Chapter 2 ISOM 210

______ documents are the original transaction record.

source

What is the original transaction record?

source document

What is a small embedded line graph that illustrates a single trend?

sparkline

At the Blank______ level, managers develop overall business strategies, goals, and objectives as part of the company's strategic plan.

strategic

______ decisions involve higher level issues concerned with the overall direction of the organization; these decisions define the organization's overall goals and aspirations for the future.

strategic

Operational decisions are considered Blank______ decisions, which arise in situations where established processes offer potential solutions.

structured

Which decisions arise in situations where established processes offer potential solutions?

structured

What is a chart displaying a graphical representation of the change of a variable over time?

time-series chart

A ______ processing system is the basic business system that serves the operational level (analysts) and assists in making structured decisions?

transaction

______ data encompasses all raw facts contained within a single process and its purpose is to support daily operational tasks.

transactional

What type of information encompasses all the information contained within a single business process or unit of work, and its primary purpose is to support the performance of daily operational or structured decisions?

transactional information

True or false: A time-series chart is a chart is a graphical representation showing change of a variable over time. Time-series charts are used for data that changes continuously, such as stock prices.

true

True or false: Artificial intelligence simulates human thinking and behavior, such as the ability to reason and learn. Its ultimate goal is to build a system that can mimic human intelligence.

true

True or false: With machine learning, machines are able to act without human programs detailing how to perform tasks.

true

Machine ______ is the ability of a computer to "see" by digitizing an image, processing the data it contains, and taking some kind of action.

vision

What produces graphical displays of patterns and complex relationships in large amounts of data?

visualization

The ___-if analysis checks the impact of a change in a variable or assumption on the model.

what

Which DSS analysis technique checks the impact of a single change in a variable or assumption on the model?

what-if analysis

What includes the tasks, activities, and responsibilities required to execute each step in a business process?

workflow

______ includes the tasks, activities, and responsibilities required to execute each step in a business process.

workflow

What are the quantifiable metrics a company uses to evaluate progress toward critical success factors?

Key performance indicators

What is the ability of a computer to "see" by digitizing an image, processing the data it contains, and taking some kind of action?

Machine vision

What are semidynamic, semiroutine, monthly business processes such as resource allocation, sales strategy, or manufacturing process improvements?

Managerial business processes

What type of decisions concern how the organization should achieve the goals and objectives set by its strategy, and they are usually the responsibility of mid-level management?

Managerial decisions

At which level do employees are continuously evaluating company operations to hone the firm's abilities to identify, adapt to, and leverage change?

Managerial level

Underfitting

Occurs when a machine learning model has poor predictive abilities because it did not learn the complexity in the training data

What is the manipulation of information to create business intelligence in support of strategic decision making?

Online analytical processing (OLAP)

What is the capture of transaction and event information using technology to (1) process the information according to defined business rules, (2) store the information, and (3) update existing information to reflect the new information?

Online transaction processing (OLTP)

______ business processes are static, routine, daily business processes such as stocking inventory, checking out customers, or daily opening and closing processes.

Operational

What are static, routine, daily business processes such as stocking inventory, checking out customers, or daily opening and closing processes?

Operational business processes

What type of decisions affect how the firm is run from day to day; they are the domain of operations managers, who are the closest to the customer?

Operational decisions

At which level do employees develop, control, and maintain core business activities required to run the day-to-day operations?

Operational level

_________ analysis finds the optimum value for a target variable by repeatedly changing other variables, subject to specified constraints.

Optimization

Which type of analysis finds the optimum value for a target variable by repeatedly changing other variables, subject to specified constraints?

Optimization analysis

______ process automation is the use of software with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning capabilities to handle high-volume, repeatable tasks that previously required a human to perform.

Robotic

What is the use of software with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning capabilities to handle high-volume, repeatable tasks that previously required a human to perform?

Robotic process automation

What types of decisions occur in situations in which a few established processes help to evaluate potential solutions, but not enough to lead to a definite recommended decision?

Semistructured decisions

______ analysis is the study of the impact on other variables when one variable is changed repeatedly.

Sensitivity

What is the study of the impact on other variables when one variable is changed repeatedly?

Sensitivity analysis

Which type of process uses a constant, systematic approach in an attempt to improve business effectiveness and efficiency continuously?

Static process

What types of decisions involve higher level issues concerned with the overall direction of the organization; these decisions define the organization's overall goals and aspirations for the future?

Strategic decisions

At what level do managers develop overall business strategies, goals, and objectives as part of the company's strategic plan?

Strategic level

What improves business process efficiencies by simplifying or eliminating unnecessary steps?

Streamlining

______ improves business process efficiencies by simplifying or eliminating unnecessary steps.

Streamlining

What is the basic business system that serves the operational level (analysts) and assists in making structured decisions?

