Chapter 2 ECON testbanks

14) The basic coordinating mechanism in a free market system is A) quantity. B) price. C) a central government authority. D) the corporation.

B

15) Refer to Table 2.1. For Mark, the opportunity cost of writing six TV commercials is poems made. A) 2 B) 18 C) 24 D) an indeterminate number of

B

19) Someone has a comparative advantage in producing a good if they can produce that good A) in greater quantities. B) at a lower opportunity cost. C) using more capital and less labor. D) without sunk costs.

B

2) An economy in which individual people and firms pursue their own self-interest without any central direction or regulation is a(n) A) command economy. B) laissez-faire economy. C) invisible-hand economy. D) private-sector economy.

B

11) Refer to Table 2.1. For Krystal, the opportunity cost of writing one TV commercial is A) 1/4 of a poem. B) 2 poems. C) 4 poems. D) 6 poems.

C

12) Refer to Table 2.1. For Mark, the opportunity cost of writing one TV commercial is A) 1/3 of a poem. B) 2 poems. C) 3 poems. D) 8 poems.

C

15) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) In a free market system, the basic economic questions are answered without the help of a central government plan or directive. B) Individuals guided by their own-self interest will produce products and services that other people want. C) The basic coordinating mechanism in a free market system is quantity adjustments toward equilibrium. D) In a free market system, competition forces firms to adopt efficient production techniques.

C

16) Refer to Table 2.1. For Krystal, the opportunity cost of writing four TV commercials is poems. A) 2 B) 8 C) 16 D) 32

C

2) The process by which resources are transformed into useful forms is A) capitalization. B) consumption. C) production. D) allocation.

C

9) Comparative advantage refers to the ability to produce at a lower opportunity cost than a competitor.

TRUE

17) According to the theory of comparative advantage, raise(s) productivity by lowering opportunity costs. A) trade and specialization B) investment in capital goods C) economic growth D) exchange and consumption

A

20) If someone has a comparative advantage in growing pineapples, A) they can grow pineapples at a lower opportunity cost than other pineapple growers. B) they also have an absolute advantage in growing pineapples. C) they can grow more pineapples using the same resources than other pineapple growers. D) pineapples are the only product they can grow.

A

32) Refer to Figure 2.1. The shape of Macrolandʹs production possibility frontier shows A) increasing opportunity costs. B) constant opportunity costs. C) decreasing opportunity costs. D) random opportunity costs.

A

35) Refer to Figure 2.2. Microland is currently operating at Point B. You correctly deduce that A) in Microland all resources are fully employed and there are no production inefficiencies. B) Microland has achieved a position of inefficiency. C) Microland has recently experienced some type of technological breakthrough. D) Microland has overcome the problem of scarcity.

A

10) According to the theory of comparative advantage, specialization and free trade will benefit A) only that trading party that has both an absolute advantage and a comparative advantage in the production of all goods. B) all trading parties, even when some are absolutely more efficient producers than others. C) only that trading party that has an absolute advantage in the production of all goods. D) only that trading party that has a comparative advantage in the production of all goods.

B

11) The amount that households have accumulated out of past income through saving and inheritance is A) future income. B) wealth. C) consumption. D) past income.

B

14) Refer to Table 2.1. To maximize total production, A) Krystal should specialize in writing TV commercials and Mark should specialize in writing poems. B) Mark should specialize in writing TV commercials and Krystal should specialize in writing poems. C) Krystal and Mark should both split their time between writing poems and writing TV commercials. D) Krystal should write poems and write TV commercials, but Mark should only write poems.

B

25) Because resources are scarce, the opportunity cost of investment in capital is A) zero. B) forgone future consumption. C) forgone present consumption. D) infinite.

C

34) Refer to Figure 2.2. Point B represents a situation of A) full employment but production inefficiency. B) less than full employment but production efficiency. C) both full resource employment and production efficiency. D) less than full employment and production inefficiency.

C

4) Which of the following is NOT a resource as the term is used by economists? A) land B) labor C) buildings D) money

D

37) Production inefficiency occurs A) only when an economy produces underneath its production possibility frontier. B) only when an economy produces at the wrong point on the production possibility frontier. C) either when an economy produces underneath the production possibility frontier or when the economy is producing the wrong combination of goods on the production possibility frontier. D) only when the economy produces outside the production possibility frontier.

A

40) Suppose an economy produces hybrid engines and solar panels in perfectly competitive industries. The economy is currently operating at a point on its ppf. If a single firm gains control over the production of solar panels, which of the following is most likely to happen? A) The economy will move to a less-desirable point on the ppf. B) The economyʹs ppf will shift inward. C) The economy will now be able to produce at a point outside its ppf. D) The economyʹs ppf will shift outward, but the maximum number of solar panels will remain the same.

