Chapter 2 APUSH n ****

(56.) The Glorious Revolution

...ID: Glorious Revolution (1688) After James II completely lost his popular support, he bore a son who was to be raised Catholic. Unfortunately, members of parliament did not wish for the heir to the throne to bring about a Catholic government and thus they invited William and Mary of Orange, monarchs of Netherland, to assume the English throne. They arrived with a small army and James II fled with no resistance to France. Significance: The Glorious Revolution was important because it changed the entire course of English history, sans any bloodshed. With the kingship of James II overthrown, the royal family cycle was truly broken, causing a rift in English royal history. Also, due to James' leave of the throne, his unpopular governors (like Sir Andros) in New England were quickly overthrown, leading to elect their own governors in a popular vote. This was important as it lead to the slow growing unrest in the colonists to remain independent. The overthrowing of James lead to the new parliamentary system being the main legislative and executive power in the government.

(55.)New York/New Amsterdam

...ID: New Amsterdam was a Dutch colony that the English heavily resented because of the Dutch smugglers who broke English shipping customs. In 1664, an English fleet sailed into the port of New Amsterdam, which was poorly defended. The Dutch governor (Peter Stuyvesant) immediately surrendered and New Amsterdam was later renamed New York after James, the Duke of York. Historical Significance: After New Amsterdam became an English colony the Duke of York did not make much of an attempt to govern the colony nor enforce Roman Catholicism. He remained largely in England and delegated power to the governor and council. Because of this, New York became highly diversified, with many different religious faiths among the people (Dutch, English, Scandinavians, Germans, French, and Africans). Because of the Duke of York's limited rule on the colony the colonists were almost self governed. British control was not eminent in the colonies, which gave them a greater sense of freedom and independence.

(37.) John Smith + Pocahontas (Powhatan Indians)

37.) John Smith + Pocahontas (Powhatan Indians) ID: • John Smith (an Englishman) was a famous world traveler and council president in Jamestown • Pocahontas (an Indian) was the daughter of the great chief, Powhatan • Smith was purportedly saved by Pocahontas (who was 11 years old) when the chief ordered him clubbed to death after being captured by the Indians and wouldn't allow her father to kill him • This occurred in the Indian area of Werowocomoco • Smith was spared and Pocahontas, years later, ended up marrying John Rolfe • Pocahontas helped preserve Jamestown and ensured that it didn't disappear like Roanoke HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: John Smith's encounter with Powhatan as well as Pocahontas showed him different things about the Indians as well as saved the extinction of a colony. First of all, Powhatan was ready to murder John Smith and thus his character would have seemed to be reckless and savage. On the other hand, when Pocahontas saved Smith, she exhibited no savageness but instead sympathy and equality. Thus maybe Smith's outlook on Indians may have changed and may have no longer considered all natives as savages. After this, Pocahontas visited the colonies, bringing food. She even became the liaison (contact or connection maintained by communications) between settlers and Indians, elevating Smith's importance among the feuding colonists. #37

(29.) House of Burgesses

HOUSE OF BURGESSES ID: In July 30, 1619, the first meeting of the House of Burgesses was held in Jamestown, Virginia. The Virginia Company wanted to create a local government for the colonists so they created the House of Burgesses. The House of Burgesses was basically modeled after the English Parliament with an assembly composed of a governor, who was elected by the company officials, the governor's council, (there were six of them elected by the governor), and the burgesses, who were representatives from around the area; and males over 17 ages of age were able to vote. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The House of Burgesses was a legislature that started out in Jamestown but was later moved to Williamsburg. There, the assembly met in the consecutive Capitol buildings. As you can see, our present-day government is very similar to the House of Burgesses. The House of Burgesses set a model of the first democratic government with a limited royal authority. It gave the colonists an idea of having its own government and being freed from the English. The House of Burgesses gave the Americans 157 years of head start in democracy. That's why when it got time to the Declaration of Independence, they were handling the democratic government quite well.

