Chapter 2: Beginnings of English America (1607-1660)

What led to the Jamestown Uprising of 1622?

*Powhatan Indians allied with neighboring tribes and killed 1/4 of the Jamestown population because of the continued encroachment of English colonies onto native lands* unsuccessful!!! shifted the balance of power in the colony and surviving 900 colonists organized themselves into military bands, which then massacred scores of Indians and devastated their villages

The establishment of Virginia and Maryland shared many similarities and also some notable differences. Identify the characteristics that corresponded to either Virginia, Maryland, or both settlements.

*Virginia:* -settlement was established by a company of investors *Maryland:* -people of Catholic faith could find refuge and were encouraged to settle here -indentured servants were more likely to become landowners *Both:* -indentured servants were relied upon for the majority of labor in the early years -tobacco was the leading cash crop -the headright system was in place -conditions were unhealthy, leading to a high death rate for adults and children

There were many demographic differences when looking at the early settlers of Virginia and those who settled in Massachusetts. Identify the characteristics of the two colonial settlements.

*Virginia:* -tobacco was the most common cash crop -House of Burgesses was the first body of government -the majority of the population was single men *Massachusetts:* -population was healthier due to the climate -family farms produced a diverse array of crops along with fish and timber -the majority of the population consisted of families

What was the Pequot War?

*caused the massacre of the tribe for their actions against a fur trader and as a result, all remaining members of the tribe were killed or sold into slavery* the final treaty that ended the conflict stated that as punishment, the tribes name would be wiped from historical record *the destruction of one of the regions most powerful Indian groups opened the Connecticut River valley to rapid white settlement and persuaded other Indians that the newcomers possessed a power that could not be resisted*

Why was land ownership so important to English settlers?

*gave men control over their own labor and gave them men the right to vote in most colonies* DID NOT guarantee a position in the government or give men the ability to control Indians living on their lands (turned to slaves)

Maryland in the 1640s verged on total anarchy. Describe the Act Concerning Religion (or Maryland Toleration Act) and its impact on society at that time.

*guaranteed all Christians the "free exercise" of religion, institutionalizing the principle of religious toleration* that had been applied since the colony's beginning law was a milestone in the history of religious freedom in colonial America *the act did not establish religious toleration and liberty in the sense we know it today, as people who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ were punished*

What were the criticisms of the church and the King of England that resulted in the banishment of Roger William's from the colony of Massachusetts?

*he was critical of the King of England for taking land from the natives without payment* and sought to treat the Indians with justice; argued that no town should be established before its site had been purchased *believed in the separation of the church and the state,* offering new ideas on religious liberty *believed in religious toleration* and denied that God had signaled any group as a special "favorite" and that the Puritans were not the only group for salvation

What was the Great Migration and what sort of impact did it have on New England?

*involved the emigration of Puritans from England to Massachusetts between 1629-1640s* *created the foundation for a stable and thriving society in Massachusetts* -most settlers arrived as families, 1/4 of settlers were servants -unlike other colonies where men outnumbered women, the family provided a stable foundation for growth *people came for many reasons, including the desire to escape religious persecution, anxiety about the future of England, and the prospect of economic betterment*

What was the enclosure movement?

*landlords displacing small farmers from their lands and fencing in their holdings to keep commoners away* in the 16th and 17th centuries landlords sought profits by raising sheep for the expanding trade of wool and introduced more modern farming practices such as crop rotation while many landlords, farmers and town merchants benefited from the enclosure movement, thousands of persons were uprooted from the land and many flooded into England's cities, where wages fell dramatically

Describe 17th century society in terms of freedom.

*peoples ideas of liberty varied enormously depending on their status in society* *settlers lived on a "spectrum" of freedom that encompassed a wide variety of different kinds of freedom* -those "fully" free were landowners, planters, merchants, lawyers, and prosperous people; enjoyed all the political rights (right to vote and right to hold offices) as long as they were protestant; full members of the political society -at the other end were slaves (slavery at its very beginning at start of 17th century) who were deprived of all of his rights

Anne Hutchinson and John Cotton were denounced for Antinomianism (putting their own judgment or faith above the teachings of the church). What was the significance of Anne Hutchinson in terms of the regions religious culture?

*she showed other interpretations of the Bible and critiqued preachers* (although religious tolerance as a concept would not take root in the colonies for many years) *demonstrated how Puritan belief in each individuals ability to interpret the Bible could lead to criticism of the establishment*

How were promotional images used in the 1600s?