A

42) The marginal rate of transformation is the A) slope of the production possibility frontier. B) dollar value of the best forgone alternative. C) process of using resources to produce new capital. D) transformation of resources into a form that is useful to people.

A

44) Refer to Figure 2.3. Assume that in this society the opportunity cost of sailboats in terms of surfboards is increasing. A graph of this societyʹs production possibility frontier will be represented by A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D.

A

45) Refer to Figure 2.3. The law of opportunity costs is best depicted by the production possibilities frontier in panel A. A) increasing B) constant C) decreasing D) zero

A

50) According to Figure 2.4, the point where only hybrid cars are produced is A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D.

A

53) According to Figure 2.4, as the economy moves from Point E to Point A, the opportunity cost of hybrid cars, measured in terms of motorcycles, A) increases. B) decreases. C) remains constant. D) initially increases, then decreases.

A

6) In a laissez-faire economy what gets produced, how it is produced, and who gets it. A) the behavior of buyers and sellers determines B) the central government authority determines C) firms but not consumers determine D) consumers but not firms determine

A

60) As you move down the production possibility frontier, the absolute value of the marginal rate of transformation A) increases. B) decreases. C) initially increases, then decreases. D) initially decreases, then increases.

A

72) An improvement in technology will cause the A) production possibility frontier to shift outward. B) production possibility frontier to shift inward. C) economy to move down the production possibility frontier. D) economy to move closer to its production possibility frontier.

A

75) An economy produces capital goods and consumer goods. This economy is operating at a point on its production possibility frontier associated with a small amount of capital goods and a large amount of consumer goods. This is most likely to be a A) ʺpoorʺ country because such a nation has difficulty devoting many resources to the production of capital goods. B) ʺrichʺ country because such a nation can afford to sacrifice. C) country with a free market. D) country with a command economy.

A

77) Related to the Economics in Practice on p. 28: Which one of the following occurs when an individual enters the paid work force? A) The opportunity cost of time for housework increases, because time spent on housework could be spent on money-earning activities. B) The opportunity cost of time for housework increases, because money earned at a job can allow individuals to pay someone to do household chores that the individuals used to do themselves. C) The opportunity cost of time for housework decreases, because increased earning power makes individuals less likely to do their own housework. D) The opportunity cost of time for housework decreases, because as more people enter the work force, businesses have greater incentives to develop innovations that make housework more efficient.

A

21) Which of the following does NOT constitute an act of ʺinvestmentʺ as economists use the term? A) The city council authorizes the construction of a new fire station. B) A retiree buys 50 shares of stock at $10 a share and then sells the stock at a profit for $20 a share. C) An accountant attends a seminar on changes in the federal tax code. D) A department store increases its inventory of football jerseys before the Super Bowl.

B

22) In economics, investment always refers to A) the act of buying stocks or bonds. B) the creation of capital. C) increasing the quantity of labor. D) an increase in per capita output.

B

23) The process of using resources to produce new capital is A) research and development. B) investment. C) consumption. D) economic growth.

B

24) An example of forgoing present benefits in order to receive future benefits is A) production. B) saving. C) consumption. D) growth.

B

28) If the unemployment rate increases from 10% to 14%, the economy will A) move closer to a point on the ppf. B) move away from the ppf toward the origin. C) remain on the ppf. D) remain on the origin.

B

29) Periods of less than full employment correspond to A) points outside the ppf. B) points underneath the ppf. C) points on the ppf. D) either points inside or outside the ppf.

B

3) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Many planned economies have not fared very well in recent years; many of these economies have almost completely collapsed. B) Command economies operate the most efficiently because the government makes all the production decisions. C) In command economies consumers still exercise choice. D) In a command economy the government answers the questions of what to produce, how to produce it, and how to distribute it.

B

30) Refer to Figure 2.1. Macroland is currently operating at Point A. The best explanation for this is that A) the economy has very poor technology. B) the economyʹs resources are being used inefficiently. C) the economy has very few resources. D) the economy operates as an efficient market.

B

33) The production possibility frontier is used to illustrate the concept of A) the laissez-faire economy. B) opportunity costs. C) equilibrium. D) aggregate demand.

B

38) An economy that is producing on the production possibility frontier at some point other than the output of efficient allocation is A) efficient, as it is on the production possibility frontier. B) inefficient, as the combination of goods and services produced is not what people want. C) efficient, as the economy is producing goods at the lowest possible cost. D) inefficient, as that combination of goods could be produced at a lower cost if more efficient technology were employed.