(51.) Roger Williams

ID. In the 1630's, Roger Williams was a minister who argued that the church of Massachusetts should separate from the Church of England. In addition, he argued that church and state should also separate as well. He claimed that this would protect the church from any forms of corruption. He later formed Rhode Island and allowed religious freedom. Sig Roger Williams is a significant individual because he was the first to introduce the idea that religion and government should be separated. In addition, he also introduced complete religious freedom. These two ideas remained and are currently in our present government. #51

(31)Squatter

ID: - A person who resides on a plot of land without having official ownership or legal right. - The physical act of living somewhere without having legal claims to the land. - American policy gave frontier squatters the chance to buy land that they had already settled but they were often unable to buy the land. -Squatting occurred in North Carolina when the increasing number of indentured servants led to a shortage of land (the land was taken from the Natives). Historical Significance: Squatters helped settle the land and improve it but were seldom able to legally own the land itself when the government decided to auction it off due to their lack of money. This bred general resentment for the government and added on to the frontier settler's worries. An increase in squatters also increased the tension between the Native Americans and the colonists because the squatters usually squatted on Indian territory. Squatting also shows the beginning of the American trend to push west that continues to present day.

(33) Indentured servant/"headright" system

ID: - The headright system was established in 1617 by the Virginia Company in an attempt to recruit laborers and workers to the colony and more populate Virginia; it granted 50 acres of land to new settlers and 100 acres of land to those who already lived in the colony. - Indentured servants were workers who emigrated from Britain from and served under a contract which provided them with free passage to America and 50 acres of land (from the headright system). HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The headright system and indentured servants are interrelated, as the headright system allowed indentured servants to work off their debts and ultimately become like any other settlers with land and prospects. The headright system also brought laborers -who brought their families and servants-, some of which would put together some prominent manors and settlements in the future. The indentured servants who helped populate the colonies also helped boost Virginia's economy by growing and selling tobacco, Virginia's number one crop at the time. These servants were the harbingers of future Virginia colonists.

(26.) Tobacco - John Rolfe/Sir Walter Raleigh

ID: -John Rolfe and Sir Walter Raleigh both had a hand in spreading the use of tobacco to England during the 1600's -John Rolfe experimented with the tobacco and was eventually able to produce high quality crops that were sold to buyers in England -Sir Walter Raleigh was one of the people that popularized tobacco smoking in England Historical Significance: The increased demand for tobacco in England had a profound impact on the colonies in America. Because of its great demand for large amounts of land and labor, tobacco cultivation pressured the colonists to expand. The tobacco growers began to move inland as the demand for more land grew and they soon encroached on the native's territory. Growing tobacco also required many laborers and as indentured servants became scarce and expensive, plantation owners began to search for a new means of cheap labor:slaves. Tobacco established the North American colonies as viable investments for the English, and paved the way for more settlement expeditions.

(36.)Primogeniture

ID: Primogeniture is by law or custom, of the first-born son to inherit everything after the father passes away. The second born son as a result, received nothing. The custom took place in England among families and even in almost all of the 13 original colonies. Historical Significance: The control of the inheritance allowed a father to exercise power over the male members of his family. In countries such as England, there was a primogeniture surplus and as a result there was an incentive for many individuals to move and colonize in North America. Primogeniture can create a class of poor individuals who want to seek fortune elsewhere.

(60.) Pequot War/King Phillip's War

ID: -The Pequot War took place in 1637 between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and the Pequot Indians - The war was fought over trade with the Dutch and territorial disputes -King Philip's War was fought in 1675 between the English settlers and the Wampanoag Indians -The natives thought that war was the only way to keep the English from taking even more of their land Historical Significance: The Pequot War and King Philip's War demonstrated the English settlers' need for land and their willingness to do what ever it takes to get it. It also showed how the Indians were no match to the English settlers despite huge losses on both sides. The losses that the English suffered, however, did hold them back for a while.

(42.) Visible Saints/"elect"

ID: According to Puritans, visible saints were people that God had chosen to save from damnation. In Colonial Massachusetts, only visible saints had the right to vote. The "Elect" were people who had undergone the conversion process which was confirming their relationship with God. Anne Hutchinson believed that only the "elect" should be able to hold clergy positions. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Because of the strict policies that the Massachusetts' Puritan's religion had about visible saints, Roger Williams demanded the complete separation of church and state. He was banished from Massachusetts, so he bought a strip of land that would become Rhode Island, which was the only colony that allowed complete religious freedom. The strict guidelines also caused membership to diminish, and membership was revived during the First Great Awakening. This idea that only certain people were safe from damnation contributed to freedom of religion in the United States because intolerance breeds unrest and anger.