*suggested the New World was rich with natural resources*, demonstrating how promotional materials were used to encourage people to emigrate seemed to promise emigrants the chance to live a better, more prosperous life when in reality the New World had its own challenges

The Magna Carta was written in 1215, but by 1600 it was being interpreted very differently than its original intention. What was the main issue at the heart of this new interpretation?

*the interpretation that all Englishmen had rights and freedoms* Magna Carta was originally established to bring peace to conflicts by promising a series of "liberties" to "all the free men of our realm"

England had many internal problems that caused both a civil war and persecution throughout the 1500s. What was the primary conflict during this time?

*the struggle to unify the country under one church* Henry severed the nation from the Catholic Church and established the Church of England (Anglican Church) with himself as the head....lead to decades of religious strife

Describe Oliver Cromwell and his policy of colonial expansion

*undertook an aggressive policy of colonial expansion, extending English control over Ireland and Jamaica* along with the *promotion of Protestantism* army forcibly extended English control over Ireland, massacring civilians, banging the public practice of Catholicism, and seizing land owned by Catholics He was an *English ruler who assumed power after the execution of Charles I*

The idea of freedom suddenly took on new and expanded meanings between 1640 and 1660. Who were the Levellers and what were their contributions to the expanded idea of freedom during this time?

*was the first democratic political movement that proposed a written constitution, which proposed to abolish the monarchy and expand the right to vote* offered a glimpse of the modern definition of freedom as a universal entitlement based on equal rights, not a function of social class

What were the goods and ideas that the Natives shared with English colonial groups?

-fur and animal skins -native farming techniques -free, uncultivated land

Describe English colonization in chronological order.

1) *Hakluyt wrote 'A Discourse Concerning Western Planting' arguing that Queen Elizabeth I should support colonies of the New World* -convinced Queen Elizabeth to colonize the New world -requested to be written by Sir Walter Raleigh 2) *Roanoke Island was settled but ultimately failed due to lack of planning* -settled by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585 -disappearance of this settlement indicated that in order to establish a successful colony, more planning and economic resources than any individual could provide would be required 3) *Jamestown, Virginia, was established in hopes of turning a quick profit but ultimately faced numerous challenges* -colony's leadership changed repeatedly, its inhabitants suffered a very high death rate, and with the company seeking quick profit, supplies from England provided were inadequate

Traders, religious missionaries and colonial authorities all sought to reshape Indian society and culture. Describe the recurrent warfare that occurred between the colonists and Indians.

Colonists frequently forced out Indians, and then settled on the land that they had cleared. The conflicts resulted in feelings of superiority from the colonists and further encouraged the creation of boundaries between the two cultures

In 17th century England, working for wages was widely associated with servility and loss of liberty. Only those who controlled their own labor could be regarded as truly free. Based on this understanding, which type of worker would claim the most personal liberty and freedom?

Farmers by controlling his own land, a farmer was economically independent (one of the draws to the New World)

Colonial English women were defined by their legal status as "feme covert" (married) or "feme sole" (single). Identify the unique privileges feme sole women enjoyed.

Feme sole women could own land and could make contracts/ conduct businesses

What was the first college established in the English colonies?

Harvard established in 1636 to train an educated ministry

What was the significance of the headright system and the House of Burgesses to the development of Virginia?

In order to attract more settlers, the Virginia Company introduced *the headright system* that awarded land to individuals who paid for their passage or other peoples passage to the New World *The House of Burgesses* was the first elected assembly in colonial America, and it was established in place of the governor's militaristic regime

Who were indentured servants and what were some of the conditions under which they lived?

Indentured servants were English settlers (men and women from Europe) who signed a labor contract in order to pay their way to the New World could be bought and sold like slaves, and their obligations to labor were enforced by the court much like slaves, indentured servants were subjected to forced labor and brutal treatment. Unlike slaves, after completing their contracted work obligations, they received "freedom dues" and became members of society

What subtle changes took place in Indian life as they became integrated into the Atlantic economy?

Indians adopted English-made attire and products, including those made of metal although settlers tried to impose their way of life on the Indians, the Indians did maintain their cultural identities and practices

What was the first permanently settled English colony?