B

39) If resources are combined efficiently in production, then the society A) is producing at the most-desirable point on the production possibility frontier. B) is producing at a point on the production possibility frontier but not necessarily at the most-desirable point. C) is producing at a point outside the production possibility frontier. D) is experiencing economic growth.

B

52) According to Figure 2.4, as the economy moves from Point A to Point E, the opportunity cost of motorcycles, measured in terms of hybrid cars, A) decreases. B) increases. C) remains constant. D) initially increases, then decreases.

B

56) Refer to Figure 2.5. The marginal rate of transformation in moving from Point A to Point B is A) -2/3. B) -1.5. C) -3. D) -30.

B

59) If the opportunity costs of producing a good increase as more of that good is produced, the economyʹs production possibility frontier will be A) negatively sloped and ʺbowed inwardʺ toward the origin. B) negatively sloped and ʺbowed outwardʺ from the origin. C) a negatively sloped straight line. D) a positively sloped straight line.

B

63) Refer to Figure 2.6. Economic growth is represented by a A) shift from ppf2 to ppf1. B) shift from ppf1 to ppf2. C) movement along ppf1. D) movement along ppf2

B

64) Refer to Figure 2.6. An improvement in technology may be represented by a A) shift from ppf2 to ppf1. B) shift from ppf1 to ppf2. C) movement along ppf2. D) movement along ppf1.

B

68) Refer to Figure 2.6. If the economy is at ppf1, a change in consumer preferences would be shown by a A) shift from ppf2 to ppf1. B) movement along ppf1. C) movement along ppf2. D) shift from ppf1 to ppf2.

B

71) In terms of the production possibility frontier, an increase in productivity attributable to new technology would best be shown by A) a movement along the frontier. B) the production possibility frontier shifting outward, away from the origin. C) a movement from a point inside the frontier to a point on it. D) a movement toward the origin.

B

74) The gap between rich and poor countries A) has decreased over time because poor countries can more easily devote resources to capital production. B) has increased over time because poor countries find it difficult to devote resources to capital production. C) has remained constant over time because technological advances can be easily shared among nations. D) has remained constant over time because the rate of capital production has remained constant in rich and poor nations.

B

76) The economic problem can best be stated as A) How can the economy improve technology so as to shift the production possibility frontier up and to the right? B) Given scarce resources, how exactly do societies go about deciding what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce? C) Given the fact that the economy is inefficient, how much and what type of government intervention should be used to improve the efficiency of the economy? D) What is the best rate of economic growth for a society?

B

8) Which of the following is NOT true of a market economy? A) In its pure form, it is also known as a laissez-faire economy. B) Decisions are regulated by a central agency. C) The interaction between buyers and sellers answers the basic economic questions of what gets produced, how it gets produced, and who gets it. D) It relies on millions of individual economic decisions to determine economic outcomes.

B

Topic: Scarcity, Choice, and Opportunity Cost: Economics in Practice 78) Related to the Economics in Practice on p. 28: How did the introduction of the microwave in 1960 affect the market for frozen food? A) It encouraged people to leave the work force by making cooking easier and less time-consuming. B) It reduced the opportunity cost of eating frozen food by decreasing the amount of time required to prepare frozen meals. C) It increased the financial cost of alternative methods of food preparation, such as conventional ovens. D) It made frozen foods more appealing by increasing the variety of meals that could be frozen and reheated.

B

26) An example of an investment is A) the purchase of a share of Google stock. B) the purchase of an Exxon Mobil bond. C) the purchase of a Hewlett Packard laser printer for use by a business. D) all of the above.

C

27) The opportunity cost of investment in capital is forgone present consumption because A) capital takes a long time to produce. B) capital increases the productivity of labor. C) resources are scarce. D) capital is an intangible good.

C

3) Outputs in the production process are A) pollution. B) money. C) good and services of value to households. D) resources.

C

4) Which of the following is an element of a command economy? A) The market decides distribution. B) The means of production are privately owned. C) Production decisions are centralized. D) The market decides what will be produced.

C

43) Refer to Figure 2.3. Assume that in this society the marginal rate of transformation of sailboats for surfboards is constant and equal to -10. A graph of this societyʹs production possibility frontier will be represented by A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D.

C

46) A society can produce two goods: donuts and beer. The societyʹs production possibility frontier is negatively sloped and ʺbowed outwardʺ from the origin. As this society moves down its production possibility frontier, producing more and more units of donuts, the opportunity cost of producing beer A) decreases. B) remains constant. C) increases. D) could decrease or increase depending on the technology.