(34.) Bacon's Rebellion

ID: Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 was a popular revolt led by Nathaniel Bacon, a member of the backcountry gentry and a former indentured servant, who attacked Jamestown after he and his followers were exiled following two unauthorized attacks on the Native Americans. Historical Significance: Bacon's Rebellion was part of the escalating struggle for land between Native Americans and the English Settlers. It revealed the bitterness between the poor farmers of West Virginia and the rich landowners of East Virginia, but most importantly showed the potential for instability in a large colony with many landless men. Bacon's Rebellion ultimately ended in failure when Bacon died suddenly of dysentery in October 1676 and the aristocrats regained power. After Bacon's Rebellion, slavery became a much more desirable option because the landowners had complete control over them and they were far less likely to revolt.

(25.) Jamestown/Virginia Company

ID: Founded on May 14, 1607, Jamestown was established on the banks of the James River, 60 miles away from the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. King James I of England granted a charter to the Virginia Company in order to colonize the area. The Virginia Company was founded as a joint stock company in order to establish colonial settlements in North America. They sent an expedition led by John Smith to create Jamestown in 1607. Historical Significance: Jamestown was the first permanent, stable English settlement in North America. Because Jamestown was successful, it provided an example of a sustainable colony to other expeditions heading to the New World. Although Jamestown had troubles early, including Indian attacks, starvation, disease, etc., the colonists found a way to feed themselves and coexist with the Indians peacefully. The establishment of tobacco plantations was also the first time tobacco was made into a cash crop for a colony. It became a major export to england and helped the colony become more profitable and prosperous. The first steps to democracy were taken when the House of Burgesses, a local council and representative legal body, was formed.

(28.) The Chesapeake as a geographic region

ID: The Chesapeake Bay is the namesake of the surrounding region that was composed of the royal colony of Virginia, along with the privately owned regions of Maryland, northern Virginia, and North Carolina. Many of the early English settlements, including Jamestown and Roanoke, were located within the Chesapeake region. Significance: The Chesapeake region served as a major hub for English charter companies who imported new immigrants from England and exported goods cultivated in the new colonies. The English settlers' adoption of Indian agricultural techniques, John Rolfe's exploitation of tobacco plants, and Nathaniel Bacon's war against the Indian population (in defiance of William Berkeley's less aggressive approach) all took place in Virginia. The Calverts founded the new colony of Maryland nearby, where fighting between Jesuit Catholics and Puritans was fierce. Overall, the Chesapeake region was the setting of many significant scenes such as the founding of new and profitable colonies, the violent conflicts between Natives and Europeans, and the first importing of African slaves.

(47.) Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

ID: The Fundamental Orders were adopted by the Connecticut Colony council on January 14, 1638/39. The orders describe the government set up by the Connecticut River towns, setting its structure and powers. Historical Significance: The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut contains some principles that were later applied in creating the United States government. Government is based in the rights of an individual, and the orders spell out some of those rights, as well as how they are ensured by the government. It provides that all free men share in electing their magistrates, and uses secret, paper ballots. It states the powers of the government, and some limits within which that power is exercised.

(44.) Congregational Church

ID: The congregational church was a form of alternative government within the church, begun by the Puritans who colonized Massachusetts and Plymouth. It was a result of the Protestant Movement, with the actual church established during the colonization of Massachusetts and continued to be shaped and refined during the course of the colony's history. Although the Congregational church did not separate from the church of England, there was little representation to the Anglican Church; each congregation was different from the next in that they chose their own ministers and ran their own church. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The congregational church began as a sub division of the Protestant movement, but was suppressed by the belief in the divine right of the king and Angelical beliefs. It would lead to an illegal emigration of England, and the creation of Massachusetts Bay Company which would allow the repressed colonists to obtain a charter under the guise of a business venture. Eventually, the need to create a free atmosphere to worship brought about the colonization of both Plymouth and Massachusetts, and would gradually evolve into a whole branch of Christianity.

(62.) Leisler's Rebellion

ID: The rebellion was lead by Jacob Leisler, a German immigrant who was excluded from New York's ruling class despite his successful career as a merchant and his marriage to a member of a prominent Dutch family. After learning of James II's deposition by William and Mary of Orange, Leisler seized the opportunity to overthrow Francis Nicholson; the lieutenant governor who favored the aristocracy over middle class artists and merchants such as Leisler himself. Leisler was the self-proclaimed Governor of New York from the initial revolt in 1689 until Leisler and his militia surrendered to English forces in 1691. Leisler and his son-in-law were hung for treason the same year. Significance: Leisler and his fellow dissidents advocated a democratic form of government that did not favor the aristocracy. This ideology was a likely precursor to the beliefs that were later held by the supporters of the American Revolution. The rebellion also served as an example of an overseas effect of the Glorious Revolution.

