLIGHT NEGATIVE CHARGE AT ONE END OF THE MOLECULE AND A SLIGHTLY POSITIVE CHARGE AT THE OTHER END.
CHEMICALLY INERT/ UNREACTIVE
WHEN THE OUTERMOST ENERGEY LEVEL OF AN ATOM IS FILLED TO CAPACITY OR CONTAINS 8 ELECTRONS WHICH MAKES THE ATOM STABLE.
The atom that loses an electron.
electron donor
What are unique substances that cannot be broke down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods?
elements
When a hydrogen atom, already covalently linked to a electronegative atom, is attracted by another electronegative atom and forms a bridge.
hydrogen bond
Why does water molecules have the tendency to cling together and form films known as surface tension?
hydrogen bond
A type of covalent bond whose molecules are electrically balanced because they do not have separate positive and negative poles.
nonpolar
In this type of covalent bond the moleculealways has a specific three dimensional V shape.
nonpolar
What properties of elements can be detected with our senses or measure?
physical
Why are hydrogen bonds important to intramolecular bonds?
Hydrogen bonds hold different parts of a single large molecule in a specific three dimensional shape.
What is an energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms?
chemical bonds
Polar molecules orient themselves toward other _______ or other ______ particles.
dipoles; charged
When an atom gains one or more electron.
electron acceptor
A bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
ionic
PROTON
A PART OF AN ATOM'S NUCLEUS THAT HAS A POSITIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE.
NEUTRON
A PART OF AN ATOM'S NUCLEUS THAT HAS NO CHARGE.
SOLUTION
A TRANSPARENT MIXTURE WHOSE SOLUTES DOES NOT SETTLE OUT, DOES NOT SCATTER LIGHT, AND HAS THE SAME COMPOSTION THROUGHOUT.
ATOM
BUILDING BLOCKS THAT COMPOSE ELEMENTS THAT HAVE IDENTICAL PARTICLES.
NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND
EQUAL SHARING OF ELECTRONS WITH A CHARGE BALANCED AMONG ATOMS.
OCTET RULE/ RULE OF EIGHTS
EXCEPT FOR THE FIRST SHELL, WHICH IS FULL WHEN IT HAS TWO ELECTRONS, ATOMS INTERACT IN SUCH A WAY THAT THEY HAVE EIGHT ELECTRONS IN THE VALENCE SHELL.
COLLOID
A TRANSLUCENT MIXTURE WHOSE SOLUTES DOES NOT SETTLE OUT, DOES SCATTER LIGHT, COMPOSITION IS DISSIMILAR IN DIFFERENT AREAS, AND MAY BE ABLE TO UNDERGO SOL-GEL TRANSFORMATIONS.
ELEMENTS
A UNIQUE SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES BY ORDINARY CHEMIClAL METHODS.
MATTER
Anything that has mass and occupies space.
electropositive
Atoms with one or two valence shell electrons whose electron attracting ability is so low that they usually lose their valence shell electrons to other atoms.
A CHEMICAL BOND FORMED BETWEEN ATOMS BY TRANSFERING ONE OR MORE ELCTRONS FROM ONE ATOM TO THE OTHER.
Ionic Bond
Crystalls
Large arrays of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds
Name the three small particles that make an atom.
Proton, neutron, and electrons
ISOTOPE
STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS OF ELEMENTS THAT HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS BUT DIFFER IN THE NUMBER OF NEUTRONS THEY CONTAIN.
SOLVENT
THE SUBSTANCE IN A MIXTURE THAT IS PRESENT IN THE GREATEST AMOUNT.
SOLUTE
THE SUBSTANCE IN A MIXTURE THAT IS PRESENT IN THE SMALLER AMOUNT.
MASS NUMBER
THE SUM OF THE MASSES OF AN ATOM'S PROTONS AND NEUTRONS.
Most ionic compounds fall in the chemical category called salts. (T/F)
TRUE
COMPOUND
TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT KINDS OF ATOMS BOUND TOGETHER.
CHEMICALLY REACTIVE
When an element's outermost energy level of a valence shell is not filled with eight electrons.
What is the name of identical building blocks that make an element?
atoms
When an atom loses electrons and acquires a net positive net charge.
cation
Every element's atoms differ from those of all other elements and gives the element its unique ________ and ___________properties.
chemical and physical
A _______occurs whenever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken.
chemical reaction
In this bond the precise balance of positive and negative charge is lost.
ionic
Three major types of chemical bonds.
ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds
What is the name of a chart that provides a more complete listing of the known elements and helps to explain the properties of each element that make it react as it does with other elements?
periodic table
What type of mixture does not settle out and does not scatter light?
solution
What type of mixture is homogeneous and usually transparent?
solution
When atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule, also known as bond formation.
synthesis or combination reaction
Four recognizable pattens most chemical reactions display.
synthesis, decomposition, oxidation-reduction (Redux), or exchange reactions.