C

5) Which of the following statements is NOT true for a command economy? A) Consumers have some choices concerning what they buy. B) The government decides what is produced. C) The amount of a good supplied always equals the amount of the good demanded. D) The state decides how to distribute what is produced.

C

51) According to Figure 2.4, a decrease in unemployment may be represented by the movement from A) B to A. B) B to D. C) C to D. D) A to C.

C

57) Refer to Figure 2.5. For this economy to move from Point B to Point C so that an additional 20 plasma televisions could be produced, production of LCD televisions would have to be reduced by A) exactly 30. B) fewer than 30. C) more than 30. D) exactly 60.

C

61) As more of a good, such as television sets, is produced, the opportunity costs of producing it increases. This most likely occurs because A) as more of a good is produced the inputs used to produce that good will increase in price. B) consumers would be willing to pay higher prices for the good as more of the good is produced. C) resources are not equally well suited to producing all goods and as more of a good is produced it is necessary to use resources less well suited to the production of that good. D) as more of a good is produced the quality of that good declines and therefore the costs of production increase.

C

69) During the Iraq War many of Iraqʹs oil refineries were destroyed. This would best be represented by a A) movement down Iraqʹs production possibility frontier. B) movement off Iraqʹs production possibility frontier to some point inside the frontier. C) shift of Iraqʹs production possibility frontier toward the origin. D) movement up Iraqʹs production possibility frontier.

C

7) An institution through which buyers and sellers interact and engage in exchange is A) a central authority. B) ʺlaissez-faire.ʺ C) a market. D) a production frontier.

C

7) The concept of opportunity cost is based on the principle of A) need. B) consumption. C) scarcity. D) profit.

C

8) The concept of trade-offs would become irrelevant if A) we were dealing with a very simple, one-person economy. B) poverty was eliminated. C) scarcity was eliminated. D) capital was eliminated.

C

9) Consumer sovereignty A) is dependent on profits. B) is the idea that consumers can buy whatever they want to. C) is the idea that consumers determine what is produced in the economy through their demands. D) is only possible in a monarchy.

C

9) Suppose you are deciding whether to spend your tax rebate check on a new iPod player or a new digital camera. You are dealing with the concept of A) diminishing marginal returns. B) comparative advantage. C) opportunity costs. D) the fallacy of composition.

C

1) An economy in which a central authority draws up a plan that establishes what will be produced and when, sets production goals, and makes rules for distribution is a A) free market economy. B) laissez-faire economy. C) public goods economy. D) command economy.

D

10) The idea that consumers ultimately dictate what will be produced by choosing what to purchase is known as A) laissez-faire. B) the economic problem. C) centralized decision making. D) consumer sovereignty.

D

12) In a free market system, the amount of output that any one household gets depends on its A) income. B) wealth. C) wage and interest income. D) income and wealth.

D

13) Advocates of an unregulated market system argue that A) competition promotes efficiency. B) competition leads to innovation. C) competition leads to product variety and quality. D) all of the above

D

13) Refer to Table 2.1. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Krystal has a comparative advantage in both writing TV commercials and writing poems. B) Mark has a comparative advantage in both writing TV commercials and writing poems. C) Krystal has a comparative advantage in writing TV commercials and Mark has a comparative advantage in writing poems. D) Mark has a comparative advantage in writing TV commercials and Krystal has a comparative advantage in writing poems.

D

16) Some economists advocate government intervention in a market economy A) to produce collective goods and services. B) when resource costs for a private producer do not reflect the full cost to society. C) to stabilize the economy. D) all of the above

D

18) When two people trade A) both of them expect to be made worse off by the exchange. B) they are trying to help out each other. C) they know one of them will get the better of the other. D) they both expect to be made better off by the exchange.

D

31) Refer to Figure 21. Macrolandʹs production possibility frontier is bowed out from the origin due to A) decreasing opportunity costs. B) trade. C) unemployment. D) specialized resources.

D

36) The production possibility frontier is a graph that shows A) all the combinations of goods and services that are consumed over time if all of societyʹs resources are used efficiently. B) the amount of goods and services consumed at various average price levels. C) the rate at which an economyʹs output will grow over time if all resources are used efficiently. D) all the combinations of goods and services that can be produced if all of societyʹs resources are used efficiently.

D

41) The value of the slope of a societyʹs production possibility frontier is called its A) marginal rate of substitution. B) inflation rate. C) unemployment rate. D) marginal rate of transformation.