(41.) Town Meetings

ID: Town meetings were meetings in which they elected members of the provincial assemblies, open to nearly all free adult males. They decided who was or was not in charge of the government, similar to today's electoral colleges. Citizens were allowed to discuss prominent issues with the community and vote and work together to resolve them, meaning that a direct democracy was ensued. Historical Significance: These town meetings set up an example for the kind of system that we still use in America today (a democracy). The town meetings, equivalent of the electoral colleges, voted for who the thought the best candidate for governing certain provinces. Even with most free males eligible, only a small group took over the government. Who they voted for depended on the person's status and social prestige. That meant for different areas, whoever they thought to be most influential were assigned the role of provincial governor. Town meetings were a very integral part of the culture of New England since it allowed to govern themselves however they wanted without the influence of actual England. It led to the thought of democracy in New England since it meant the society in the colonies was now stable enough to to create its own principles and rules in order to take care of themselves. Due to the fact that most white males had to the opportunity to vote for their beliefs, it was inevitably a direct democracy. This new maturity gave the colonies a taste of freedom, leading to their want of liberty and ultimately the American Revolution.

(32.) Restoration

ID: What: The Restoration, English Civil War of 1642 Who: The English and Charles I (monarch) When: 1632-1662 (30 years) Where: England Why: absolute monarchy by Charles I and internal national struggles, English fear that Charles I would re-install Catholicism Historical Significance: Prior to England's Restoration, the nation was unable to proceed with their colonization progress because of Charles I's disregard for the Parliament, which led him to form a complete monarchy. The public's response to fight the English Civil War in 1642 illustrates the power of the Puritans, who were the main supporters of the Parliament. Because the Roundheads (supporters of the Parliament) were able to defeat the supporters of the king in 1649, the public was able to exonerate themselves from Charles I's absolute rule. After Charles I was beheaded, Oliver Cromwell took over as the Lord Protector. Eventually, the throne was restored into Charles II's hands (the son of Charles I). The Restoration granted the English the ability to colonize once again. Their new freedom led to new colony charters for Carolina (soon to be separated), New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and thus, they expanded the size of the colonized land. The new colonies were products of the Restoration. #32

(58.) Plymouth Colony

ID: A group of Separatists, wanting to worship Puritanism freely, moved to Holland. They later realized this wouldn't work and moved again across the Atlantic. In 1620 they left the port of Plymouth on the Mayflower. Two months later, they landed on Cape Cod and named the area Plymouth and signed Mayflower Compact- a document that governed them. The Plymouth Colony had a rough first winter but survived with the help of the natives. As for government, they elected William Bradford and with the help of the natives and each other, the pilgrims created a very successful English colony in the New World. Historical Significance: The Plymouth Colony was historically important because it persuaded other English pioneers to cross the atlantic and claim glory for their nation. It also showed people that it was possible to create a successful colony in the New World.

(38.) James Oglethorpe

ID: James Oglethorpe was a member of the English Parliament and a previous war hero, who came to the New World to found the colony of Georgia in 1733, to which he became governor. Oglethorpe and his trustees had mostly military and philanthropic motives for founding Georgia, such as building a military barrier against the Spanish settlements to deal with border disputes and providing a new life for the impoverished from England as well as a refuge for the individuals imprisoned for debt in England as well. Significance: Oglethorpe's image of Georgia failed to become a reality, as his policies were too harsh for the settlers to comply with. Size of landholdings was small, as he wished the colony to be compact and easier to defend from the Spanish and natives. Oglethorpe feared slave labor due to its potential to cause internal revolt. Rum was outlawed for its potential of abuse, trade was strictly regulated with natives, and all Catholics were forbidden to settle in Georgia for fear of the possible association with the Catholic Spanish. Oglethorpe demonstrated the plight of a strictly regulated settlement, in which opposition to near absolute rule called for major reform in social and political areas. This call justified the power of influence for the settlers to change their government, as Oglethorpe eventually became disillusioned by military loss and failure of economic growth in Georgia. As the colony was given over to royal control in 1751, permission to establish a representative assembly was granted.

