Chapter 2: Psychological Research

Peer reviewers ________. A. are similar to magazine editors B. help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings C. work for the authors of scientific articles D. work for the journals that publish scientific research findings

B. help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

___________________________, empirical observations lead to new ideas

Inductive (Bottom-up Approach) reasoning

Single-blind study

experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group.

Correlation

means that there is a relationship between two or more variables, but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect.

A researcher doing archival research examines ______________, wheather archived as a (a)_________________ or (b)______________.

records, (a) hardcopy (b) electronically.

A theory

is a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________. A. are possible to test with animal studies B. are possible to test with participants from prison populations C. are possible to form strong opinions that are logical and intuitive D. are not possible to test with empirical methods

A. are possible to test with animal studies

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________. A. case studies B. correlational C. cross-sectional D. surveys

A. case studies clinical or case studies focuses on 1 person instead or just on a few individuals

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________. A. confirmation bias B. confounding variable C. correlational research D. observer bias

A. confirmation bias the tendency to ignore evidence that disaproves personal ideas or beliefs

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship. A. confounding variable B. control variable C. dependent variable D. independent variable

A. confounding variable unanticipated outside factor that effects both variables of interest, often given the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g.,sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________. A. dependent variable B. independent variable C. operational definition D. significant variable

A. dependent variable variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________. A. between -1 and 0 B. between -1 and +1 C. between 0 and +1 D. between 0 and +100

B. between -1 and +1

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment. A. alternate experimental B. control C. dependent D. independent

B. control

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results (observer bias). Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study. A. control B. double-blind C. double-control D. single-blind

B. double-blind experiment where both the researcher and participants are blind to group assignments.

Trephination is the ________. A. method that supposedly proved that the world is flat B. procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape C. technique that helps ensure the validity of experimental results D. theory that mental illness is caused by demonic possession

B. procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape

________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. A. generalizability B. reliability C. statistical significance D. validity

B. reliability keyword "consistently"

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s). A. one B. two C. three D. four

B. two the experimental group and the control group

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter. A. confounding variable B. dependent variable C. independent variable D. variability

C. independent variable

A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results. A. has at least 20 participants B. has at least 200 participants C. is large and randomly selected D. is small and specifically selected

C. is large and randomly selected a large sample size is better able to reflect the actual diversity of the population, thus allowing better generalizability

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design. A. cross sectional B. experimental C. longitudinal D. survey

C. longitudinal research designed in which data gathering is administered repeatedly overtime

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use? A. case study B. experiment C. naturalistic observation D. survey

C. naturalistic observation overserving behavior in its natrual setting

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. A. inter-rater reliability B. reliability C. replication D. validity

C. replication meaning they can repeat the same expiriments using different samples to determine reliability

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________. A. experimenter bias B. observer bias C. participant bias D. placebo effect

D. placebo effect peoples expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

Research describing a link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ________. A. confirmed by multiple studies B. found to have been based on falsified data C. published once but not confirmed D. retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

D. retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research. A. chimpanzees B. fruit flies C. pigs D. rodents

D. rodents

What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results? A. control groups B. operational definitions C. random assignment D. small sample size

D. small sample size generalizing: the ability to apply the findings of a particular research project to larger segments of society

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________. A. deductive reasoning B. inductive reasoning C. the experiment D. the scientific method

D. the scientific method includes proposing hypotheses, conducting research, and creating or modifying theories based on results

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________. A. smoking causes lung cancer B. smoking contributes to lung cancer C. there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer D. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

D. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer not actually verified, since no experiment was conducted and there are outliers, therefore it is a relationship

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure. A. generalizability B. operational definition C. reliability D. validity

D. validity accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

Experimental Group:

Group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental group and the control group. So any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather that chance.

In cross-sectional research

a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time.

In _________________________, ideas are tested against the empirical world

deductive reasoning (Top-Down Approach)

Illusory Correlations

or a false correlations, occur when people believe that relationships exist between two things when no such relationship exist.

attrition rates

or reduction in the number of research participants due to dropouts,