Transaction processing system

______ produces graphical displays of patterns and complex relationships in large amounts of data.

Visualization

What monitors processes to ensure tasks, activities, and responsibilities are executed as specified?

Workflow control systems

BPMN Blank______ is a task in a business process.

activity

What are mathematical formulas placed in software that performs an analysis on a dataset?

algorithm

______ are mathematical formulas placed in software that performs an analysis on a dataset.

algorithm

Online ______ processing is the manipulation of information to create business intelligence in support of strategic decision making.

analytical

Data ______ occurs when adding additional training examples by transforming existing examples.

augmentation

What is the process of computerizing manual tasks, making them more efficient and effective and dramatically lowering operational costs called?

automation

A ______ chart or graph that presents grouped data with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent.

bar

What is a chart or graph that presents grouped data with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent?

bar chart

A histogram is a graphical display of data using ______ of different heights.

bars

What are the most successful solutions or problem solving methods that have been developed by a specific organization or industry?

best practices

A ______ process patent protects a specific set of procedures for conducting a particular business activity.

business

A(n) ______ process model is a graphic description of a process, showing the sequence of process tasks, which is developed for a specific purpose and from a selected viewpoint.

business

Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) is a graphical notation that depicts the steps in a ______ process.

business

______ -facing processes are invisible to the external customer but essential to the effective management of the business.

business

What is the activity of creating a detailed flowchart or process map of a work process that shows its inputs, tasks, and activities in a structured sequence?

business process modeling

What is a method whereby new problems are solved based on the solutions from similar cases solved in the past?

case-based reasoning

Workflow ________ systems monitor processes to ensure tasks, activities, and responsibilities are executed as specified.

control

______ processes are business processes, such as manufacturing goods, selling products, and providing service, that make up the primary activities in a value chain.

core

What processes are business processes, such as manufacturing goods, selling products, and providing service, that make up the primary activities in a value chain?

core processes

______-facing processes result in a product or service received by an organization's external customer.

customer

Digital ______ track KPIs and CSFs by compiling information from multiple sources and tailoring it to meet user needs.

dashboards

What occurs when adding additional training examples by transforming existing examples?

data augmentation

______ support systems model information using OLAP, which provides assistance in evaluating and choosing among different courses of action.

decision

______ enables users to view details, and details of details, of information.

drill-down

______ MIS metrics measure the performance of MIS itself, such as throughput, transaction speed, and system availability.

efficiency

BPMN ______ is anything that happens during the course of a business process, including customer requests, time requests, and the end of the process.

event

A(n) ______ information system is a specialized DSS that supports senior-level executives and unstructured, long-term, nonroutine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight.

executive

What are computerized advisory programs that imitate the reasoning processes of experts in solving difficult problems?

expert systems

______ logic is a mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information.

fuzzy

hat is a mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information?

fuzzy logic

______ algorithm is an artificial intelligence system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem.

genetic

What is an artificial intelligence system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem?

genetic algorithm

__________ -seeking analysis finds the inputs necessary to achieve a goal such as a desired level of output.

goal

What refers to the level of detail in the model or the decision-making process?

granularity

______ refers to the level of detail in the model or the decision-making process.

granularity

What is a graphical display of data using bars of different heights?

histogram

Business process ______ attempts to understand and measure the current process and make performance improvements accordingly.

improvement

An ______ is a representation of information in a graphic format designed to make the data easily understandable at a glance.

infographic

What is a representation of information in a graphic format designed to make the data easily understandable at a glance?

infographic

Return on Blank______ indicates the earning power of a project.

investment

______ performance indicators are the quantifiable metrics a company uses to evaluate progress toward critical success factors.

key

What is a type of artificial intelligence that enables computers to both understand concepts in the environment, and also to learn?

machine learning

At the Blank______ level, employees are continuously evaluating company operations to hone the firm's abilities to identify, adapt to, and leverage change.

managerial

_____ business processes are semidynamic, semiroutine, monthly business processes such as resource allocation, sales strategy, or manufacturing process improvements.

managerial

______ decisions concern how the organization should achieve the goals and objectives set by its strategy, and they are usually the responsibility of mid-level management.

managerial

______ share is the proportion of the market that a firm captures.

market

What is the proportion of the market that a firm captures?

market share

What are measurements that evaluate results to determine whether a project is meeting its goals?

metrics

______ are measurements that evaluate results to determine whether a project is meeting its goals.

metrics

Data ______ is the process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone.

mining

A ______ is a simplified representation or abstraction of reality.

model

What is a simplified representation or abstraction of reality?

model

What is the process within a genetic algorithm of randomly trying combinations and evaluating the success (or failure) of the outcome?

mutation

________ is the process within a genetic algorithm of randomly trying combinations and evaluating the success (or failure) of the outcome.

mutation

______ network is a category of AI that attempts to emulate the way the human brain works.

neural

What is a category of AI that attempts to emulate the way the human brain works?