(50.)John Winthrop

ID: John Winthrop was a wealthy, university-educated Puritan who helped organize the migration of hundreds of Puritans to New England, the North-Eastern area of the United States in 1630; establishing the Massachusetts Bay Company. As shown in Winthrop's document "City Upon a Hill", Winthrop was trying to create the "ideal" society, one that would be a model for others to come. He was elected governor by the colonists a total of 12 times however, he himself was actually banished from the colony. Significance: The New England area eventually became the states of NH, MA, RI, CT, NJ, and VT; five of the thirteen colonies. Without John Winthrop's forceful character and his strong beliefs, the colonies in this area may never have succeeded. "City Upon a Hill" unified the colony preventing it from breaking into small factions. P.S. There are 6 states listed for a reason

(49.) William Bradford

ID: William Bradford was the leader and historian of the Pilgrims who traveled to the Americas in September 1620 as a result of persecution of Separatists in England. He and the pilgrims sought a haven away from the prejudice and unfair treatment towards them. Historical Significance: William Bradford was elected again and again as the governor of the "Plymouth Plantation" by the Pilgrims that settled there. He also helped by persuading the Council of England to give the Pilgrims legal permission to permanently live in Plymouth Rock. With profits gained from the fur trade, Bradford helped pay the debt the Pilgrims owed to the English merchants who had helped fund their expedition. Through his motivation of serving God and living for him, Bradford helped the Pilgrims persevere and establish a stabile colony. This successful colony helped light the hope in other people that other colonies may thrive and flourish as well.

(43) Blue Laws

ID: • Religious colonists, more specifically the Christians and Puritans, created and followed the Blue Laws • A law passed in the colonies which prohibited certain activities from occurring on Sundays in observance of the Sabbath, such as buying liquor, traveling, etc. • The first blue law was passed in 1617 • Originated in Virginia and spread throughout the colonies • Devout Christians believed that no profane action should be carried out on the Lord's day, and thus passed the Blue Laws Historical Significance In some states, such as Georgia and Indiana, blue laws are still carried out on Sundays. Many states and counties are reconsidering this law because the closing of stores and reduction of sales in products such as liquor has a negative impact on the amount of money the store generates (influences the state's economy as a whole). The people's compliance with the laws for hundreds of years after it was passed gives insight into the amount of power religion had over the original colonists and the people today.

(35) Joint Stock

ID: A joint stock company is a type of corporation that consists of two or people that has capital funds and were usually divided into shares between the owners. The Virginia Company was a joint stock company that sold additional capital by selling stocks to people who would remain in England and share in future profits. Historical Significance: The joint stock company is an ancestor to the current stock market. The joint stock company made it possible for the colonization and settlement of America. The joint stock company also attracted new settlers to Virginia for poorer people who would be in unison to serve for the company for seven years.

(30.) Act of Toleration (1649)

ID: Act of Toleration is also called Act Concerning Religion. Because there was so much tension between the Catholics and the Protestants in the region of Maryland, Calvert, the governor, sent a draft of the an Act Concerning Religion from England to assure religious freedom for all Christians (must believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ), but it did not apply for any other religions (ex. Jews). However in 1655, there was a civil war and the Act of Toleration was repealed. Historical Significance: It was one of the precedents of the First Amendment. (Freedom of Religion) It also influenced other colonies in the New World to also have some kind of religious tolerance.

(52.) Anne Hutchinson

ID: Anne Hutchinson was a pioneer settler in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Netherlands. She was baptized in 1591 and died in 1643. She led America to a more religious-tolerant state. She fought for religious freedom. She was also a woman's rights activist in the colonies. Significance: Anne Hutchinson came to America in 1634 for religious freedom. She wanted the freedom to interpret Christianity in her own way. She was also an equal rights activist and wanted equality for women in the colonies. Her radicalism caused the society to see her has "worker of the devil." She was seen as out of place and was banished from the colonies in 1637. Her activist acts and fight for religious freedom was the first step in freeing America.