D

47) According to Figure 2.4, the point where only motorcycles are produced is A) A. B) B. C) C. D) E.

D

48) According to Figure 2.4, the optimal point for the economy is A) A. B) B. C) F. D) indeterminate from the information given.

D

49) According to Figure 2.4, which point cannot be produced with the current state of technology? A) A B) B C) C D) F

D

5) Which of the following would an economist classify as capital? A) a $50 bill B) a corporate bond C) a post office employee D) a guitar used by a musician

D

54) Refer to Figure 2.4. The economy moves from Point A to Point D. This could be explained by A) a reduction in unemployment. B) an improvement in technology. C) an increase in economic growth. D) a change in societyʹs preferences for motorcycles versus hybrid cars.

D

55) Refer to Figure 2.5. The economy is currently at Point A. The opportunity cost of moving from Point A to Point B is the A) 90 LCD televisions that must be forgone to produce 20 additional plasma televisions. B) 30 LCD televisions that must be forgone to produce 60 additional plasma televisions. C) 120 LCD televisions that must be forgone to produce 40 additional plasma televisions. D) 30 LCD televisions that must be forgone to produce 20 additional plasma televisions.

D

58) Refer to Figure 2.5. The best point for society would be A) Point C, as at this point there are approximately equal amounts of LCD and plasma televisions being produced. B) either Point B or Point C, as the total amount being produced at either of these points is approximately the same. C) at any of the labeled points, as all of the points represent an efficient allocation of resources. D) indeterminate from this information, as we donʹt have any information about the societyʹs desires.

D

6) Capital, as economists use the term, A) is the money the firm spends to hire resources. B) is money the firm raises from selling stock. C) refers to the process by which resources are transformed into useful forms. D) refers to things that have already been produced that are in turn used to produce other goods and services.

D

62) Economic growth may occur when A) a society acquires new resources. B) a society learns to produce more using existing resources. C) the society begins to produce the combination of goods society wants most. D) both A and B

D

65) Refer to Figure 2.6. Which of the following will shift an economyʹs production possibility frontier from ppf1 to ppf2? A) a decrease in unemployment B) an increase in production efficiency C) a change in consumerʹs tastes D) an increase in the economyʹs capital stock

D

66) Refer to Figure 2.6. Which of the following will NOT cause the production possibility frontier to shift from ppf1 to ppf2? A) the discovery of previously unknown oil fields B) an improvement in technology C) an increase in the stock of capital D) a decrease in the unemployment rate

D

67) Refer to Figure 2.6. Which of the following is most likely to shift the production possibility frontier from ppf1 to ppf2? A) a change in consumer tastes B) the purchase of stocks on the New York Stock Exchange C) moving resources from capital to consumer goods D) an increase in the general educational level of the population

D

70) For an economy to produce at a point beyond its current ppf, the economy must A) waste less. B) be more efficient. C) reduce inputs. D) increase its resource base.

D

73) Consider two countries, Japan and Malaysia. Japan devotes a smaller portion of its production to capital. All other things equal which of the following statements is most likely true? A) Japan is a poorer country than Malaysia. B) Japan will move up its production possibility curve faster than Malaysia. C) Malaysia is producing inside its production possibility frontier, whereas Japan is producing at a point on its production possibility frontier. D) Malaysiaʹs production possibility frontier will shift up and out farther and faster than Japanʹs.

D

10) The government produces only what the market is willing to pay for.

FALSE

3) A command economy eliminates markets.

FALSE

4) Price is the coordinating mechanism in a planned economy.

FALSE

4) When two people trade, one must lose.

FALSE

6) A societyʹs production possibility frontier is bowed in from the origin due to specialized resources.

FALSE

8) Comparative advantage refers to the ability to produce better quality goods than a competitor.

FALSE

Topic: Scarcity, Choice, and Opportunity Cost: Economics in Practice 1) In economics, the term capital refers only to some form of money.

FALSE

5) Economic growth shifts a societyʹs production possibility frontier away from the origin.

TRUE

5) The notion that buyers determine what will be produced by choosing what they purchase is called consumer sovereignty.

TRUE

7) The ʺeconomic problemʺ is that given scarce resources, how do large societies go about answering the basic economic questions of what will be produced, how it will be produced, and who will get it.

TRUE

1) A laissez-faire economy is one in which individual people and firms pursue their own self-interest without any central direction or regulation.

TRUE

2) A command economy is one in which a central government sets output targets, incomes and prices.

TRUE

2) Among the resources used in production are labor and capital.

TRUE

3) Things that have already been produced that are in turn used to produce other goods and services over time are called ʺcapital.ʺ

TRUE