neural network

Overfitting

occurs when a machine learning model matches the training data so closely that the model fails to make correct predictions on new data

At the Blank______ level do employees develop, control, and maintain core business activities required to run the day-to-day operations.

operational

______ decisions affect how the firm is run from day to day; they are the domain of operations managers, who are the closest to the customer.

operational

What occurs when a machine learning model matches the training data so closely that the model fails to make correct predictions on new data?

overfitting

A ______ chart is a type of graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each represent a proportion of the whole.

pie

What is a type of graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each represent a proportion of the whole?

pie chart

Best ______ are the most successful solutions or problem solving methods that have been developed by a specific organization or industry.

practices

A Blank______ is a temporary activity a company undertakes to create a unique product, service, or result.

project

What is a temporary activity a company undertakes to create a unique product, service, or result?

project

Case-based _________ is a method whereby new problems are solved based on the solutions from similar cases solved in the past.

reasoning

What indicates the earning power of a project?

return on investment

______ structured decisions occur in situations in which a few established processes help to evaluate potential solutions, but not enough to lead to a definite recommended decision.

semi

A sparkline is a small embedded line graph that illustrates a ______ trend. Sparklines are often used in reports, presentations, dashboards, and scoreboards.

single

Which are critical success factors?

- Create high-quality products - Reduce product costs - Retain competitive advantages

A dynamic process is continuously changing and provides business solutions to ever-changing business operations. As the business and its strategies change, so do the dynamic processes. Which of the following are examples of dynamic processes? (Choose all that apply)

-Canceling business travel due to extreme weather -Changing order levels based on currency rates -Managing layoffs of employees

A static process uses a systematic approach in an attempt to improve business effectiveness and efficiency continuously. Managers constantly attempt to optimize static process. Which of the following are examples of static processes? (Choose all that apply)

-Payroll -Calculating taxes -Creating financial statements

Select the three characteristics of online transactional processing.

-Updates existing information to reflect the new information -Processes the information according to defined business rules -Stores the information

Variance bias

A problem caused by having a mathematical property of an algorithm.

Measurement bias

A problem caused by using collected data that skews the data in one direction.

sample bias

A problem caused by using incorrect training data to train the machine.

Prejudice bias

A problem caused by using training data that is influenced by cultural or other stereotypes.

______ information encompasses all organizational information, and its primary purpose is to support the performance of managerial analysis or semistructured decisions.

Analytical

What encompasses all organizational information, and its primary purpose is to support the performance of managerial analysis or semistructured decisions?

Analytical information

What simulates human thinking and behavior, such as the ability to reason and learn?

Artificial intelligence

______ is the process of computerizing manual tasks, making them more efficient and effective and dramatically lowering operational costs.

Automation

______ robotics is a robot capable of making its own decisions and perform an action accordingly.

Autonomous

What is a robot capable of making its own decisions and perform an action accordingly?

Autonomous robotics

What in BPMN notation is a task in a business process?

BPMN activity

In BPMN what represents anything that happens during the course of a business process?

BPMN event

______ process modeling is the activity of creating a detailed flowchart or process map of a work process that shows its inputs, tasks, and activities in a structured sequence.

Business

What attempts to understand and measure the current process and make performance improvements accordingly?

Business process improvement

What is a graphic description of a process, showing the sequence of process tasks, which is developed for a specific purpose and from a selected viewpoint?

Business process model

What is a graphical notation that depicts the steps in a business process?

Business process model and notation

What are invisible to the external customer but essential to the effective management of the business?

Business-facing processes

What protects a specific set of procedures for conducting a particular business activity?

Business-process patent

______ success factors are the crucial steps companies perform to achieve their goals and objectives and implement their strategies.

Critical

What are the crucial steps companies perform to achieve their goals and objectives and implement their strategies?

Critical success factors

What results in a product or service received by an organization's external customer?

Customer-facing processes

What is the process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone?

Data mining

Select the system that models information using OLAP, which provides assistance in evaluating and choosing among different courses of action?

Decision support system

What tracks KPIs and CSFs by compiling information from multiple sources and tailoring it to meet user needs?

Digital dashboard

What is the automation of existing manual and paper-based processes and workflows to a digital format?

Digitization

______ is the automation of existing manual and paper-based processes and workflows to a digital format.

Digitization

What enables users to view details, and details of details, of information?

Drill-down

What is continuously changing and provides business solutions to ever-changing business operations?

Dynamic process

Which metrics measure the performance of MIS itself, such as throughput, transaction speed, and system availability?

Efficiency MIS metrics

What is a specialized DSS that supports senior-level executives and unstructured, long-term, nonroutine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation,and insight?

Executive information system

______ systems are computerized advisory programs that imitate the reasoning processes of experts in solving difficult problems.

Expert

What finds the inputs necessary to achieve a goal such as a desired level of output?

Goal-seeking analysis