(27.) Barbados Slave Codes

ID: Barbados Slave Codes were a set of laws that were passed by the British government on in Barbados in 1661. It established the fact that slaves were the property of their masters. Historical Significance: The Barbados Slave codes were established because of the demand for labour-intensive work in the colonies. Slaves were able to adapt to the environment (something that immigrant English settlers weren't able to do because of the difference in climate). Sugar, a crop that requires substantial amount of labour, did not appeal to English settlers as a right direction to go in... the perfect people to do these types of work were slaves. These slave codes were very specific in what the slave's rights were. They did not permit slaves to marry, strike a white person, assemble, or own property. Those who broke the code could be either severely punished or put to death. As a result, there were many revolts, none of which succeeded. The slave codes also set the stage for the American Civil War 200 years later.

(61.) Restoration Colonies

ID: Basically, these were colonies that were proprietary. They were handed out by the British government to certain people as rewards. These colonies were "privately owned". Their "owners" would try to get people to settle them by offering free land, or by other means. Historical Significance: These colonies, when controlled by certain people or companies, gained a significant amount of people. Some colonies, like Pennsylvania and Carolina offered citizens religious freedom if they migrated to the states. These helped England get a firm grasp on the new North American territories before all of them are eventually retaken by the government. Because these territories were "privately owned" and given all rights, people who lived in these colonies got accustomed to having a say in the British government. This would lead to trouble later as Britain would impose taxes (1763) on the colonies without first considering the colonies' opinions.

(40) Predestination

ID: Not to be confused by fate (fate has no association with God), predestination is the belief that God decided people to be either saved or sent to Hell before they were born. John Calvin, the founder of Calvinism, introduced the idea in sixteenth century Europe. Historical Significance: Although predestination meant that people could not change whether or not they went to Heaven, Calvinism supported the idea that people could discover their destinies through being faithful and productive Christians. Calvinists moved to the New World in search of a place to worship properly. Their settlements in Massachusetts and Rhode Island were the centers of religious and political controversy (e.g. Williams' separation of church and state). In fact, Anne Hutchinson created such an uproar over the idea that predestination does not exist that the Church limited women's rights even more.

(53.) New English Confederation vs. Dominion of New England

ID: The New English Confederation was a united body of colonies including MBC, Plymouth, Connecticut and New Haven, that was founded in 1643 in response to the Pequot, a native tribe, War. It was an exclusively Puritan group used for defense from others. It was tested in King Philip's War in which they had a bloody fight with the Wampanoag and won. Unlike the New English Confederation, The Dominion of New England was organized by the English powers. Charles II clamped down on the NEC and James I appointed Sir Andros to rule in 1686. This time, it included all colonies from Nova Scotia to the Delaware River under one government. Sir Andros was Anglican and had harsh laws. The DNE believed in mercantilism, but also had the same idea of colonial defense and the NEC. Eventually, the members of the DEC's unrest lead to its collapse. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The New English Confederation was the first achievement to colonial unity. It created a sense of togetherness for the different colonies that would eventually lead to the uniting of the 13 colonies and the creation of the United States. The Dominion of New England, however, forcefully united the entire area and brought about the idea taking the government into one's own hand when one is displeased. The colonists were unhappy about taxation with representation, a key theme, and eventually created the "First American Revolution".

(45.) Puritan vs. Pilgrim

ID: The Puritans were also known as "Separatists", and they desired ability to worship as they chose, instead of following the Church of England. Essentially, even though some Puritans did not become "Separatists", each one's goal was the same - to modify the current status (at that time) of the religion in their country. Pilgrims were essentially Separatists too, but they did not focus on religion as opposed to the Puritans. Historical Significance: Puritan or Pilgrim, the Separatist group wanted to leave England some way or another. Although religious motives were the reason behind one and non-religious motives were behind another, both the Puritans and Pilgrims were one of the earliest English settlers in the New World.

(54.) William Penn and PA

ID: The Quakers like many other religion moved to America to escape religious persecution. They were unwanted in RI so they moved on to NC where they soon grew influential, but the Quakers wanted a place of their own. With the help of the rich William Penn, who was a Quaker he got the colony of PA. William received this colony after his father died the king paid off his debt to him but giving him the area that is now PA. Penn respected the Indians and vice versa, he did not want to take land away from them so he repaid them. Pressure from the residents in 1690s resulted in the creation of the Charter of Liberties with allowed colonist to have assemblies-resulted in the separated colony Delaware. Sig:They soon learned that the English crown could no longer force their religion of choice on them, if they did not want to conform to what England wanted they could just leave. And with that confidence the colonist started to stand up for themselves. Also the creation Charter of Liberties gave the colonist confidence. The colonist wanted a change in their government so they push for it, and it soon happened. Success in PA and later pushed the colonist to gain independence from the British.