Jamestown

John Smith was one of the first leaders of the ___________________. He applied the same strict __________ he learned from his military background to the rule of the colony. For example, he imposed ________________ on company land in order to produce enough food to feed the colony. After being injured, he was replaced by a successor who continued his strong leadership.

John Smith was one of the first leaders of the *Jamestown colony.* He applied the same strict *discipline* he learned from his military background to the rule of the colony. For example, he imposed *forced labor* on company land in order to produce enough food to feed the colony. After being injured, he was replaced by a successor who continued his strong leadership.

Describe English settlements in New England, ca. 1640.

Massachusetts was the largest settlement, extending along the coast from the present-day state of Maine to Massachusetts settlements didnt spread farther west than the Hudson River at this time the Connecticut settlement spread along the Connecticut River and Thames Rivers

Why does Winthrop consider "natural" liberty dangerous?

Natural liberty doesnt obey authority; instead it acts on its own will, and as such, has the potential to lead men to evil

Who were the Puritans?

Puritanism *came out of rejection of Catholicism and the search for Protestantism*. they *encouraged individuals to read the Bible for themselves* rather than rely on sacraments and formulaic prayers administered by priests. Puritans considered themselves to be true Protestants. Although they deemed women the spiritual equals of men, they were still required to obey men's will (a mans position as head of his family was thought to replicate God's authority in spiritual matters and the authority of the government in the secular realm)

"Moral Liberty" was critical to the personal and governed lives of Puritans in Massachusetts. Describe the limits to personal freedom that accompanied this "moral liberty."

Puritans had to subject themselves to authority, which included their personal freedoms being regulated by the church and God "Moral liberty" was an idea of John Winthrop's, the colony governor who believed that if one didnt follow authority, anarchy was sure to follow

True or false... Tobacco became Virginia's substitute for gold.

TRUE! Tobacco played a transformative role in the colonies. Both the crown and colonial planters grew rich from the sales of tobacco to the ever-expanding mass market in Europe

True or False.... As a result of the struggle over English liberties, the definition of freedom was greatly expanded both in England and English North America.

TRUE! by 1600, the traditional definition of "liberties" as a set of privileges confined to one or another social group still persisted, but alongside it had arisen the idea that certain "rights of Englishmen" applied to all within the kingdom

Pocahontas

adopted English dress after her marriage to John Rolfe after her Christian conversion, her name was changed to Rebecca during her trip to England, she was a symbol of Anglo-Indian harmony and missionary success

What was John Winthrop's belief about the concept of liberty?

distinguished sharply between "natural" liberty, or acting without restraint, and a genuine "moral" liberty, or a liberty to that only which is good *was the first governor of Massachusetts* *believed that true freedom required individuals to submit to both religious and secular authorities*

Rather than seeking to absorb the Irish into English society in the 17th century, what did the English do?

excluded the native population from a territory of settlement (Pale) where the colonists created their own social order In subduing Ireland, whose Catholic population was deemed a threat to the stability of Protestant rule in England, *the government employed a variety of approaches including military conquest, the slaughter of civilians, the seizure of land, and the introduction of English economic practices and the dispatch of large numbers of settlers* *DID NOT attempt to subdue the Irish into society*

What was characteristic of typical Puritan families?

had large families, as a substantial part of a women's life was devoted to giving birth and raising children the typical New England woman gave birth 7 times and because New England was a much healthier environment than the Chesapeake, more children survived infancy

By the 1660s and 1670s, ministers were regularly castigating the people for selfishness, manifestations of pride, violations of the Sabbath, and a "great backsliding" from the colony's original purposes. What were the "jeremiads" and how did ministers use them to influence the actions of settlers?

jeremiads were *warnings* issued by ministers for violations of the church's teaching included interpretations of social and environmental issues (like failed crops and disease) as God's disapproval

What were the rights and responsibilities of people living in Massachusetts as outlined in the Body of Liberties?

slavery was allowed liberties were viewed as privileges connected to ones place in the social order a separate list of rights and restrictions existed for those who were "dependent" on others, including women, children and servants

What was Lord Calvert's vision for the establishment of Maryland?

wanted Maryland to be a refuge for Catholics that were persecuted in England, and hoped that here Protestants and Catholics could live in a harmony unknown from Europe was the son of one of King Charles I's favorites and wanted to create a feudal system in Maryland He was the proprieter, and imagined landowners in Maryland to pay him for living in the colony