(48.) Quakers

ID: They were followers of the preachings of George Fox and Margaret Fell. Their teachings were radically distinct from that of the Puritans. They believed in an "inner light," which led people on the path of righteousness. They were also different in that they treated women very similarly to the way they treated the men. Both women and men could become preachers. They had no church government, and instead met occasionally in groups of representatives from different congregations. They were non-violent and refused to partake in wars. Because of these beliefs, they were extremely unpopular and ostracized, and eventually looked for religious freedom in the New World. Their problem of obtaining their own colony was solved when William Penn, the son of an admiral in the Royal Navy, became interested in the religion. He eventually found New Jersey and soon moved the Quakers to the territory. Significance: The Quakers were significant in several ways. It was because of their desire to find another site to practice their religion that Pennsylvania came to exist. Also, they treated women almost as equals. Women were given much of the same rights that men were inside of the church. The partnership of Fell and Fox is also relevant in that they created a co-ed equal companionship in a time when that was highly unusual. They also believed in equality for each gender and class and treated everyone the same despite one's social standings.

(57.)Proprietary vs. Royal colony vs. Charter Colony

ID: Three classes of colonial government in British colonies. A proprietary colony is when private land owners gain privilege of rights that are normally privileges of the state. The proprietary colonies were North Carolina, South Carolina, Deleware, Maryland, Maine, New Hampshire, New York and Pennsylvania. A royal colony is a colony ruled by a King or Queen that does not live there. So if Virginia was ruled by a King, he would be living in Maryland for example. The royal colonies were Virginia, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Carolina and South Carolina. A Charter Colony is a grant from the supreme authority specifying the rights of citizens so they were able to gain privilege rights of the state.The charter colonies were Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts Bay. Depending on which type of colony they were, each colony would evolve differently. SIG: These were in affect during the peak of the British government. These were important to the people living in those colonies because they wanted their own privileges which those types of government would give them.

(39.) Lord Baltimore

ID:Cecilius Calvert, or the 2nd Lord Baltimore, was given the province of Maryland in 1632. The vision of colonization was his father's- the first Lord Baltimore, George Calvert, wanted to make a retreat for English Catholics and to use the colony as a venture in real estate. However, George Calvert did not live long enough to receive the charter, but Cecilius did. He was the Maryland colony's proprietor, and the city of Baltimore is obviously named in his honor. Significance: Baltimore received a remarkable charter- the king had given him true and absolute power as lords and proprietors. This was a first, as it allowed an individual to rule over a land (as opposed to a trading company). Essentially, Baltimore acted for the king. He sent his brother to manage the colony, and the Calverts befriended the natives, preventing Indian assaults. Baltimore's family also had a policy of religious toleration, as non-Catholic Christians were in the majority. (Essentially, Baltimore is important because, despite having such power, he didn't abuse it, and was generally kind to natives AND other religious groups. This was rare during the colonial period.)

(59.) Massachusetts Bay Colony

ID:The Massachusetts Bay Colony was created by a group of Puritans from England. Looking to escape religious persecution under the new reign of Charles I, they acquired a charter and landed in June of 1629. Led by Governor John Winthrop, they settled in most of the area that is now Massachusetts and New Hampshire. These Puritans were also looking to establish a profitable enterprise and use the abundance of resources in the New World. Historical Significance: The Massachusetts Bay Colony was another successful colony in the New World. It began to absorb many other colonies (including the Plymouth Colony) as it grew larger. It was a safe refuge for Puritans and also was economically stable. There was a representative government in place with Puritans in charge. The charter of the colony was eventually revoked due to the growth of the colony. The King saw the colony as a large influence and to prevent any insubordination, made them a royal colony. It eventually consisted of a large faction of colonists that resisted British rule later in time.

(46.) Mayflower Compact

The Mayflower Compact (November 11, 1620) was written to prevent the crown from dislocating the Pilgrims because they had landed in the wrong location, which was in Massachusetts compared to their chartered land, Virginia. It also was a social contract which set the rules of how the residents were to act and follow instructions in order to survive. Sig: This was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony, and stated that the residents would behave in a way that would allow the colony to survive and thrive, and would defend their home from anyone, including the crown. By doing this, the colony was able to successfully survive until 1691 when they were annexed by the Massachusets Bay Colony.